Cultural Anthropology - Exam 5
Small, loosely organized groups of people who live in communities, often nomadic, generally small and dispersed throughout a wide territory, held together by kinship ties, shared culture and informal means of social control. Leadership is based on the abilities and moral authority of an individual who then has influence and persuasive ability but not coercion and control. These are generally egalitarian societies.
Band
In this type of sociopolitical organization, found mainly among foragers (hunters and gatherers), there is little integration of groups beyond the level of several autonomous units of a few or several nuclear or extended families, with no central leadership or formal means of social control (i.e., no courts, judges, police or other institutions of regulation and punishment).
Bands
In this type of sociopolitical organization, found mainly among horticulturalists and pastoralists but also some aquatic foragers, kinship plays a major role in organizing society,with some kin groups ranking higher that others in terms of wealth, prestige, and spiritual power. These forms of sociopolitical organization concentrate power in the hands of a centralized office, and the person who occupies that office comes from a distinct kin group. These leaders exert control over the redistribution of food and other goods.
Chiefdoms
Ranked socieities according to kinship, in these societies certain individuals and their families have significantly more prestige, authority and privileges, than do other family groups. These individuals are the leaders of much larger settlements but their position and influence ultimately depends on the voluntary compliance of their kin groups, and their communities. These centralized leadership positions are inherited but still depend on skill and personality traits. The leaders are often centers of redistributive networks, and host redistributive feasts.
Chiefdoms
The five nations of the Iroquois - the Mohawk, the Cayuga, the Oneida, the Onondaga, and the Seneca, and later the Tuscarora - were formerly independent nations engaged in warfare, referred to as Mourning Wars. Following the teachings of the prophet Deganawida, and his orator, Hiawatha, the Iroquois made peace, "linking arms together," and organized metaphorically as a longhouse, "The People of the Longhouse," or the League of the Iroquois, with the Mohawk the Keepers of the Eastern Door, the Seneca the Keepers of the Western Door, and the Onondaga, in the center, the Keepers of the Central Fire. The political identity of the Six Nations is the Iroquois Confederacy, with the Great Law of Peace and Power as the constitution, and organized in a form of representative, democratic government, with separation of powers.
Confederacy
At their height, the territories ruled or administered by the British covered around 25% of the world's land surface, including large swathes of North America, Australia, Africa and Asia, while other areas - especially in South America - were closely linked by trade, including around 412 million inhabitants, or around 23% of the world's population at the time. Much of British rule was carried out by joint stock companies, or mercantile corporations, such the The Virginia Companies of London, the British East India Company, and the New Zealand Company. While proponents of British rule say they brought various economic developments to the parts of the world it controlled, critics note the massacres, famines and the use of concentration camps.
Empire
According to "Outsourcing is inevitable, beneficial, panel says," IU Kelley School of Business and India Studies Program professors strongly agree that the current situation in higher education, especially in state universities, that involves: (i) an orientation toward job training rather than liberal arts; (ii) rapidly increasing tuition and other costs; (iii) students forced to take increasingly substantial and often predatory educational loans in order to prepare for jobs (iv) while at the same time those jobs are outsourced to countries such as India, China and Viet Nam (v) which leaves Americans responsible for either repaying often enormous loans but without jobs or compelled to take additional loans for more "educational" job training but with no guarantee of appropriate jobs or adequate income in the future, is a situation that is inherently unfair, anti-democratic and economically unsustainable.
False
A structured social space withits own rules, schemes of domination, "legitimate opinions," etc, relatively autonomous from the wider social structure in which people relate and struggle through a complex of social relations, a setting in which agents and their social positions are located; includes education, law, politics, art.
