Cultural Anthropology Exam 1
What term describes the rules about how to use phonemes, morphemes, and syntax that are followed by speakers of a language? a. paralanguage b. morphology c. kinesics d. grammar
Grammar
Maria is a cultural anthropologist who wants to better understand the lives of women in coffee-farming communities in Brazil. What primary research strategy will she likely use to gain a holistic perspective in order to accurately answer her research questions? a. in-depth analysis of historical texts about coffee farmers b. interviews with other researchers who have been to Brazil c. first-hand ethnographic fieldwork d. controlled social experiments
First-hand ethnographic fieldwork
Maria Kromidas's work in New York City schools reveals that children are creating a "new" racial category based on the post-September 11 media stories they are exposed to. In this particular category, people are categorized by what factors? a. foreign, strange, and Muslim b. dark-skinned, Muslim, and wealthy c. Muslim, Arabic, and different d. foreign, dark-skinned, and poor
Foreign, strange, and Muslim
Myanmar's military seems determined to erase the Rohingya from their nation's history and ultimately the planet. This is an example of a. national erasure. b. nationalism. c. assimilation. d. genocide.
Genocide
The export of television shows worldwide and the knowledge of other cultures that is subsequently disseminated to even remote areas of the world are examples of how globalization can foster a. advertising. b. nationalism. c. cosmopolitanism. d. historical particularism.
Cosmopolitanism
Globalization, political instability, and economic changes have led Eritreans to leave Eritrea. Many of them are now spread among many countries (and even continents), but maintain emotional and material ties to their ancestral homeland. What is this an example of? a. a diaspora b. an imagined community c. a nation-state d. a melting pot
A diaspora
The anthropological practice of sharing ethnographic information on particular communities with nonanthropological institutions such as the military has been questioned within the discipline of anthropology under a. the covert operations rulebook. b. foreign aid guidelines. c. efforts toward economic development. d. a directive called "do no harm."
A directive called "do no harm."
Which of the following statements is untrue about African American English (AAE)? a. AAE is also known as Ebonics. b. AAE is spoken by millions of African Americans. c. AAE does not have consistent grammar rules and vocabulary. d. Scholars disagree about the origins of AAE.
AAE does not have consistent grammar rules and vocabulary
A primary difference between the early census process and the census of 2010 was the a. ability to self-select a racial category. b. inclusion of "blurriness" as a racial category. c. elimination of pejoratives as a racial category. d. the erasure of the racial category of "white."
Ability to self-select a racial category
As a culture, consumer culture contains elements that make purchasing of goods and services feel normal and natural, such as the values attached to buying gifts on some holidays or how certain products serve as symbols of elevated social status. Financial institutions play a role in this culture by a. allowing people to consume despite a lack of cash. b. promoting values of frugality, modesty, and self-denial. c. generating a desire to consume. d. restricting poor people from attaining higher social status through consumption.
Allowing people to consume despite a lack of cash.
You are conducting research among a group of migrant farmworkers in southern Florida and you realize that some of them are undocumented. You know that you are able to protect their identities, even if you publish your findings widely, because of your commitment to what ethical principle? a. polyvocality b. informed consent c. anonymity d. participant observation
Anonymity
Which anthropologist advocated most explicitly for "thick description"? a. Clifford Geertz b. Bronislaw Malinowski c. Ruth Benedict d. Margaret Mead
Clifford Geertz
In 2009, newly elected president Barack Obama visited a famous eatery in Washington, D.C., and, after paying his tab, he was asked by the cashier if he wanted his change. The president replied, "Nah, we straight." Which of the following did the president do? a. spoke a dialect of English b. used language as cultural capital c. code-switched d. spoke Standard English
Code-switched
Which of the following describes how anthropologists describe the primary way humans adapt to and manipulate their physical and social environments, in light of the human evolutionary past? a. Cultural and genetic adaptation have become equally important as primary adaptive mechanisms. b. Cultural adaptation has mostly replaced genetic adaptation. c. Genetic adaptation was, and is, primary. d. Epigenetic adaptation will soon replace culture as a primary adaptive mechanism.
