(CT) Chap 25 - Fluid Therapy & Transfusion Medicine

If donated blood will be transfused immediately, the anticoagulant ___________ is acceptable to use during blood collection, but it will not support RBC metabolism during storage. a. heparin b. sodium citrate c. citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD) d. EDTA

b. sodium citrate

Linear fluid maintenance requirement calculations (such as 60 mL/kg/day) tend to _____________ rates in small canine patients (<10 kg) and __________________ rates in large patients (>30 kg). a. underestimate; underestimate b. underestimate; overestimate c. overestimate; underestimate d. overestimate: overestimate

b. underestimate; overestimate

Dogs do not have naturally occurring antibodies; therefore, with regard to red blood cells, a. the first transfusion will cause a transfusion reaction. b. the first transfusion will cause alloimmunization. c. a transfusion reaction is more likely after a first transfusion. d. a transfusion reaction is less likely after a first transfusion.

d. a transfusion reaction is less likely after a first transfusion.

To increase the likelihood of having a compatible blood donor in a horse you should a. choose a donor horse of the same age as the recipient. b. choose a donor horse of the same weight as the recipient. c. choose a donor horse of the same sex as the recipient. d. choose a donor horse of the same breed as the recipient.

d. choose a donor horse of the same breed as the recipient.

Enteral fluids are often used in a. dogs. b. volemic shock patients. c. neonates. d. horses.

d. horses.

Sodium bicarbonate can be administered to patients with ___________ because it helps to promote a shift of potassium (K+) into cells in exchange for hydrogen ions (H+). a. hyponatermia b. hypokalemia c. hypercalemia d. hyperkalemia

d. hyperkalemia

In ________________, an initial emergency blood transfusion may be given without pretesting because the likelihood of naturally occurring RBC antibodies is low. a. cats b. horses and dogs c. all of the above d. none of the above

b. horses and dogs

Animals in diabetic ketoacidosis often present with a. hyponatermia. b. hypokalemia. c. hypercalemia. d. hyperpotassinemia.

b. hypokalemia.

Measurement of blood ________ levels is used to indicate the level of anaerobic metabolism in the tissue. a. potassium b. lactate c. gluconate d. sodium

b. lactate

Why do patients with immune-mediated thrombocytopenia often fail to respond to platelet transfusions? a. The injected platelets often stick to the catheter site. b. Platelets are actively destroyed. c. Platelets cause immune-mediated hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis. d. These patients are predisposed to life-threatening emboli.

b. Platelets are actively destroyed.

Hypothermic patients that need whole blood transfusions should receive a. refrigerated blood. b. blood warmed to room temperature. c. blood warmed to 10° F above ideal body temperature. d. blood warmed to 150° F.

b. blood warmed to room temperature.

A useful guideline for RBC transfusion in dogs is that 2 mL/kg of whole blood or 1 mL/kg of packed RBCs will raise the PCV by a. 1% b. 2% c. 5% d. 10%

a. 1%

The use of sodium bicarbonate should only be used when the blood pH is approximately a. <7. b. 7 to 8. c. >8. d. It does not matter; sodium bicarbonate should never be given to a patient.

a. <7.

In hospitalized patients, quantifying water losses can be accomplished by using urine collection devices, or by weighing fluids (vomit, diarrhea, and urine) collected in absorbable pads. This is achieved by weighing the soiled pads and then subtracting the weight of the pads themselves. When taking this approach a. every gram of weight lost is equal to 1 mL of fluid loss. b. every kilogram of weight lost is equal to 1 mL of fluid loss. c. every gram of weight lost is equal to 10 mL of fluid loss. d. every kilogram of weight lost is equal to 10 mL of fluid loss.

a. every gram of weight lost is equal to 1 mL of fluid loss.

The high osmolality of ___________ saline will cause a shift of fluid from the interstitium to the intravascular space, promoting rapid expansion of vascular volume (volume expansion) to aid in resuscitation. a. hypertonic b. hypotonic c. isotonic d. normotonic

a. hypertonic

The rate of fluid replacement should be altered in animals with a. kidney disease. b. cardiac disease. c. chronic loss. d. all of the above.

a. kidney disease. b. cardiac disease. c. chronic loss.

Cats have a circulating blood volume that is _______ per kg than horses or dogs a. less b. the same c. greater d. not related to their weight

a. less

Colloids ________ by increasing the oncotic pressure of blood a. move fluid into the vascular space. b. move fluid into the interstitial space. c. move fluid into the peritoneal space. d. move fluid into the intracellular space.

a. move fluid into the vascular space.

