CTEL Study Guide 2023
In what grade level(s) below are students required to take the California Science Test 7th and 8th and once in high school 5th and 8th and once in high school 3rd and 8th and once in high school High school only
5th and 8th and once in high school
For which academic English language level do you think the following assignment is appropriate? ''Write a short composition in which you detail the reasons why the article on the experiment informs future experimentation on the subject.'' Beginner, as long as the content has been covered in class Advanced Intermediate, as long as the content has been covered in class Native speakers only
Advanced Advanced learners of English can comfortably understand and easily use specialized terminology when needed in academic or work settings. Thus, the assignment is appropriate for advanced learners.
What precipitated the need for a government sanctioned ESL program in Dade County, Florida during the 1960s? An increase in immigration Low student test scores Lack of qualified teachers
An increase in immigration
A team in a school realizes that the assessments for their English Language Development (ELD) program do not cover sociolinguistic competence in students. The team can modify the following forms of assessment, except which one? Quizzes the teachers design Weekly homework Annual standardized tests Presentations in class
Annual standardized tests in the US are law-mandated assessments and, thus, schools have no control over them.
When students learn how to read or speak the word 'question,' what are they demonstrating? Deep knowledge of morphology Awareness of sound-symbol codes Fluency of expression Love for learning English
Awareness of sound-symbol codes Reading and speaking English fluently involves learning sound-symbol codes, or how sounds get read in order to produce meaning.
Why are scores for each grade level important when evaluating an ELD program's language functions? Because overall scores can be mistaken Because individual grade level scores vary Because the evaluating team should look for good scores Because grade level scores help identify program goals
Because individual grade level scores vary
Why are previous academic achievements NOT always a good indicator of successful English language acquisition? Because previous achievements can't be transferred Because some students have no previous achievements Because students can't rely on past accomplishments Because students learn at different speeds
Because students learn at different speeds Previous achievements in other languages may not reflect a student's ability to learn English. Not everyone learns at the same speed and previous academic achievements, especially in languages other than English, may not reflect how long it takes the student to acquire the language.
Which of the following is an example of language acquisition from a behaviorist perspective?
Behaviorist believe the environment shapes language development. They do not place emphasis on a natural ability to learn language.
Which of the following is an example of a communication strategy? Acquisition Explicit instruction Circumlocution Discourse
Circumlocution Circumlocution is a communication strategy where you use the words you do know to describe or talk around a word that you don't.
The California Science Test (CAST) is NOT intended to assess students on _____ The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) Science and Engineering Practices (SEPs) Cross Cutting Concepts in Science (CCC) Common Core Standards (CCS)
Common Core Standards (CCS)
What is another word with a similar meaning to discourse? Communication Syntax Linguistics Analysis
Communication Discourse refers to the many different ways we communicate with one another.
Sanjay stopped taking the test when he came upon several questions with words that had different meanings and contexts to him. This is an example of: Construct bias Item bias Intelligence bias Method bias
Construct bias
A teacher who assists an English language learner to understand syntax by means of comparing the student's home language with English is using the following approach: Bilingual teaching Home language interference Previous knowledge Contrastive analysis
Contrastive analysis In 'contrastive analysis,' language teachers help their learners in making a comparison between their home language and the language they are learning so they realize the differences.
According to Robert Marzano, the first step in introducing a new academic vocabulary word is: Draw a picture and have kids guess Play a guessing game Make connections to other similar words Define the word and give examples
Define the word and give examples
California teachers of ELD can use the list of resources the Department of Education provides for topics such as phonology and morphology. The resources aim at helping _____. ELD teachers with math lesson planning ELD teachers with language arts lesson planning ELD teachers to teach CCSS ELD teachers with a guide to support CCSS
ELD teachers with a guide to support CCSS In California, ELD teachers must support the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) through their lessons for English learners. Luckily, the California Department of Education provides teachers with a great list of resources they can use.
You are the ELL teacher, and you are sitting with ELL students in the classroom while they are attending a math class taught by another teacher. One of the names for this model is:
ESOL Sheltered Instruction Model This is the ESOL Embedded in the Classroom Model, also known as the ESL Class Period Model, which involves having a teacher of English learners working along with a subject content teacher.