Cultural and genetic adaptation have become equally important as primary adaptive mechanisms
There is a huge inflow of refugees from the wars in the Middle East to parts of Europe and Scandinavia. What kind of anthropologist would probably offer the most useful input to the politicians making decisions about resettlement programs? a. biological anthropologist b. cultural anthropologist c. holistic anthropologist d. sociolinguist
Cultural anthropologist
What do we call an anthropologist working among a Native American group to map their spoken language into a written form? a. descriptive linguist b. cultural anthropologist c. sociolinguist d. historical linguist
Descriptive linguist
A long history of violence, repression, and war in the tiny nation of Eritrea has resulted in a large out-migration of the citizenry. As a means of "striking back," many of these migrants have banded together to maintain close emotional ties to their homeland. These groups of people living outside their homelands but maintaining strong emotional and material ties to it are referred to as a. refugees. b. diaspora. c. asylum seekers. d. immigrants.
Diaspora
Self-help books, such as Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus, that suggest that men and women are essentially different are examples of the a. dominance model. b. difference model. c. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. d. linguistic relativism.
Difference model
Anthropologists have uncovered evidence of vast trade networks throughout the entire continent of North America that long predate the arrival of Europeans. The exchange of cultural traits that can occur through such material exchanges is called a. stratification. b. diffusion. c. evolution. d. enculturation.
Diffusion
Anthropologists have shown that chimpanzees and other nonhuman primates are able to communicate about things that are not immediately present and events in the past or future. What aspect of human language does this describe? a. displacement b. productivity c. complexity d. innovation
Displacement
In the 1960s, Dubai was a small trading port with a population of around 60,000 people. Increased demand for the country's oil allowed increased spending on the city. What is one way in which Dubai has crafted a new identity as a huge global city? a. Famous architects have designed Dubai's modern cityscape. b. Dubai has created many attractions to draw tourists to the city. c. Dubai has created many governmental programs in order to be the first city to abolish poverty. d. The reimagining of Dubai's image has affected the Dubayyan people's ethnic identity.
Dubai has created many attractions to draw tourists to the city
The concept of culture is a very recent idea and was actually developed by a. Franz Boas's work in the Pacific Northwest. b. Edward Burnett Tylor's work in England. c. Charles Darwin's work in the Galapagos Islands. d. Bronislaw Malinowski's work in the Trobriand Islands.
Edward Burnett Tylor's work in England
Which is an the example of how rural populations are affected by globalization? a. Rural populations watch locally produced television content. b. Rural populations purchase expensive products that they see advertised on television. c. Egyptians in rural areas watch Coca-Cola advertisements on television. d. Rural populations reject globalization by sticking to the same cultural norms and rules.
Egyptians in rural areas watch Coca-Cola advertisements on television
Which statement about epigenetics is accurate? a. Environmental factors sometimes directly affect the expression of genes. b. Once individuals are born, they do not adapt or evolve any further within their lifetime. c. True genetic change requires very small changes over many generations. d. Environmental factors shape the lives of individuals, but not at the level of genes.
Environmental factors sometimes directly affect the expression of genes
Sometimes the legal language about immigration is written in a manner that signifies "American-ness," using veiled racial markers to clearly identify those who are "in" and those who are "out." What do anthropologists call this kind of demarcation? a. apartheid b. cultural wall c. ethnic boundary d. segregation
Ethnic boundary
The Tutsi and Hutu originally considered themselves a single group of people differing primarily by occupation; however, the Belgium colonial administration began treating the pastoral Tutsi people as different from and superior to the Hutu farmers. Eventually, these two groups of people also began to see each other as different, which led to a terrible genocide. This was set in motion by the promotion of misinformation about the Tutsi, accomplished by those in a position of power, who are considered a. negotiators. b. assimilationists. c. identity entrepreneurs. d. ethnic cleansers.
Ethnic cleansers
As part of a territorial conflict in Bosnia, ethnic Croats expelled, imprisoned, or killed the Muslim people with whom they had lived peacefully for more than 500 years. What concept does this illustrate? a. ethnic cleansing b. assimilation c. situational negotiation of identity d. diaspora
Ethnic cleansing
China has attempted to assimilate the nation of Tibet as part of ethnic China. One way this is done is through the repopulation of many Tibetan towns with native-born Chinese Han people. Most observers agree that this is a case of a. genocide. b. ethnic cleansing. c. ethnocide. d. repatriation.
