CST Review for Biology

Carbon dioxide is produced as cells break down nutrients for energy. Which of the following pairs of system would participate in removing the carbon dioxide from the body?

B. circulatory and respiratory

Which of the following is a function of the nervous system?

B. signaling muscle tissues to contract

What causes tomatoes to ripen much more slowly in a refrigerator than they do if left on a table at room temperature?

C. Low temperatures reduce the action of ripening enzymes

a single species of squirrel evolved over time into two species, each on opposite sides of the Grand Canyon. This change was most likely due to

C. the isolation of the two groups

Which of these secretes a hormone that regulates the rate of metabolism of the body?

C. thyroid

In order for the body to maintain homeostasis, the chemical decomposition of food to produce energy must be followed by

C. waste removal

A base sequence is shown below. ACAGTGC How would the base sequence be coded on mRNA?

C. UGUCACG

Which of these best illustrates natural selection?

A. An organism with favorable genetic variations will tend to survive and breed successfully

5' G T A _ _ _ A A 3' 3' C A T G C A T T 5' This segment of DNA has undergone a mutation in which three nucleotides have been deleted. A repair enzyme would replace them with

A. CGT

Epithelial cell from tadpole intestine. Nucleus from tadpole cell is implanted in enucleated egg. Egg from another frog. Nucleus has been destroyed. Egg develops into frog with the same characteristics of original nucleus-donating tadpole. Which of these is best demonstrated by the experiment above?

A. Differentiated cells contain a complete set of genes

The diagram below shows Rosalind Franklin's x-ray diffraction images of DNA. How did this evidence affect the work of Waston and Crick?

A. It was used to determine the physical structure of DNA

Which of the following best describes the use of population models in biology?

A. They are generally easy to construct

If a corn plant has a genotype of Ttyy, what are the possible genetic combinations that could be present in a single grain of pollen from this plant?

A. Ty, ty

For the food chain shown, which of the following changes would have the most severe consequences?

A. a drastic decrease in rainfall, causing drought

One human disease is caused by a change in one codon in a gene from GAA to GUA. This disease is the result of

A. a mutation

Sweat and skin secretions contain a mixture of molecules that kill or limit the growth of many types of microbes. This control of microbes is an example of

A. a nonspecific defense against infection.

Some snake venoms are harmful because they contain enzymes that destroy blood cells or tissues. The damage caused by such a snakebite could best be slowed by

A. applying ice to the bite area

In carrier pigeons there is a rare inherited condition that causes the death of the chicks before hatching. In order for this disease to be passed from generation to generation there must be parent birds that

A. are heterozygous for the disease

Individuals with HIV sometimes contract a pneumonia infection that is rare in the rest of the population because people with HIV

A. are unable to fight off these pneumonia causing organisms

The graph below shows the birth rate and death rate for a population during the 1900s. From 1900 to 2000, the population has

A. increased

The first stage of photosynthesis in a chloroplast is

A. light-dependent

A computer model of cellular mitosis can simulate the aspects of cellular division quite well. However, microscopic observation of actual cellular mitosis can improve understanding because actual observations

A. may reveal greater unknown complexities

The diagram below shows a cellular process that occurs in organisms. This process is known as

A. meiosis

Which of the following sequences represents chromosome number during fertilization?

A. n+n->2n

Mutations within a DNA sequence are

A. natural processes that produce genetic diversity

Which of the following base pair sequences could be produced in DNA replication?

B. 5' AGTCAT 3' 3' TCAGTA 5'

Based only on the sex chromosomes in typical human egg and sperm cells at fertilization, the probability of producing a female is

B. 50%

The above sequence of DNA is part of gene. How many amino acids are coded for by this segment? 5' ATCAGCGCTGGC 3'

B. 8

The homeostatic mechanism in humans that regulates blood pH depends on the feedback of information

B. Chemical receptors

Which of the following best describes meiosis?

B. It occurs only in cells in the reproductive structures of the organism

A genetic disorder due to a recessive allele (a) is lethal in homozygous individuals (aa), whereas heterozygous individuals (Aa) have no symptoms. Based on this information, which of the following is likely to result?

B. The disorder will be maintained in the population through the reproduction of heterozygotes

Rabbits introduced into Australia over 100 years ago have become a serious pest to farmers. Rabbit populations increased so much that they displaced many native species of plant eaters. What is the most logical explanation for their increased numbers?

B. There are few effective predators

A scientist puts nucleotide chains of UUUUUU in a test tube under conditions allowing protein synthesis. Soon the test tube is full of polypeptide chains composed of only the amino acid phenylalanine. What does this experiment indicate?