Fields
According to this literary theorist, postmodernism involves a way of mapping the new and confusing contours of our times: the total victory of global corporate capitalist thinking over all other forms of thought and the consumption of commodification as the defining process of our way of life. In Jameson's analysis, ours is an era of the unrestricted growth of multinational corporations and the totalitarian effects of advertising/marketing on the unconscious mind, of a degraded landscape of schlock and kitsch and paraliterature [pulp fiction, pulp "reality"], of the depthlessness of commodities and an art of commodities, of technologies more concerned with reproduction rather than with the production of material goods, of the loss of reality in exchange for moments of intense euphoria, of a schizophrenic-like experience of alienation, hallucination and addiction to an exhilarating blur of images and spectacles, and of an abandonment of a genuine awareness of history. The name of this theorist and one of their major works is
Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism; or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism
The accelerating interdependence of states and communities in an international global economy, regulated by administrative institutions such as the World Trade Organization and international trade agreements such as the proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership, accompanied by particular ideologies of economic growth as well as increasing dependency on digital technology such as the smartphone, generally resulting in social transformations, including the transformation of local communities through loss of ownership and control of productive and natural resources, changes in family structure and dissolution of traditional symbols, values and beliefs.
Globalization
A structure of the mind characterized by a set of acquired schemata, sensibilities, dispositions, and tastes, a system of durable, tansposable "dispositions;" the individual agent develops these dispositions in response to the determining structures (such as class, family, education) and external conditions (fields) they encounter.
Habitus
That which is sanctioned and required by the state, such as educational requirements
Institutionalized
According to this cultural theorist, the postmodern world is the flow of ultra-technological images in a consumerist hyperreality, simulacra [simulations] experienced as more real than reality, across a mediascape or mindscreen, penetrating every aspect of our lives, to which we passively surrender in sensual ecstasy, like the irresistible seduction of a voluptuous vampire. The flow of media images hypnotizes and conditions us. Disney World hyperreality is deliberately presented as fantasy in order to create the illusion that America is not [as America has become an administrative unit with a myth, perhaps merged with or subsumed completely by, major corporations, and even non-existent within the digital universe experience and imagination]. [Playing on Foucault's notion that, with each change of epoch, "'man' is dead"] Baudrillard claims that society is dead: what was society has imploded into a hyperconformist mass of "individualized" consumers, every one inert and bored, electrified only by ever more intense mass electronic spectacle to which we are addicted and demanding more, yet suspicious and skeptical of the system within which we are trapped, but apathetic, aware that any attempt to change the system will simply be co-opted by the system for its own ends. Sex is dead, as sexual simulations are everywhere, everything has become sexuality [in other words, there is no longer an art that is sex, as sex is always a manipulation, a commodity, a consumption]. For this theorist, we have entered the postmodern world when the production of images and information, not the production of material goods, determines power. In this postmodern world, individuals flee from the real world, which becomes increasingly uninhabitable, for the ecstasies of hyperreality and the new realm of computer, media, and technological experience. In the postmodern world, what constitutes the "individual" is an entity influenced by media, technological experience, and the hyperreal. In his later works, this theorist refers to the "murder of reality," a murder which has occurred, as "the perfect crime" (the murder is not discovered, the murderer unknown). In the film "The Matrix," Morpheus speaks this theorist's most famous phrase, "Welcome to the desert of the real." The name of this theorist and one of their major works is
Jean Baudrillard, The Ecstasy of Communication
That which simply exist as cultural goods, such as books, dictionaries, artifacts, and paintings
Objectified
This anthropological theorist developed the idea of habitus, by which was meant that all people live and act within a sociocultural framework, and that this behavior- the habitus - is acquired through individual and social experience. These sociocultural frameworks both provide the possibilities for our actions and weight those possibilities in specific ways. Habitus is mostly pre-conscious, and is similar to the notion of "feel" in the way a sports game may be played. However, within those frameworks, and that life lived and negotiated mostly as "feel," individuals do have certain possibilities and choices. People are guided by their individual life histories and experiences and possiby by inborn temperamental predispositions as well. This "freedom" within structure is referred to as agency. The name of this theorist and one of their most important works is
Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice (1972)
These societies are, as autonomous societies, the largest, most complex, and most highly centralized political systems; these are stratified societies, with hierarchical forms of government systems with formal procedures for selecting leaders (government officials) and their assistants, while their territories are generally divided and subdivided into every smaller administrative units or districts. Labor specialization is a general characteristic of these types of societies, as are mechanisms of force utilized for maintaining the status quo, while also promulgating ideologies that legitimate the status and privileges that elites receive. These societies also generally have a specific code of laws and the capability of imposing those laws.