Ethnic cleansing
In late-nineteenth-century debates on immigration in the United States, many scholars and government officials privileged northern European immigrants over southern Europeans, such as Italians and Greeks, whom they saw as a separate and inferior biological race with primitive ways. This is an example of a. holism. b. ethnocentrism. c. genocide. d. ethnocide.
Ethnocentrism
What perspective do anthropologists use in their ethnographies when they want to take a zoomed-out approach to describing the culture they work with in order to make comparisons and larger analyses? a. etic b. polyvocal c. thick description d. emic
Etic
Bonnie Uricuoli's study of bilingual Puerto Ricans in New York City found that they creatively drew on both languages when among family, friends, and neighbors, but in outer spheres, a. school teachers, hospital staff, and employers celebrated their speech practices. b. they could cross the language boundary without repercussions. c. their speech patterns were seen as cosmopolitan, authentic, or humorous. d. even their accents were met with resistance and marked them as racially different.
Even their accents were met with resistance and marked them as racially different
E. E. Evans-Pritchard's approach to anthropology has been criticized for being ahistorical. What was one of the major shortcomings of his work? a. He ignored the fact that the communities he studied were part of a larger preexisting colonial system. b. He conducted experiments on people while in the field without their informed consent. c. He failed to consider the impact of his work on the tribes he studied. d. He lacked understanding about the forces of evolution that had shaped modern humans.
He ignored the fact that the communities he studied were part of a larger preexisting colonial system
Culture is more than a set of ideas or patterns of behavior shared by a group of people. It also includes general mechanisms created by people to promote and maintain their core values. The 2015 U.S. Supreme Court ruling on same-sex marriage reflects the influence of which of these types of mechanisms? a. religious preferences b. powerful institutions c. hegemony d. coercive powers
Hegemony
The Latin language of ancient Rome is no longer spoken routinely. What kind of work is needed to examine how Latin changed into the Romance languages of today (French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, and Spanish)? a. descriptive linguistics b. comparative research c. archaeology d. historic linguistics
Historic linguistics
Franz Boas (1858-1942) rejected unilineal cultural evolution, instead suggesting that different cultures arise as the result of very different causes and will vary widely. What do we call his approach? a. structural functionalism b. hegemony c. historical particularism d. unilineal cultural evolution
Historical particularism
What might an anthropologist who is interested in kinesics study? a. the origins of human language b. dialects of the same language c. how body language varies across cultures d. how paralanguage varies across cultures
How body language varies across cultures
Material remains help prehistoric archaeologists reconstruct a. human behavior. b. written records. c. garbage dumps. d. burial sites.
Human behavior
Identify whether or not these reasons are why it is impossible to distinguish clear genetic boundaries between one human population and another. a. Human variation changes gradually in a geographic continuum. b. Humans are 99.9 percent genetically the same. c. Humans have been exchanging genetic material for 200,000 years. d. Human genes are incredibly diverse, varying from person to person.
Human variation changes gradually in a geographic continuum Humans are 99.9 percent genetically the same Humans have been exchanging genetic material for 200,000 years
President Barack Obama's mother was a white woman from Kansas and his father was a black man from Kenya. What deeply embedded concept of racial division is revealed by the way people regard his race and even debate his birthplace? a. hypodescent b. eugenics c. civil rights d. racialization
Hypodescent
What continuing aspect of racism in the United States is illuminated by the Susie Phipps case? a. eugenics b. microaggression c. hypodescent d. nativism
Hypodescent
Despite their often obvious ethnic, socioeconomic, occupational, and religious differences and the fact that most will never meet each other, the majority of people in the United States see themselves as members of a large community called "America." What concept does this demonstrate? a. ethnic making b. nation building c. imagined community d. diaspora
Imagined community
Which of the following directly contributes to climate change and global warming? a. the strategies that corporations use to accumulate profits b. overpopulation, which leads to increased consumption c. increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases created by the burning of fossil fuels d. natural changes in the earth's atmosphere, soil, and oceans
Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases created by the burning of fossil fuels
What key dynamic of globalization is characterized by the movement of people, not only between countries but also within the individual countries themselves? a. four-field approach b. flexible accumulation c. increasing migration d. uneven development
Increasing migration
Anthropology developed during an intense period of globalization in the nineteenth century. What was one of the major characteristics of that period that drove this development? a. the rise of secularization the willingness of anthropologists b. to travel great distances to study remote peoples c. innovations in transportation technology d. the decline of European monarchies
Innovations in transportation technology
The failure of the New York State school system to create an annual school budget in order to ensure that all students received the same level of funding reflects what aspect of racism? a. racialization b. racial ideology c. profiling d. institutional racism
Institutional racism
The roots of today's anthropology emerged from very early accounts of travelers in previous centuries. What about these accounts helped fuel anthropological inquiry? a. a desire to further the hard sciences b. a desire to mold the unknown world to fit anthropologists' ideas c. intense curiosity about the nature of other unknown lands and peoples d. a drive to compare cultural practices to discover universally superior behaviors
Intense curiosity about the nature of other unknown lands and peoples
Human beings have long been migrants, moving themselves, their material goods, and even ideas from one part of the world to another. What makes this process, which is now called globalization, seem so different today than in the past? a. the four-field approach b. migration c. intensification d. ethnocentrism
Intensification
Despite the initial racist attitudes directed toward Irish, Jewish, and Italian immigrants, these groups eventually "became white" through a. greater accuracy in the census. b. intermarriage and upward mobility. c. the elimination of ethnic categories. d. legal changes.