The following is the name of the current federal law that regulates major aspects of the US educational system, including programs for English language learners. Proposition 58 ESEA NCLB ESSA
ESSA ESSA means Every Student Succeeds Act. Among other changes, ESSA provides more funding for ELL programs and also includes the progress of English learners in the overall school performance.
Parental notifications regarding English learners are stated in this law: It is not in the law ESSA Title I Title III
ESSA is the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) and its Titles I and III state rules that apply to ELL programs regarding parental notification.
The following is the most effective ESOL model according to research:
Embedded in the Classroom Model The effectiveness of different ESOL models is a matter that linguists still discuss with no definite answers. Some linguists believe that a combination of ESOL models can be effective depending on various circumstances.
When analyzing your students' written discourse, it can help to have samples from a variety of _____. Genres Languages Discourses Complexities
Genres Analyzing how your students write across genres will give you a better sense of their overall capacity for coherence in written language.
If an ELL has a learning disability, your approach should be: Let the special education team deal with the student. Give easier tasks to the ELL to attend her/his learning disability. Pay particular attention to the ELL so s/he feels as important as the other students. Give the ELL the exact same opportunity as other students have to practice and try exercises and assignments.
Give the ELL the exact same opportunity as other students have to practice and try exercises and assignments. All ELL students have the right to try the usual English practices and work you assign regardless of the learning disabilities they have.
Which is an example of an imperative sentence? The golden snitch was chased by an anxious Harry Potter. The golden snitch was caught! Go fight the Dark Lord. How does Harry find the deathly hallows?
Go fight the Dark Lord. This is an imperative sentence because it is a command. It tells the reader to do an action.
You have a student with limited English proficiency in your math class. Which of the following is an example of a performance-based assessment this student could use to demonstrate understanding? Asking students to look at pictures of math patterns in textbooks Giving the student a list of mathematical word problems to solve Having students work in small groups to create a pattern and relevant acronyms Having students work in small groups to answer an essay question pertaining to math
Having students work in small groups to create a pattern and relevant acronyms
The word 'diphthong' is derived from a Greek word meaning what? Vowel enhancement Syllable idea Speaking melodically Having two sounds
Having two sounds The word refers to the two different sounds that vowels make within a single syllable.
A California teacher of ELLs finds an article that is great for teaching the subject+verb+predicate sentence structure. Which of the following examples would easily illustrate for students the sentence structure? I love my pets and would love to be able to walk them on a daily basis. I love my pets. Since I love my pets, I try to walk them every day. My pets are certainly loved by me so I try to walk them every day.
I love my pets. In order to locate texts that help your students learn syntax, you should always look for appropriate grade-level texts that, in addition, have evident examples of the syntax you want to teach.
In which instance is negative language transfer likely to occur?
In Chinese, the sentence structure follows the subject-verb-object model, and in English, sentences follow the same subject-verb-object model. Korean speakers may substitute the 'v' sound for something they can pronounce with more ease because 'v' does not exist in their language. For example, 'ver' might be pronounced as 'bery'.
Which region is known for being the standard language of American English? Eastern New England South Western New England Inland North Culture
Inland North Inland North is the region that is generally understood to speak the standard language for American English.
Which of the following is true of English? It is the official language in all US territories. It is the official language of the United States. It is the official language in 31 states. It is not the official language anywhere in the United States.
It is the official language in 31 states.
What is a proficiency required to pass a writing test? Know how to translate Know how to copy a book Know when to use a full stop Know how to solve a problem
Know when to use a full stop
Which pair is an example of homographs? Cheap, expensive Beautiful, wonderful Plate, plait Lie (untruth) - lie (lie down)
Lie (untruth) - lie (lie down) Homographs are words that sound alike or different but have the same spelling and different meanings: 'tear' (in the eye) and 'tear' (rip).
What is typically the strongest factor in second language development? Learning styles Age Home language Motivation
Motivation Motivation is one of the strongest factors that affects second language development.
What is formative assessment? Assessment that takes on a specific form or format Testing that takes place at the end of a learning cycle or unit of instruction Asking students to formulate words and sentences to assess their language development Ongoing assessment that takes place throughout the learning process
Ongoing assessment that takes place throughout the learning process
Which of the following is NOT an aspect of language included in grammar instruction? Phonetics Syntax Morphology All of the answers are included in grammar instruction
Phonetics
What is the main component of phonology that phonologists use to predict how speech sounds will change? Phonological rules Phonological syntax Phonetics rules None of the answers are correct
Phonological Rules The main component of phonology is phonological rules. Rules are the way phonologists predict how a speech sound will change depending on its position in various speech environments.
