Cultural Anthropology Chapter 3

Culture shock occurs exclusively among new anthropologists doing first fieldwork. (True/False)

False

In collaborative anthropology, the researcher allows the consultant to write the ethnographic text. (True/False)

False

Postmodernism has been accepted in its entirety by all anthropologists (True /False)

False

Anthropologists do not do library research until they return from the field in order to minimize their bias. (True/False)

False

The anthropological Code of Ethics mandates that anthropologists always support human rights. (True /False)

False

Women were not involved in anthropology prior to 1950. (True /False)

False

In recent years, as a result of globalization and culture change, research methods in anthropology have changed. (True/False)

True

Informed consent is a critical aspect of anthropological ethics. (True/False)

True

It is common for anthropologists to feel confused and disoriented when they first arrive at their field sites. (True /False)

True

Some ethnocentrism seems necessary, as it binds a group's members together and helps them perpetuate their values. (True /False)

True

The gathering and interpretation of information based on intensive, firsthand study is called ethnography. (True /False)

True

Who was primarily known as a native anthropologist? a. Darren Ranco b. Franz Boas c. Bronislaw Malinowski d. Edward Said e. James Spradley

a. Darren Ranco

Anthropological interview techniques: a. are always the same from field project to field project. b. always involve the same processes and same steps of procedure. c. are no longer used in contemporary fieldwork. d. have been adapted from philosophy. e. are highly varied and situation-specific.

a. are always the same from field project to field project.

Early anthropologists who relied on travelers and missionaries for their fieldwork data were called: a. armchair anthropologists. b. novices. c. native anthropologists. d. secondhand anthropologists. e. early scholars.

a. armchair anthropologists.

The deep connections among cultures and the global movement of individuals means that: a. cultures are constantly changing and must be re-evaluated frequently. b. the study of other cultures will soon no longer be necessary. c. cultures today are more and more collaborative with each other. d. indigenous cultures will not survive into the next generation. e. a single world culture is now forming.

a. cultures are constantly changing and must be re-evaluated frequently.

It is not uncommon today to find that cultural groups are pleased to be studied by an anthropologist because: a. studies can play important roles in establishing group claims to "authenticity." b. they will be paid for their time and stories and not have to work outside the home. c. their young people will be able to attend institutions of higher learning in the United States. d. they will become famous and be able to leave their places of birth. e. multinational corporations are more likely to bring jobs and opportunities to areas that have been studied by an anthropologist.

a. studies can play important roles in establishing group claims to "authenticity."

Ethically, anthropologists have responsibilities to all of the following under the American Anthropological Association Code of Ethics EXCEPT: a. their sponsors. b. the people they are studying. c. host governments. d. the public. e. themselves.

a. their sponsors.

An interview based on the use of a written list of questions or topics the researchers intend to cover in a specific order but are not bound to follow exactly is called: a. a structured interview. b. a semistructured interview. c. an unstructured interview. d. an informal interview. e. a registered interview.

b. a semistructured interview.

In anthropology, the issue of human rights: a. is not relevant because anthropologists believe in cultural relativism. b. can be challenging as different cultures define rights differently. c. is at the forefront of anthropological research, as researchers are not allowed to work in countries where there is warfare. d. is not important because there are no inalienable human rights. e. prevents anthropologists from doing research overseas.

b. can be challenging as different cultures define rights differently.

Researchers who view the actions of other people simply in terms of the degree to which they correspond to their own notions of the ways people should behave are: a. postmodern. b. ethnocentric. c. culturally relative. d. evolutionists. e. racist.

b. ethnocentric.

The study of general laws and principles that govern cultural phenomena is called: a. ethnography. b. ethnology. c. ethnohistory. d. ethnic universals. e. ethnoscience.

b. ethnology.

Lewis Henry Morgan and Edward Tylor were influenced deeply by the: a. geo-political climate of the time. b. evolutionary theories of their era. c. writing of Franz Boas. d. work of prominent sociologists. e. emergence of Margaret Mead as a new voice in anthropology.

b. evolutionary theories of their era.

Individuals who serve as guides and teachers for anthropologists in the culture in which they do fieldwork are called all of the following terms EXCEPT: a. consultants. b. managers. c. interlocutors. d. informants. e. respondents.

b. managers.

All of the following concepts were founded or developed by Franz Boas in his fieldwork and analysis of human cultures EXCEPT: a. the reflexive approach. b. participant observation. c. cultural relativism. d. human rights and justice. e. the search for racial equality.

b. participant observation.

Bronislaw Manlinowski's style of fieldwork was known as: a. ethnocentrism. b. participant observation. c. cultural relativism. d. ethnography. e. postmodernism.

b. participant observation.