Intermarriage and upward mobility
The analysis of culture as a symbolic system is part of which anthropological approach? a. structural functionalism b. historical particularism c. unilineal cultural evolution d. interpretivist approach
Interpretivist approach
The parents of a young American couple expect them to have a traditional wedding, but the bride wants a rainbow-colored dress and the groom wants a close female friend to be his "best man." What does this reveal about culture? a. It is static and reproduced from one generation to another without change. b. It can be contested by people living within a particular cultural setting. c. It is genetically inherited. d. It is unique to humans.
It can be contested by people living within a particular cultural setting
Franz Boas is credited with developing the concept of cultural relativism. What made cultural relativism radical at that time? a. It views each culture as a variation of unilineal evolution. b. It applies an ethnocentric perspective to studying different cultures. c. It seeks to understand each culture on its own unique merits. d. It views cultures exclusively through comparative ethnology.
It seeks to understand each culture on its own unique merits
What do we call laws in the United States that allowed such things as "white-only" swimming pools, restaurants, schools, beaches, and the like, similar to apartheid in South Africa? a. civil rights laws b. Jim Crow c. white supremacy d. hypodescent
Jim Crow
Imagine you are getting ready to conduct an ethnography on the family and marriage history of royalty in the United Kingdom. What strategy could be considered necessary in order to understand the diverse and complex relationships among the people you're studying? a. mutual transformation b. key informant interviews c. kinship analysis d. surveys
Kinship analysis
What is the difference between kinship analysis and social network analysis? a. Kinship analysis looks at marriage and family ties, while social network analysis examines relationships throughout the community. b. Kinship analysis is only done in small towns, and social network analysis is only done in large urban areas. c. Kinship analyses involve a smaller number of people. d. Social network analyses are only done online.
Kinship analysis looks at marriage and family ties, while social network analysis examines relationships throughout the community
Holden and Buddy both sell luxury cars. Holden, who exchanges witty banter with clients with a polished accent and expansive vocabulary, sells many cars. But Buddy's working-class jokes and body language—which were effective when he worked at a used-car dealership—seem to scare off potential clients. What does this illustrate about linguistic cultural capital? a. Language standards are not important in business-hiring practices. b. Economic capital can be used to purchase prestige languages. c. Language skills are a form of cultural capital that can be converted into monetary gain. d. It is a useful tool for car sales, but not for financial careers.
Language skills are a form of cultural capital that can be converted into monetary gain
_____ was an early anthropologist who sought to organize vast quantities of data about the diversity of world cultures that were being accumulated through colonial and missionary enterprises of the nineteenth century. a. Lewis Henry Morgan b. Franz Boas c. Bronislaw Malinowski d. Margaret Mead
Lewis Henry Morgan
In the Dominican Republic, the government as well as many Dominicans enforce and express anti-Haitian and anti-black sentiments. However, there are certain groups that identify more closely with black Haitians. Identify this group of Dominicans and a way in which they do so. a. upper-class Dominicans, by working to change current laws b. all Dominicans, by using a range of terms to describe a person's skin color c. middle-class Dominicans, by employing Haitians d. lower-class Dominicans, by playing bachata music
Lower-class Dominicans, by playing bachata music
We sometimes "signal" interest in someone without the use of words or sounds, which is part of how we establish a relationship with another person. Which concept would an anthropologist use to describe our behavior? a. displacement b. morphology c. kinesics d. paralanguage
Paralanguage
It is often said that the native Aztecs mistook the Spanish conquistadors for gods. The Nahuatl word that they used, teotl, does means "god," but it also means "demon" or "god impersonator" (someone intended for sacrifice). This illustrates how language is organized into categories that a. are universally recognizable by all humans. b. may not make sense to members of other groups with different cultural realities. c. are often embedded into texts and stories that are universal in nature. d. are separate from the local folklore.