B. UUU codes for the amino acid phenylalanine

Two students were testing the amount of fertilizer that would best promote the growth of strawberries in a garden. Which of the following could be an unavoidable source of experiment error?

B. Variation in the strawberry plants

When the Mount St. Helens volcano erupted, the blast covered much of the surrounding area with ash. Based on the diagram above, which list shows the sequence of secondary succession that followed that eruption?

B. Z,X,Y,W

The respiratory system depends on the nervous system for signals to

B. coordinate muscles controlling breathing

The bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens infects plants, and a portion of its DNA is inserted into the plant's chromosomes. This causes the plant to produce gall cells, which manufacture amino acids that the bacterium uses as food. This process is a natural example of

B. genetic manipulating

A species of finch has been studied on one of the geographically isolated Galapagos Islands for many years. Since the island is small, the lineage of every bird for several generations is known. This allows a family tree of each bird to be developed. Some family groups have survived and others have died out. The groups that survive probably have

B. inherited some advantageous variations

A cell from heart muscle would probably have an unusually high proportion of

B. mitochondria

A population of termites initially consists of darkly colored and brightly colored members. After several generations, the termite population consists almost entirely of darkly colored members because the brightly colored termites are easier for a predatory species of insectivores to locate. This situation is an example of

B. natural selection

The cell membrane of the red blood cell will allow water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and glucose to pass through. Because other substances are blocked from entering, this membrane is called

B. semi-permeable

A signal that the bladder is full is sent the central nervous system by

B. sensory neurons

Which of these would most likely cause a mutation?

B. the insertion of a nucleotide into DNA

The plasma membrane of a cell consists of

B. two layers of lipids organized with the nonpolar tails forming the interior of the membrane

In certain breeds of dogs, deafness is due to a recessive allele (d) of a particular gene, and normal hearing is due to its dominant allele (D). What percentage of the offspring of a normal heterozygous (Dd) dog and a deaf dog (dd) would be expected to have normal hearing?

C. 50%

A student filled two Petri dishes with a clear cornstarch gel, then marked the letter "X" invisibly onto the gel in Petri dish 1 with a damp cotton swab. He then placed saliva from his mouth into a second cotton swab and used that swab to mark the letter "X" invisibly onto the gel in Petri dish 2. Fifteen minutes later, he rinsed both Petri dishes with a dilute solution of iodine to indicate the presence of starch. The surface of Petri dish 1 turned completely blue, indicating starch. Most of the surface of Petri dish 2 was blue, except the letter "X" was clear, as shown above. The most probable explanation of the clear "X" is that

C. A chemical in the saliva broke down the starch in the gel.

There are many different enzymes located in the cytoplasm of a single cell. How is a specific enzyme able to catalyze a specific reaction?

C. An enzyme binds to a specific substrate (reactant) for the reaction catalyzed.

The chart shows four alleles at the same locus that affect rabbits' coat color. Each allele is dominant to the ones below it. Rabbits with an albino or Himalayan coat are more susceptible to predators. Which of the following genotypes will produce a rabbit that is least likely to survive?

C. ChC

Scientists found that, over a period of 200 years, a mountain pond was transformed into a meadow. During that time, several communities of organisms were replaced by different communities. Which of these best explains why new communities were able to replace older communities?

C. The abiotic characteristics of the habitat changed

If a human baby boy inherits a recessive allele from his mother, in which circumstance would he most likely show the trait coded for by the recessive allele?

C. The allele is on the X chromosome.

The table below lists the typical diploid number of chromosomes of several different organisms. Which of the following is the best explanation for why the chromosome number is an even number in each of these organism?

C. The diploid chromosome number respresents pairs of chromosomes, one from each parent, so it is always an even number.

If a paleontologist finds fossils of many different species existing in the same area at approximately the same time, the paleontologist can conclude that the ecosystem in this area had a high degree of

C. biological diversity

Which molecules in plant cells first captures the radiant energy from sunlight?

C. chlorophyll

Which of these would have the least effect on natural selection in a subspecies of giraffes that is geographically isolated from other subspecies of giraffes?

C. chromosome number

Fossil evidence suggests that a number of members of one fish species from an ancient lake in Death Valley, California, became several isolated species. Each of these new species lived in a different pond. Which of the following best explains the cause of the speciation?

C. geographic isolation

Mendel Hypothesized that reproductive cells have only one factor for each inherited trait. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that

C. haploid cells are produced by meiosis

What is the greatest danger to a patient who has had damage to the skin?

C. infections in uncovered tissues

Genetic engineering has produced goats whose milk contains proteins that can be used as medicines. This effect was produced by

C. inserting foreign genes into fertilized goat eggs

A healthy individual is a carrier of a lethal allele but is unaffected by it. What is the probable genotype of this individual?