State
In this type of sociopolitical organization is hierarchical and centralized. These forms of sociopolitical organization are characterized by high levels of social stratification. Kinship plays a smaller role than in other forms of sociopolitical organization, except perhaps for the elite strata.
States
Structured, organized and cohesive, although still largely egalitarian in nature,these societies may have formalized procedures for making decisions and selecting leaders with limited power to enforce decisions. These societies may organize themselves into larger confederacies, which have formal procedures to select leaders, debate issues, make decisions, plan and execute actions to mobilize a well-organized structure to counter external threats.
Tribe
In this type of sociopolitical organization, found mainly among horticulturalists and pastoralists but also some foragers, the system is based on localized kin groups (several extended families and lineages) who typically act independently but under certain conditions may act collectively, sometimes under a loose form of unity leadership or government. In these types of sociopolitical organization, one generally finds pan-tribal sodalities that cut across kinship ties, such as military societies, religious priesthoods, and women's groups.
Tribes
According to "Aztec Religion, State, Empire," throughout the Aztec empire, only high-ranking people were permitted to wear certain kinds of clothing or jewelry. Denying access to specific types of clothing and ornaments was not simply a matter of wealth, of being able to afford finery, but was a means of formally differentiating the population. Only the emperor was permitted to wear turquoise nose ornaments. Members of the military had the privilege of wearing particular jewels and feather ornaments, depending on their rank. They also had the right to wear distinctive high-back sandals. Any man who was caught wearing an ornament or article of clothing to which he had no right was likely to be punished by death.
True
According to "Aztec State, Religion, Empire," the Aztecs were governed by a semi-divine king, whom a council of nobles, priests, and leaders chose from among candidates of royal lineage. Although the king was an absolute monarch, the councilors advised him on affairs of state. A vast number of government officials oversaw various functions, such as maintenance of the tax system and the courts of justice, management of government storehouses, and control of military training.
True
According to "Constructing Public Opinion: How Politicians and the Media Misrepresent the Public," public opinion polls, when first devised, were thought to be capable of enhancing democracy; public opinion polls now, however, have become a form of market research, providing insights into the "public mind" used by politicians and political and commercial organizations to "package" their ideas, plans and products, and "sell" them to the public.
True
According to "Pop Quiz: Lilly or McDonald's?", the Higher Education Subcommittee of the Indiana Government Efficiency Commission recommends, in order to promote economic efficiency in higher education, that (i) Indiana's major state universities - IU and Purdue - should become more "privatized" in both their finances and operations, run more like for-profit corporations; that (ii) the main campuses, rather than encouraging a liberal arts education, should become more oriented toward the hard sciences (chemistry, biology, physics), computer sciences and professional schools (education, business, law, medicine, engineering), which serve the needs and interests of the larger corporate sector; and that (iii) the main campuses should limit undergraduate enrollments thus compelling more students to attend regional campuses; while (iv) the regional campuses should focus primarily on educational job-training that serves the needs and interests of their local economies.
True
According to Bourdieu, symbolic violence is more powerful than physical violence in that it is embedded in the very modes of action and structures of cognition of individuals, and imposes the specter of legitimacy on the social order.
True
According to Cultural Anthropology, practice theory, which is closely related to postmodernism, recognizes that individuals within a society vary in their motives and intentions and in the amounts of power and influence they have. Such contrasts may be associated with gender, age, ethnicity, class, and other social variables. Practice theory focuses on how such varied individuals - through their actions and practices - influence and transform the world in which they live. "Agency" refers to the actions that individuals take, both alone and in groups, in forming and transforming cultural identities and social practices. Practice theory recognizes a reciprocal relationship between culture and the individual. Culture shapes how individuals experience and respond to events, but individuals also play an active role in how society functions and changes. Practice theory recognizes both constraints on individuals and the flexibility and changeability of cultures and social systems. Practice theory is compelling in anthropology because it gives anthropologists a framework within which they can analyze the pressures and conflicts within social structures while at the same time paying attention to the rich details of individual lives.