May not make sense to members of other groups with different cultural realities
The recent changes in the United States concerning same-sex marriage have been supported to some degree by what aspect of earlier civil rights legal issues? a. apartheid b. racialization c. hypodescent d. miscegenation
Miscegenation
Prefixes such as "pre-," "post-," and "non-" are examples of a. syntax. b. morphemes. c. phonemes. d. grammar.
Morphemes
Chinese immigrants in the United States have a long history, but many Chinese American communities still have a distinct Chinese character in which they retain many aspects of their traditional Chinese culture. What concept does this illustrate? a. citizenship b. nation-state c. integration d. multiculturalism
Multiculturalism
Prior to 1800, the French were a scattered collection of groups that spoke different languages, celebrated different holidays and festivals, and practiced different religions. The development of schools, road systems, and a national language united them as French rather than as Gascons, Burgundians, and Parisians, which has resulted in what kind of social structure today? a. imagined community b. ethnic state c. nation-state d. citizen coalition
Nation-state
In Zimbabwe, guerrilla fighters of different ethnicities turned to Shona spirit mediums to receive the blessing of ancient Shona kings and gain legitimacy and unity in their fight against British colonialism. This allowed them to promote a. colonialism. b. conversion to the Shona religion.. c. nationalism. d. distinct ethnic groups.
Nationalism
Stone tools enabled our ancestors to butcher meat more quickly and efficiently, thereby providing greater quantities of protein for the developing brain and influencing the direction of our physical adaptation. This demonstrates the intimate connection between a. unilineal cultural evolution and technology. b. norms and values. c. nature and nurture. d. biology and hegemony.
Nature and nurture
Ideas or rules about how people should behave in particular situations or toward certain other people are considered a. beliefs. b. meanings. c. norms. d. values.
Norms
Which of the following are practices that contribute to the flexible accumulation of profits by corporations? a. offshoring and higher taxes in developing nations b. offshoring and outsourcing c. climate change and outsourcing d. higher taxes in developing nations and outsourcing
Offshoring and outsourcing
Every year, Americans gather on July Fourth to celebrate Independence Day in honor of July 4, 1776, when the original American colonies declared independence from England. What particular component of ethnicity is embodied in this celebration? a. citizenship status b. origin myth c. ethnic boundaries d. negotiated identity
Origin myth
Cultural anthropologists often spend a great deal of time in the communities in which they conduct research, asking questions as people work, celebrate, dance, or play games. What is the term used for this process? a. ethnology b. participant observation c. linguistic anthropology d. four-field approach
Participant observation
In an age of intensifying globalization, ethnographic research continues to provide a deep understanding of informants' everyday lives and cultures, due in large part to the continued use of what specific part of the anthropologist's toolkit? a. conducting surveys b. drawing maps c. participant observation d. reflexivity
Participant observation
When studying abroad, Shelby talks about racial categories in the United States. Her new friends from other countries are surprised and say that racial categories based on visible differences such as skin color are different in their countries. Shelby remembers from her anthropology class that racial categorization can be explained by a. biological differences between groups. b. genetic variations between groups. c. language differences between groups. d. people's mental maps of reality.
People's mental maps of reality
We can understand the observable differences in body ratios—height versus width—that anthropologists have documented as a matter of ________, or the way genes are expressed in an organism's physical form. a. race. b. inheritance. c. ethnicity. d. phenotype.