Which is an imperative sentence? My teacher yelled at me for not doing my homework. What movie do you want to go see? Can you cut the grass today? Yesterday I went for a jog in the park. Please walk the dog.
Please walk the dog. Remember that the purpose of imperative sentences is to give an order or tell someone to do something. Therefore, 'please walk the dog,' is imperative because it is giving a command.
Sally handed out a survey after a recent speech. Several respondents indicated that her articulation was not very good. Evaluate the activities listed below and indicate the one most likely to help Sally overcome this problem. Practice tongue twisters Sing in the shower Speak slower Solve riddles
Practice tongue twisters Using tongue twisters as a tool to practice will help with how clearly you speak.
Which of the following is an example of a strategy that promotes sociolinguistic competence by raising cultural awareness? Enact a dialogue about TV time with your father. Find the meaning of words in a dictionary. Read about and discuss the meaning of terms used in science. Read about and discuss the importance of Independence Day.
Read about and discuss the importance of Independence Day. Our English learners not only have to know how to use language, they also will need to be able to interpret gestures, customs, and other social and cultures features of the environment that surrounds them.
You're on the phone with a close friend having casual conversation when you get another call from a potential employer about a new job. The change in the way you speak with your close friend compared with how you speak to the employer can best be described as a change in which of the following? Register Dialect Neighborhood There would likely be no change in your use of language in that situation.
Register Register can change quickly depending on setting and context. The concept refers to how a person uses the language in particular situations.
Which of the following is a solution to increased suspension rates for ELLs? Increased detention rates Decreased discipline policies Restorative justice Exceptions for ELL students from school rules
Restorative justice Restorative justice is a policy that focuses on rehabilitating and supporting students who have behavior issues in place of suspension, detention or expulsion. It has been shown to have a positive impact on student learning outcomes.
Which of these student activities is NOT generally required in an authentic assessment? Select the correct answer from a list Creatively apply existing knowledge Produce some sort of result Research supporting information
Select the correct answer from a list
Which of the following is not a language acquisition program discussed in the lesson? Structured English Immersion Transitional and Developmental Bilingual Programs Two-Way Immersion Self-paced instruction
Self-paced instruction
How long has ESL education been in the U.S.? Since the late 20th century Since the turn of the 19th century Since the 17th century Since the end of World War II
Since the 17th century
Students who are English language learners and have been enrolled less than twelve months in a United States school are exempt from taking the Smarter Balanced ELA CAST CELDT Smarter Balanced math
Smarter Balanced ELA
In the field of sociolinguistics, style is most closely associated with which of the following concepts? Social meaning Knowledge Prestige Financial status
Social meaning The style used by a person can represent a great deal about a person's social situation, beliefs, and where they seem to 'belong' in society.
Which region has a characteristically more relaxed and melodic tone? none of them Eastern New England Inland North North South
South Aspects of the Southern dialect allow for a more melodic spoken language.
What is the common goal for both ELD and SDAIE in English learner education? Enforcing academics of development of English language skills Strengthening English language development for students in grades K-12 Making sure that students become completely fluent in both English as well as their primary language Replacing a student's first language with English
Strengthening English language development for students in grades K-12
Which of the following is NOT an example of a performance-based assessment? Students retell a story by placing a series of pictures in chronological order. Students interview each other about a challenging experience in their own lives. Students write a journal entry from the perspective of a historical figure. Students complete a worksheet to match important dates with their historical events.
Students complete a worksheet to match important dates with their historical events.
Which of the following is true of the California Assessment of Science Test (CAST)? Students take four separate tests in the fields of earth science, life science, physical science, and engineering Students take three separate tests in English, math, and science Students take three separate tests in the fields of earth science, life science, and physical science Students take one ELL test.
Students take three separate tests in the fields of earth science, life science, and physical science
Which of the following statements about ELL graduation rates is true? ELL students have greater re-engagement rates than native English-speaking students. ELL students are less likely to drop out than native English speakers due to cultural pressure from their families. ELL students tend to have higher rates of graduation than native English-speaking students. Studies show ELLs are twice as likely to drop out than native English-speaking students.