C. one recessive lethal allele and one dominant normal allele

The Sabin vaccine is a liquid containing weakened polio viruses. Vaccinated individuals become protected against polio because the weakened viruses

C. promote production of antibodies

Striking the tendon just below the kneecap causes the lower leg jerk. Moving an object quickly toward the face can cause the eyes to blink shut. these are examples of

C. reflex reactions

Although there are a limited number of amino acids, many different types of proteins exist because the

C. sequence and number of amino acids is different

Which of these organisms would most likely be found at the top of an energy pyramid?

C. sharks

Injecting a person with a killed-bacteria vaccine can protect that individual from a disease because the proteins of the killed bacteria

C. stimulate the production of antibodies which can be manufactured later in response to infection

Earth has undergone some catastrophic changes from time to time. Which of these most likely explains why life on Earth continued following these catastrophes?

D. A wide diversity of species existed

Fur color in cats is controlled by an autosomal gene that can occur in the dominant form, (B), or the recessive form, (b). The length of the cat's fur is controlled by another autosomal gene that occurs in the dominant form, (S), or the recessive form, (s). The table below shows the traits for these allele coded. The following genotypes were found in a male cat and a female cat. Which one of the following choices is true of the phenotype of offspring from these parents?

D. All offspring will have short-haired fur.

How do human diseases caused by bacteria and diseases caused by viruses react to antibiotics?

D. Bacterial diseases respond to antibiotics; viral diseases do not

Which cellular organelle is responsible for packaging the proteins that the cell secretes?

D. Golgi apparatus

A small population of chimpanzees lives in a habitat that undergoes no changes for a long period. How will genetic drift probably affect this population?

D. It will reduce genetic diversity

dinosaurs:Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic, Permian, Pennsylvanian Turtles: Quaternary, Tertiary,Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic, Permian, Pennsylvanian Crocodilians: Quaternary, Tertiary,Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic Snakes: Quaternary, Tertiary,Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic Lizards:Quaternary, Tertiary,Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic According to this information, which group demonstrated the greatest biodiversity during the Cretaceous period?

D. Lizards

In fruit flies, the gene for red eyes (R) is dominant and the gene for sepia eyes (r) is recessive. What are the possible combinations of genes in the offspring of two red-eyed heterozygous flies (Rr)?

D. RR, Rr, and rr only

Which of the following statements correctly describe meiosis?

D. The cells produced at the end of meiosis contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

In a pond, the primary producer is a green alga, Spirogyra; the primary consumer is the crustacean, Daphnia; the secondary consumer is a small fish, the bluegill; and the tertiary consumer is a larger fish, the smallmouth bass. What changes can be expected in the pond if the Daphnia are killed with pesticides?

D. The smallmouth bass population will die

Which information was most important to the development of genetic engineering techniques?

D. The structure of a DNA molecule

Which of these best completes concept map. That has mitochondria and chloroplasts?

D. a plant cell

The fight-or-flight response includes greater heart output and a rise in blood pressure. This response is due to

D. adrenaline secreted by the adrenal glands

Complete burning of plant material returns carbon primarily to the

D. atmosphere

The clear protein of an egg white becomes opaque and firm when cooked because the heat

D. changes the protein structure

This diagram above shows homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. Which of the following correctly describes the process being illustrated?

D. crossing-over in which alleles are exchanged

Maltose can be broken down into glucose molecules by the enzymes maltase. Which of the following would slow the reaction rate?

D. diluting with water

Semi-conservative replication of DNA refers to the idea that

D. each half of the original DNA molecule is joined with a new complementary DNA strand.

Which of these organisms are most helpful in preventing Earth from being covered with the bodies of dead organisms?

D. fungi and bateria

A small portion of a population that is geographically isolated from the rest of the population runs the risk of decreased

D. genetic variation

Which of these organisms would most likely be found at the bottom of a biomass pyramid?

D. green algae

Eukaryotic cells are differentiated from prokaryotic cells because eukaryotic cells

D. have nuclei

In most stable fresh water environments, populations of Daphnia are almost entirely female and reproduce asexually. However, males are observed in low oxygen environments or when food is scarce. Based on these observations, a researcher suggests that male Daphnia develop in response to unfavorable environmental conditions. This is an example of a

D. hypothesis

A strand of mRNA containing the repeating sequence AAGAAGAAGAAG could code for which of the following amino acid sequences?

D. lys-lys-lys-lys

In aerobic respiration, the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) takes place in

D. mitochondria

Which of the following require a hot cell because they are not able to make proteins on their own?

D. viruses

After a volcanic eruption has covered an area with lava, which of the following is the most likely order of succession in the repopulation of the area?

lichens -> grasses -> shrubs -> trees