True
According to Jean Kilbourne in "Jesus is a pair of jeans" and our discussion, advertising/marketing is corporate capitalism's prime strategy to entice individuals, through a psychology of mass consumption, to purchase products. Transforming individuals into consumers, advertising exploits genuine emotions and deliberately attempts to make people irrational, anxious, and disappointed with themselves and those around them, including their families, while advertising promises us happiness, personal transformation and salvation through the consumption of products.
True
According to Jean Kilbourne in "Jesus is a pair of jeans" and our discussion, rampant commercialism, which utilizes flattery and nihilism to promote selfish and reckless abandon in the consumption of useless and dangerous products, undermines our physical and psychological health, our environment and our civic life, and creates a toxic society.
True
According to Jean Kilbourne in "Jesus is a pair of jeans" and our discussion, subliminal messages/images in advertising/marketing associate individualism with self-absorption and immediate self-gratification and desire with love for products rather than people, promote objectification (dehumanization) of and alienation from others, and undermine the social awareness and values necessary for a functioning democratic community; advertising creates a worldview based on dissatisfaction, cynicism and craving.
True
According to Jean Kilbourne in "Jesus is a pair of jeans,", and Sut Jhally in the video excerpt of "Advertising and the End of the World," and the film review by Leslie Savan and Peter Diddle of "The Ad and the Ego," Americans [and eventually all the people on the planet drawn into the world of marketing] are being seduced by corporate advertising/marketing campaigns, which associate consumer products and their consumption with happiness and freedom, personal fulfillment and success, beauty, friends and family, romantic love, sensual pleasure and carnal lust, into perpetuating an unsustainable global economic system and the destruction of the planet, which we experience as erotic spectacle.
True
According to Justin Lewis in "Constructing Public Opinion," mainstream or corporate media tends to support increases in the military budget, often by not making such increases an important news item, while increases in the education budget are magnified with media attention.
True
According to Marvin Harris, although every state ultimately stands prepared to crush criminals and political subversives by imprisoning, maiming, or killing them, most of the daily burdens of maintaining law and order against discontented individuals and groups are borne by institutions that seek to confuse, distract, and demoralize potential troublemakers before they have to be subdued by physical force.
True
According to University of Chicago economist Steven Davis, as seen in "The Land of the Free and the Home of the Poor," we all benefit from [extreme] inequality, which provides powerful financial incentives and benefits for success.
True
According to our class lecture, as of about the year 2000, approximately 10% of households in the U.S. own about 90% of the wealth-producing financial assets (stocks, bonds, and trusts) and 80% of the wealth-producing tangible assets (non-owner-occupied real estate); furthermore, over the last 30 years, economic inequality in the U.S. has been increasing.
True
According to the lecture, in America, sometimes hegemony (the general acceptance of the interests of the elites as the best interests of all) and an ideology of meritocracy are not enough to convince people to accept the inequalities of the socio-economic and political order, so negative stereotypes and other symbolic images are utilized (by marketing, the media, politicians, and - perhaps unwittingly - numerous other social influencers), such as "Joe Sixpack" and "Betty Hamburger Helper," which tend to characterize working class Americans as lacking in intelligence, strong moral values, ambition, determination and commitment, and depict them as being incapable of efficiently and appropriately making use of a higher income, and therefor, not "meriting" a higher income. Moreover, legislation that would seek to ensure higher standards of living and more opportunities for working class Americans are described as "socialism," which is given an extremely negative ("anti-American") connotation.
True
Art may be associated with or identify particular kinship or ethnic groups. In India, some art forms are practiced only by members of certain castes. Certain forms of classical dance called bharatanatyam, for example, could only be performed by women of a particular lower caste. These women were called devadasis, and were attached to temples and ceremoniously married to temple deities. Their female children also became devadasis, while their male children became musicians and music teachers.