Phenotype
What term do anthropologists use to refer to the smallest units of sounds that can make a critical difference in meaning within a language but do not have any meaning on their own? a. paralanguage b. morphemes c. phonemes d. grammar
Phonemes
How did the American Anthropological Association's "do no harm" mandate come into existence? a. Anti-colonialist ideas spurred a debate in the 1900s about the role of anthropology in protecting indigenous groups. b. The loss of life during the Human Terrain Systems Program was made public and provoked outrage among the anthropological community. c. An increasing awareness of the loss of Amazonian rain forest populations evoked a worldwide outcry. d. Questions about the ethical and moral behavior of anthropologists toward the end of the twentieth century led to changes in attitude about their roles and responsibilities with respect to informants.
Questions about the ethical and moral behavior of anthropologists toward the end of the twentieth century led to changes in attitude about their roles and responsibilities with respect to informants
What is the name for the system of classification, with no biological basis, that uses certain physical characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly discrete groups? a. eugenics b. phrenology c. hypodescent d. race
Race
A set of ideas about a group of people, such as "All Irishmen are drunks who beat their wives" or "All Arabs are terrorists," can make it seem natural and normal to discriminate against these groups. What is the term for sets of ideas like these? a. group racism b. institutional racism c. racist ideology d. private racism
Racist ideology
What term describes ethnographers' awareness that they should engage in critical self-examination regarding the role they play in the research process? a. polyvocality b. reflexivity c. etic d. emic
Reflexivity
Chinese immigrants to the United States were quickly separated according to an arbitrary set of characteristics, including slight differences in skin color. Irish immigrants were similarly segregated, despite having white skin. What was one of the bases on which the Irish were segregated and racialized? a. hair color b. island origin c. height d. religion
Religion
A man from Cuba and a man from Peru both move to the United States. Although they did not identify with one another while living in their countries of origin, they both come to identify themselves as members of the same group ("Hispanic") within the United States. This example illustrates a. ethnic variation. b. flexible nationalism. c. national identification. d. situational negotiation of identity.
Situational negotiation of identity
David Harrison travels the world documenting endangered languages, during what he calls a "language extinction crisis." Which of the following is not a factor that contributes to language loss? a. genocide b. politics c. social oppression d. social networks
Social networks
The story of Shellcracker Haven and how the local white residents were gradually disenfranchised from their lives and work because of their class status is a strong reflection of the tendency to do what to others? a. resist racism b. colonize c. racialize d. stereotype
Stereotype
In his research conducted in the Trobriand Islands, Bronislaw Malinowski employed an early form of what type of anthropological theory? a. structural functionalism b. unilineal cultural evolutionism c. epigenetics d. historical particularism
Structural functionalism
Your yogurt label states that it contains "healthy probiotic bacteria." Even if you don't know what that is, the fact that you know it should not be written "bacterias healthies biotic-pros" reflects your understanding of English a. paralanguage. b. syntax. c. phonology. d. grammar.
Syntax
The FOXP2 gene has been connected with human language use. Identify the correct statement about the FOXP2 gene. a. The FOXP2 gene may activate the ability to use human speech. b. The FOXP2 gene may activate the ability to learn only certain languages. c. The FOXP2 gene may activate the ability to use gestures with speech. d. The FOXP2 gene may activate the ability to understand language.
The FOXP2 gene may activate the ability to use human speech
While there are nearly 200 nation-states today, less than one-third of these existed as such forty years ago. Which of the following is a key event of the last century that led to the establishment of many of today's nation-states? a. World War I b. collapse of Soviet Union c. Vietnam War d. invention of the Internet
World War I
One of the changes in ethnographic work that has occurred in the twenty-first century has to do with the degree to which local voices are considered. How has this changed? a. The inclusion of local voices has decreased. b. The inclusion of local voices has increased. c. The inclusion of local voices is discouraged. d. Today, local voices are used exclusively.
The inclusion of local voices has increased
How does the problem of organ trafficking from the poor in Brazil, as documented in Scheper-Hughes's work, mirror the plight of poor people in different countries where she has not worked? a. The poor are a vulnerable population and are often exploited. b. The poor are a safe source of organs for patients who can cover the costs. c. The poor usually seek to sell their organs directly without intermediaries. d. The poor are closely protected by local authorities.