Studies show ELLs are twice as likely to drop out than native English-speaking students.
Political factors such as school culture, community attitudes, etc. can influence language development. How can teachers of English learners help students despite these factors? Teachers cannot do anything. Teachers can use an approach that breaks the patterns. Teachers can learn students' mother tongue.
Teachers can use an approach that breaks the patterns. While political factors pertain to society as a whole, teachers can use an approach that breaks the patterns imposed by those factors.
The following is a good command to present in a speaking test for ELL students: Speak about your home country. Speak about holidays in the US. Tell me about your daily routine. Tell me all about you.
Tell me about your daily routine.
What is a 'sign' in the linguistic field? That which represents a concept That which points toward meaning That which defines a concept That which stops communication
That which represents a concept A sign is a referent, meaning that it represents a concept.
What is the difference between SDAIE and ELD?
The difference between the SDAIE and ELD models is the instructional focus. The SDAIE model focuses on content knowledge, and English language proficiency is secondary. The ELD model focuses on English language development, and content knowledge is secondary.
What ESL methodology was championed by Charles Berlitz? The audio-lingual method The direct natural method The listen and speak method The communicative approach method
The direct natural method
Which of the following indicates that a verb should be singular? The subject is plural. The subject is singular. There is a direct object in the sentence. There is an indirect object in the sentence.
The subject is singular. Your subjects and verbs always have to agree with each other. Plural subjects should be matched to plural verbs and vice-versa.
Explicit instruction is a research-based teaching approach that has great advantages for ELLs. Which of the following is an example of a research-based approach as a teacher instructs students on adjective/noun structure? The teacher gives a list of adjectives so students can add a noun. The teacher gives lots of examples of adjectives/nouns. The teacher places adjectives/nouns in sentences. The teacher tells students adjectives always go before nouns.
The teacher tells students adjectives always go before nouns.
What should an evaluating team do if an ELD program has no goals regarding language functions to evaluate? The team should issue a report stating the absence of such goals. The team should issue a report stating the ELD program is successful. The team should issue a report recommending the modification of the existing goals. The team does not need to issue a report.
The team should issue a report stating the absence of such goals. An evaluating team needs to confirm that goals include language functions. If not, they need to report that there are no such goals.
Which of the following sentences has an INCORRECT subject-verb agreement? It's amazing that there are never any leftovers in my house after the Super Bowl game. The thought of all the home repairs we need after the bathrooms flooded are daunting. Any book about space visits from vampire Martian aliens is my idea of a good weekend read. Subject-verb agreement usually gets trickier as sentences expand into more complex structures.
The thought of all the home repairs we need after the bathrooms flooded are daunting. In the incorrect sentence, 'thought' is the singular subject and the verb should be the singular form 'is' instead of the plural form 'are.'
What is an additional benefit of informal assessments of English-learning students? They can help identify students with behavioral issues. They reduce the need for extra study. They help ELLs to mentally solidify new information. They are guaranteed to improve performance on formal assessments.
They help ELLs to mentally solidify new information.
Timmy is a one-year old who has started trying to say short words. The following is NOT an aspect of Timmy's acquisition of English as his first language:
Timmy does not require instruction to develop the language.Timmy's language acquisition process does not involve a conscious effort on his part, but rather it is instinctive.
Adalie, an English learner from France, reads the combination 'ou' as 'oh' and 'eeooh', respectively. When the teacher asks Adalie if 'ou' is present in French, Adalie tells the teacher the sound in French is 'u'. Luckily, it is the same in English. Now, the teacher can: Ask Adalie to forget about French and focus on English. Use French as a resource when appropriate. Get the student to pronounce as in French at all times to then correct her. Give the student auditory discrimination activities.
Use French as a resource when appropriate. As a teacher, you can promote phonemic development if you use the strengths your ELLs have from their primary language. This works with sounds students have in their mother tongue, which can be transferred into English.
Which aspect of knowledge or skill is most likely to impact students' literal comprehension? Envisioning Prediction skills Thematic analysis Vocabulary
Vocabulary
Which vocal quality can be adjusted in ways similar to a radio? Volume Tone Pitch Fluency
Volume Our volume works just like the volume on a radio. We can increase the volume when needed or lower it when it is not necessary.