True
As developed by Scottish economist Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations, free market capitalism is both an economic theory and an ideology that encourages individual ownership of property - emphasizing both the individual and private property - so resources may be transformed into capital and exploited by their owner, a transaction through market exchange with minimal government interference, for the owner's profit, that is, the increase of the owner's wealth and the expansion of the owner's capacity to accumulate wealth in the promotion of self-interest (power, influence and well-being). As an Enlightenment philosophy and an ideology of human liberation, a rational ability of persons (individuals) to understand and recognize costs and benefits, profits and losses, as human nature, and to make choices according to enlightened individual self-interest was assumed. Smith also insisted that a morality of personal responsibility - which includes taking full responsibility for harm that one inflicts through one's transactions - was necessary in order for the unregulated free market economy (laissez faire capitalism) to work as a self-correcting system and for the long-term advantage of all, as if guided by an invisible hand ("the invisible hand of the free market").
True
As indicated in "Aztec Religion, State, Empire," and our discussion, Aztec society remained largely reliant on a kinship system based on matrilineages, matriclans, and phratries, and human sacrifice was integral to their religious belief and practice. As a result, most political theorists have identified the Aztec polity as a very complex and powerful chiefdom. Nevertheless, the emerging stratified socio-political system of the Aztecs, with a clearly identifiable king/emperor and noble class, a number of elected officials, an administrative bureaucracy, the Aztec's education system and literacy, its far-flung trading network, its chinampas agricultural production, and its dominating central capital city, Tenochtitlan, is identified by some cultural anthropologists and archaeologists as a state political system.
True
As seen in "The Land of the Free and the Home of the Poor," another belief of Americans supporting extreme inequality might be described as the "Lottery Mentality," that is, the notion that any one of us might acquire tremendous wealth, either through some form of achievement or perhaps by winning the PowerBall lottery, and so prefer low taxes on the income of the wealthiest.
True
Body art often possesses symbolic meanings and plays an important role in many life cycle ceremonies. In North Africa, the Middle East and India, henna painting is an essential ritual for women getting married, an important rite of passage. While the designs may be traditional in some areas or possess no particular meaning, as representational art is forbidden in Islam, the henna body painting on a woman's hands and feet not only beautifies but, on the auspicious occasion of the marriage ceremony, serves to placate malevolent spirits, known as jinns, as a way of preventing illness and misfortune. In Morocco, the "night of henna" is the first night of a three-day marriage celebration, where the bride and her friends visit together and often sing and dance
True
Both anthropologist Pierre Bourdieu (Outline of a Theory of Practice [1977] and historian Michel Foucault (Discipline and Punish [1979]) argue that it is easier and more effective to dominate people in their minds than to try to control their bodies through corporal punishment and police intervention.
True
Dance is also symbolic artistic behavior, as meaning is often attached to specific movements. Through dance, an individual and a group can feel and experience the qualitative shift in the normal pattern of mental functioning, an altered state of consciousness, through a disturbed sense of time, a loss of control, perceptual distortion, a feeling of rejuvenation, a change in body image, or hyper-suggestibility. Music and dance are often combined to produce trance experience, which is one mode of gaining supernatural powers. At the Bab Segma in Fez, Morocco, on Sundays, hundreds of people gather to watch and listen to storytellers who fall into a trance after hours of dancing.
True
For French ethnologists Jacques Meunier and A. M. Savarin, in The Amazonian Chronicles (1994), the question of why [approximately 200 million] Brazilians feel the NEED to sacrifice a few tens of thousands of Indians [genocide, ethnocide, and ecocide] in order to achieve national unity and promote national progress is a profound anthropological problem.
True
From an anthropological perspective, if you want to understand American culture, you must understand advertising/marketing: through its domination of public space and the public mind, and with the kinds of stories it tells, the symbols it utilizes and the values, identities and worldview that it promotes, advertising/marketing has become American culture.
True
Gender roles and relationships were a central theme in Orientalist painting. Men were perceived as clearly dominant and pictured in public places, where women were mostly absent. The Arab warrior was the most common symbol of Oriental masculinity. Oriental women were central to European fantasies of the period. Women were portrayed as the Orient's greatest temptation, whether hidden behind the veil or revealed in the harem.