The poor are a vulnerable population and are often exploited
Anthropologists are able to collect information, select which people to highlight, and choose which facts to publish in their results. What key aspect of writing ethnography does this clearly illustrate? a. the importance of accurate notes in the field b. the crucial need for different types of anthropologists today c. how the type of ethnographic writing affects the published results d. the reality that all anthropological inquiry is a form of interpretation
The reality that all anthropological inquiry is a form of interpretation
Programs like Human Terrain Systems Program and the Minerva Initiative offer funding to anthropologists whose work can benefit defense planning. Many anthropologists see this as a problem for the discipline. What do they find problematic? a. an excess of funding sources for a narrow range of interests b. the weaponizing of anthropology c. the corruption of scientific discovery d. recruitment of anthropologists as fighting soldiers
The weaponizing of anthropology
Both historic archaeologists and prehistoric archaeologists study the past through the analysis of artifacts. What do historic archeologists have access to that prehistoric archaeologists do not? a. larger numbers of artifacts b. written records c. works of art d. burial sites
Written records
What has been the outcome of the effort to preserve the Native American Lakota language, which today is spoken by about 25,000 people in the United States? a. There is now a new dialect of Lakota that is more widely spoken. b. It has resulted in the widespread adoption of Lakota terms in many parts of the country. c. There is a widespread integration of social media into the preservation effort to allow for more widespread sharing and engagement. d. It has resulted in the loss of Lakota cultural capital due to online piracy and exploitation.
There is a widespread integration of social media into the preservation effort to allow for more widespread sharing and engagement
Malaysia was one of the first export-processing zones in Southeast Asia. Many multinational corporations employ hundreds of thousands of Malaysian workers for cheap labor, many of which are young migrant workers known as Minah Karan. Why are these women stigmatized? a. They mix with men and people from other classes. b. They do not provide money to their families. c. They leave their home countries. d. They are more likely to contract HIV/AIDS due to racial mixing.
They mix with men and people from other classes
Deborah Tannen's research into how women and men speak suggests that a. they use a form of cross-cultural communication. b. language differences are primarily based on biology, not processes of socialization. c. they have nearly identical communication strategies. d. the best way to understand gender and language is through the "dominance" model.
They use a form of cross-cultural communication
The Bafokeng people of South Africa formed the corporation known as Royal Bafokeng Nation, Inc., because a. they wanted to recover land taken by white settlers. b. they wanted to get wealthy from platinum mining. c. the corporation wanted to make the Bafokeng people wealthy. d. the corporation wanted to take advantage of native sovereignty.
They wanted to recover land taken by white settlers
In New York, the annual India Day Parade excluded the South Asian Lesbian and Gay Alliance (SALGA) for fifteen years before allowing the group to participate. This exclusion happened despite the existence of the hijra, a third gender that is legally recognized in India. In considering the process of assimilation, the exclusion of SALGA might be understood as a(n) a. requirement for citizenship. b. exclusive nationalism. c. formation of a nation-state. d. type of ethnic boundary marker.
Type of ethnic boundary marker
Which theory did "armchair anthropologists" of the late nineteenth century apply to their work? a. four-field approach b. reflexivity c. cultural relativism d. unilineal cultural evolution
Unilineal cultural evolution
Henry Lewis Morgan and Edward Burnett Tylor, two early anthropologists, had notably different approaches to anthropological research. In conducting his research, Tylor a. was able to work from his favorite armchair. b. worked in the communities he was studying for years at a time. c. applied statistical methods to the accounts of others. d. conducted salvage ethnography of Native Americans.
Was able to work from his favorite armchair
Harrison calls people who are working to preserve their language "language warriors." Which of the following examples would fall into this category? a. Government schools that imposed a harsh, English-only curriculum on Native American children b. the Chinese government's establishment of Mandarin as the national standard language c. Washoe elder Ramona Dick's refusal to go to an English-only school d. the use of social media during the Arab Spring uprising
Washoe elder Ramona Dick's refusal to go to an English-only school
Global forces are expanding rapidly and transforming local communities everywhere. According to the author, people in local communities respond to these global forces by a. working to reshape encounters with global forces. b. strengthening and renewing religious practices. c. overturning immigration restrictions. d. acting with violence and rebellion to destroy these forces.
Working to reshape encounters with global forces
You are conducting fieldwork and invite local heads of household to a focus group session. You notice that all the heads of household that arrive are women. For research purposes, the men in these families are referred to as a. zeros. b. patriarchs. c. key informants. d. imponderabilia.
Zeros