What makes a test biased? When one group's scores are predictably different compared to the results from the other test takers When one group's test scores are higher than the rest of the test takers' When all test takers score below or above average When the test takers are allowed to use books and notes to complete the test
When one group's scores are predictably different compared to the results from the other test takers
Where does a diphthong occur? Within a single word, regardless of the number of syllables in the word Within a single syllable sound Within two consecutive syllables Within a full sentence
Within a single syllable sound Diphthongs must happen inside a single syllable; there are two separate vowel sounds within that same syllable.
When a teacher uses an English learner's first language or prior knowledge to develop awareness of phonology and morphology in English, the teacher is using _____. a lesson plan a strategy to teach phonology and morphology a way to help students who cannot otherwise learn language skills
a strategy to teach phonology and morphology The use of an English learner's first language or prior knowledge to develop awareness of phonology and morphology in English is a strategy teachers can use to help students with phonology and morphology regardless of the lesson plan.
Anita is an English learner in California. She receives ELD instruction, which would ideally lead her to be comfortable in social situations but also in: conversations with native speakers academic settings in her primary language math classes in English academic settings in English
academic settings in her primary language
Eduardo is a Generation 1.5 student. He makes mistakes in English that do not make sense given that Eduardo is fully fluent and is perfectly adapted to the American way of life. Eduardo's mistakes are probably due to: family who does not speak hanging with friends who speak other languages a learning disability an influence of the home language
an influence of the home language
Which of the following assessment forms are likely to be the most complex? fill in the blank multiple choice matching authentic assessment
authentic assessment
Miguel is an English language learner who can introduce himself to peers, ask questions like ''Where is the bathroom?'' and express things like, ''My pencil is black.'' Miguel's social language level is _____. intermediate advanced beginner fully fluent
beginner When it comes to social language, beginners can understand and use simple everyday expressions to introduce themselves, ask and answer questions about locations, people, and ownership of things.
The evaluation of the skills for discourse competence in ELD programs requires this first step: teacher evaluation comparison of results with program goals analysis of program goals modification of goals for the program
comparison of results with program goals The very first step in program evaluation is to determine if the data the school has is satisfactory or not regarding discourse competence AND to contrast such existing results with the goals of the program.
You can assess your students' inferential comprehension by asking them to make _____ based on texts. connections judgements essays retellings
connections
What tenet is the approach that helps teachers adjust curriculum and instruction based on results of the design and assessments? continuous improvement review of curriculum depth of learning purposefully planning
continuous improvement
English learner typologies have to do with this aspect of students: educational background home language ability to learn a second language social skills
educational background
Vanessa says, 'Last weekend I go to a store with my family' as students talk about where they went last weekend. The teacher should _____. correct the verb tense straightaway encourage the student to tell about the store she went to ask another student so Vanessa can hear the right verb tense write 'went' on the board for all students to use it
encourage the student to tell about the store she went to
The suffix that means more is _____. er est ness ful ion
er
As part of developing the writing skills aspect of discourse competence in an ELD program, teachers would ideally modify their instruction to: explicitly teach writing techniques get students to write as much as possible give more writing assessments focus on writing activities
explicitly teach writing techniques While practice with writing develops the ability to deliver written discourse, teachers would ideally modify their instructional practice in the aspect of explicitly teaching writing techniques (e.g. how to write a conclusion).
When an educator reviews the resources available for an ELD program, they must consider _____. standardized testing results local, state, and federal laws funding, materials, and faculty backgrounds input from parents and community members
funding, materials, and faculty backgrounds
Ana and Carlos are English learners. Despite the fact that they are classmates at the same level and with similar background, their language varies probably when writing and speaking due to this factor: age context culture gender
gender Gender influences the expressions, word choice, intonation, and tone in the language.
Ahmed is an Arab student who joins school in California. As ELD instruction supports ELA, Ahmed receives appropriate assessment to make sure what his level of English is. Ahmed also has support in language arts. As an English learner, Ahmed also needs _____. different achievement standards for ELD and ELA a teacher who translates everything into Arabic an ELD program that focuses on English language only immediate immersion in an English language skills program
immediate immersion in an English language skills program
5 Which type of sentence might have an implied subject? imperative declarative exclamatory period interrogative
imperative There is no stated subject in imperative sentences, which is the main person or object doing the action. Often in imperative sentences, the subject is the implied 'you.'