Equine cross-matching may be difficult to interpret because of __________. a. rouleaux formation b. autoagglutination c. alloimmunization d. Heinz body formation

a. rouleaux formation

When would it be appropriate to target a low systolic blood pressure (90 to 100 mmHg)? a. When the patient is hemorrhaging. b. When the patient is undergoing hypovolemic shock due to dehydration. c. When the patient is a senior (>7 years old). d. In preparation for a long trip in the car.

a. when the patient is hemorrhaging.

The recommended maximum blood donation for dogs is ___________ of its blood volume. a. 5% to 10% b. 15% to 20% c. 20% to 25% d. 20% of BW

b. 15% to 20%

When an electrolyte solution is administered, approximately _______ will remain in the vascular space and ____ will move into the interstitium. a. 0%; 100% b. 25%; 75% c. 75%; 25% d. 100%; 0%

b. 25%; 75%

Donor horses should be weighed and should have PCV/TP measured before blood collection. Ideally, the PCV should be greater than______. a. 25% b. 35% c. 45% d. 55%

b. 35%

How much fluid should an 84 kg St. Bernard be administered if it is assessed to be 6% dehydrated? a. 5 ml b. 5 L c. 500 ml d. 50 L

b. 5 L

Dogs, have a circulating blood volume of approximately, a. 40 to 60 mL/kg. b. 80 to 90 mL/kg. c. 40% of their BW. d. 60% of their BW.

b. 80 to 90 mL/kg.

________ fluids should never be used in fluid resuscitation (administered rapidly as a bolus) because they are highly ineffective for expanding vascular volume and could cause overly rapid changes in blood osmolality. a. Hypertonic b. Hypotonic c. Isotonic d. Normotonic

b. Hypotonic

The recommended maximum blood donation for cats is ______ a. 1 to 5 mL/kg b. 5 to 10 mL/kg c. 11 to 15 mL/kg d. 15 to 20 mL/kg

c. 11 to 15 mL/kg

What is the typical normal systolic blood pressure range for dogs and cats? a. 80 to 100 mmHg b. 100 to 110 mmHg c. 110 to 140 mmHg d. 150 to 170 mmHg

c. 110 to 140 mmHg

Plasma that is used within ______ hour(s) of collection is considered to be fresh plasma. a. 1 b. 2 c. 8 d. 12

c. 8

In foals more than 12 hours old, an immunoglobulin (Ig-G) concentration of less than __________ is an indication for plasma transfusion. a. 0 to 10mg/dL b. 5.5g/dL c. 800 mg/dL d. 800 g/dL

c. 800 mg/dL

What type of replacement fluids is recognized for its ability to expand vascular volume through its influence on oncotic pressure? a. Isotonic crystalloidsterm b. Hypertonic crystalloids c. Colloids d. Hypotonic crystalloids

c. Colloids

What is the typical packed cell volume (PCV) cut-off where a whole blood transfusion should be considered for a patient that is actively bleeding? a. PCV of 1% to 5% b. PCV of 10% to 15% c. PCV of 20% to 25% d. PCV of 30% to 40%

c. PCV of 20% to 25%

_____________ fluid therapy involves correction of dehydration, replacement of ongoing losses, and provision of maintenance fluid requirements. a. Remittance b. Resuscitation c. Replacement d. Rescue

c. Replacement

Fluid resuscitation administration should be titrated to effect based on clinical response the best practice of this would be to a. bolus the shock dose of fluids then measure urine output. b. administer the shock dose of fluids then weigh the animal. c. administer one-fourth of the shock dose over 15 minutes and then reassessing for improvement in perfusion parameters. d.administer one-fourth of the shock dose every hour until stable.

c. administer one-fourth of the shock dose over 15 minutes and then reassessing for improvement in perfusion parameters.

Dextrose solutions greater than 2.5% should not be given subcutaneously a. because they may cause increased intravascular pressure. b. because they are hypotonic. c. because skin sloughing and abscess formation may occur. d. because they cause stinging at the site of injection.

c. because skin sloughing and abscess formation may occur.

0.45% Sodium chloride (NaCl), is an example of a ____________fluid. a. colloid b. isotonic crystalloid c. hypotonic crystalloid d. hypertonic crystalloid

c. hypotonic crystalloid

One of the greatest concerns with volume overload from fluid therapy is a. weight gain. b. dilution of metabolic processes. c. pulmonary edema. d. loss of enzymatic function.

c. pulmonary edema.

Which of the following is a primary benefit of delivering fluids via the subcutaneous route? a. It allows for the fastest rate of absorption. b. Irritating substances do not cause pain in the SQ space. c. Aseptic technique is not required as it is with IV administration. d. Its allows for client administration at home.

d. Its allows for client administration at home.