Which of the following was one of the core beliefs of Franz Boas? a. Cultures are adapted to their own ecosystems. b. All aspects of culture are symbolic and serve to create meaning. c. Cultures are products of their own histories. d. Cultures are composed of functional, interrelating parts. e. Culture is reflected with the linguistic system (the language spoken).

c. Cultures are products of their own histories.

Which of the following statements about anthropology and human rights is NOT correct? a. There are sometimes difficulties in defining human rights in other cultures. b. Involvement in human rights issues poses an ethical dilemma for anthropologists. c. Human rights are universal rights that pertain to all individuals regardless of their culture of origin. d. Human rights abuses are often a matter of life and death. e. Other countries and cultures may see outside aid from the U.S. tied to conforming to U.S. policy on human rights as unwarranted interference.

c. Human rights are universal rights that pertain to all individuals regardless of their culture of origin.

How is anthropology unique among other disciplines? a. It involves the study of humans. b. It requires that scholars work overseas. c. It is based on first-hand fieldwork. d. It generates social theories. e. It was founded in the United States.

c. It is based on first-hand fieldwork.

Which theoretical approach argues that no knowledge is objective and all knowledge is influenced by the observer's own culture, social position, and gender? a. Native anthropology b. Feminist anthropology c. Postmodernism d. Transcendental ethnography e. Collaborative ethnography

c. Postmodernism

Informed consent involves all of the following EXCEPT: a. anthropologists must be involved in a dynamic discussion with participants in order to explain the significance of informed consent. b. individuals should understand the risks and benefits inherent in the research. c. participants must sign a contract with the anthropologist indicating that they approve of the research study. d. participants must understand how the research data is likely to affect them. e. individuals must be free to decide if they want to participate.

c. participants must sign a contract with the anthropologist indicating that they approve of the research study.

Malinowski's and Boas' practices of anthropology were alike in many ways. All of the following are things they shared EXCEPT: a. they were committed fieldworkers. b. they saw other cultures as fully rational. c. they valued the study of history as essential to a deeper understanding of societies. d. they were scholars who opposed racism. e. they were innovative in the approach to fieldwork in anthropology.

c. they valued the study of history as essential to a deeper understanding of societies.

The term "key informant" is used to refer to individuals who are: a. able to work with the anthropologist as research assistants, indicating whom they should interview and how they should collect their data. b. gossips who share information that is considered private and known by only a few people. c. well informed and eager to talk with the anthropologist regarding material the anthropologist is studying. d. of the highest social status and often in charge of the community politically and socially. e. in governmental positions in the host country and must approve of the anthropologist's work before he or she leaves the country.

c. well informed and eager to talk with the anthropologist regarding material the anthropologist is studying.

In the mid-1960s, the U.S. Army and Department of Defense attempted to enlist anthropologists to serve as consultants in the development of American foreign policy goals. This project was named: a. Mission Culture. b. Kennedy. c. Columbia. d. Camelot. e. Monroe Doctrine.

d. Camelot.

What specific precaution must anthropologists take when studying their own culture? a. They must make sure they live in their own homes so they do not take advantage of other people. b. They must not act as if they know the people they are interviewing so it is fresh and truthful. c. They must explain the culture as if it were entirely foreign to them. d. They must not assume they understand all identities within their own culture. e. They must not let other work and social commitments intrude on their research.

d. They must not assume they understand all identities within their own culture.

How would you describe Lewis Henry Morgan's and Edward Tylor's evolutionary theories? a. They studied how humans have changed from simple to complex communication and transportation systems. b. They studied how societies have harnessed more energy for production over time. c. They studied how the human body has changed physically from earlier to later forms, sometimes even changing species. d. They studied the history of human society from simple to complex technology and social institutions. e. They studied all of these things.

d. They studied the history of human society from simple to complex technology and social institutions.

All of the following are true of Franz Boas EXCEPT: a. he was a critic of evolution. b. he was the first professor of anthropology at Columbia University. c. he was a champion of human rights. d. he did his fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands e. he trained a generation of U.S. fieldworkers.

d. he did his fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands

Why did anthropology pay little attention to women prior to the 1970s? a. Anthropologists assumed that men represented women's voices. b. Women and men live quite segregated lives in most societies. c. The majority of practicing anthropologists was male and had little access to working with women in other societies. d. Men's roles were much more public and more easily studied. e. All of these choices are correct.

e. All of these choices are correct.

Anthropologists' work as researchers for the U.S. military raises concerns about: a. the integrity of the discipline itself. b. obligations to those whom anthropologists study. c. perils for the broader academic community. d. issues of secrecy and transparency. e. all of these choices.

e. all of these choices.

Anthropologists have become more sensitive to issues of voice and power and have begun to reflect more critically on their role as observer in another culture primarily as a result of: a. reflectionist ethnology. b. Franz Boas. c. feminist anthropology. d. collaborative ethnography. e. postmodernism.

e. postmodernism.