Yoko has her students write a memoir about a time they were scared. This is an example of a(n) _____ learning experience. individual group experiential none are correct language
individual
Which one of the following parts of speech is used to interrupt flow in a sentence? conjunction interjection pronoun adverb
interjection Frequently found with exclamation points, interjections (i.e. 'Wow!') are supposed to interrupt the flow of a sentence to express emotion, making them grammatically unrelated to any other part of speech.
Communication between two or three people is called ______ communication. interpersonal mass intrapersonal Social
interpersonal
Which of the following consonant blends is considered a silent consonant blend? str gl pp mb
mb The combination of mb is a silent two-letter consonant blend because the m is pronounced, while the b is not pronounced. For example, mb is used to create the word dumb.
Assessing BICS is part of understanding your students' _____. oral language reading skills giftedness content area knowledge
oral language
Ahmed is an Arab student who always replaces the letter 'p' for a 'b'. For instance, he writes 'I am going to the bark' instead of 'the park'. This is probably due to an influence of Ahmed's first language in regards to: directionality orthographic depth sentence structure discourse structure
orthographic depth Orthographic depth has to do with the letters that exist in each language and the way they correspond to sounds when we read them. In Arabic, letter 'p' does not exist.
At Kate's school, students are urged to achieve high standards in math and science. As a content-based ELD teacher, Kate should prioritize these subjects to help students in the following area: literature geography physics history
physics
A teacher who decorates the ELL classroom nicely creates a positive environment. However, a positive environment also requires the teacher to: ensure students get good grades. include decorations in ELLs native language. promote respectful interactions between students. get students to help with decorations.
promote respectful interactions between students.
The following is an example of a formal assessment for an English language learner: reading exercise to answer comprehension questions reading a passage in a standardized test reading aloud to the class while the teacher monitors reading to identify new vocabulary
reading a passage in a standardized test
Anne's students often pronounce some words wrong. To help students correct this, Anne can teach students how to:
request for clarification Self-monitoring is a great skill for students to practice. Anne can give her students the right pronunciation of specific words and get students to make a note about it so they always remember to check on themselves when they use the words they tend to mispronounce.
What are the three stages of the design phase? results, evidence, learning plan assessment, evidence, learning plan understanding, design, evidence performances, products, results
results, evidence, learning plan
The following three are key steps of ELD program evaluation: materials, assessment, and instructional practice speaking, writing, and debate materials review, correction, and implementation materials, standardized tests, and quizzes
review, correction, and implementation The three basic steps of program evaluation include review of deficiencies, proposals to correct such deficiencies, and implementation of modifications. Each of these steps apply to materials, assessments, and instructional practices, which are components of an ELD program.
What do you call clues that help you figure out the definition of an unfamiliar word in a sentence through the actual meanings of other words in the same sentence? language ambiguities syntactic clues multiple meanings semantic clues
semantic clues
What is defined as the study of language and how it is affected by region, social class, relationship, and even gender? morphology phonology historical linguistics descriptive linguistics sociolinguistics
sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics is the study of language and how it is affected by region, social class, relationship, and even gender - in other words, how language varies from person to person and culture to culture.
A notification letter to parents of students who are identified as English learners should have a reference to the identification process, the description of academic methods to aid students, how the program helps students, a description of requirements to leave the program and: leaflet for parents to sign acknowledging the letter reference to the child's academic progress information on transferring the student to another school specification of options parents have
specification of options parents have
The following is an example of an activity in which students teach their peers: students make an oral presentation of a topic students correct each other's mistakes students read aloud students monitor each other in class
students make an oral presentation of a topic
The following is an example of meaningful interaction that uses the student-to-material strategy: students work in pairs to identify adjectives in the text students provide information on what they read in their own words students write a summary of what they read, using the vocabulary in the text students give an oral summary of what they read, using the vocabulary in the text
students provide information on what they read in their own words
Juan used the grammatical structure of the sentence to figure out that the word he didn't understand was a verb. What type of context clue did he use? syntactic context semantic context language ambiguities language differences
syntactic context
As an English language teacher, Tara puts a lot of effort in making sure her students know how to write a great conclusion for an essay. The best Tara can do to improve this ability in students is: to give ELLs a list of components of a good conclusion to provide ELLs with an easy definition of conclusion to give ELLs lots of examples of conclusions to get ELLs to write conclusions
to get ELLs to write conclusions