True
George H. W. Bush, when competing against Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination for U.S. President in 1980, described Reagan's economic theory - a plan (campaign slogans were: "Let's Make America Great Again" in 1980, and "Morning in America" in 1984) for deregulation including opposition to unions and environmentalists and promotion of drastic reduction of taxes for the wealthy and large corporations in order to drive economic growth ("supply-side economics"), and cutting federal spending on domestic programs (government downsizing and debt reduction) while dramatically increasing military spending (extending American power abroad and promoting corporate prosperity), combined with beliefs that dramatic cuts in tax rates will in fact increase overall tax revenues ("Laffer Curve") and that all sectors of society would benefit from greater economic freedom and the prosperity of an expanding economy ("trickle-down economics") - as "voodoo economics."
True
Globalization has increased interest in the music of different people. Musical groups from all over the world tour internationally. Globalization has spurred the development of styles such as bhangra that combine elements of many different musical traditions.
True
I [the student taking this quiz] have watched the two videos, "Kalbeliya folk songs and dances of Rajasthan" *UNESCO) and "Cobra Gypsies,", and read the video summaries.
True
In "Classes in Industrial Societies: The United States," anthropologists James Peoples and Garrick Bailey describe the U.S. as a hierarchically-stratified, class-based society, where over four-fifths of Americans self-identify as "middle-class."
True
In "Constructing Public Opinion: How Politicians and the Media Misrepresent the Public," media analyst Justin Lewis makes the claim, and attempts to demonstrate, that media can shape or modify what we think about an issue and can determine what issues we think about.
True
In 1975 California Governor Ronald Reagan, who would later that year make a run for presidential candidate for the Republican party, appealed to American libertarians in an interview when he said: "I believe the very heart and soul of conservatism is libertarianism."
True
In 2010, UNESCO incorporated the folk songs and dance forms of Rajasthan from the Kalbeliya and the Bopa, into its Intangible Heritage List.
True
In Primitive Social Organization: An Evolutionary Perspective (1962), political anthropologist Elman Service, a multilinear social evolutionist, identified and characterized four major forms of political organization: bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states. These classifications are based on the degree of specialization of political functions, the extent to which authority is centralized, and the number of different groups found in the society.
True
In economics, "liberalism" means the capitalism of Adam Smith. "Neoliberalism" means a new form of capitalism, specifically, global corporate capitalism. Neoliberalism is also generally consistent with libertarianism, or at least what is sometimes referred to as "corporate libertarianism," which recognizes the corporation as a "person," or individual. Both Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman are "libertarian economists."
True
Italian philosopher Antonio Gramsci developed the concept of hegemony to describe a stratified social order in which subordinates comply with domination by internalizing their rulers' values and accepting the "naturalness" of domination, that is, believing these values to be the natural order of things.
True
Kalbeliya possess a bold sense of fashion. Making sure their clothing stays unique, they design it themselves and produce it with the help of local tailors, combining fabrics, patterns and colors in unbelievable outfits. Their jewelry and accessories are a mix of typical local silver pieces and cheap colorful plastic. They wear children's toys. They hand paint their sunglasses and make beautiful drawings on their faces and teeth.
True
Like European art, anthropology was closely connected to the process of depicting the "Other" and defining differences between "us" and "them," and anthropological representations and their extensions into museums were an important element in these constructions of the "Other." Today, mass media continue these ascriptions of cultural difference, most often in ways that implicitly and explicitly reinforce the superiority of the West and the subordination of "Others."
True
Orientalism is the term for European art and scholarship generated through a fascination with the Middle East. Orientalism in its modern form begins with Napoleon's military and scientific expedition to and conquest of Egypt in 1798, and the monumental Description de l'Égypte, published in 23 volumes from 1809 to 1828, which resulted from that conquest. Europeans saw the Oriental "Other" as threatening because they perceived the Orient as the opposite of European civilization. The Orient was viewed as despotic, static and irrational, while Europe was viewed as democratic, dynamic and rational. Europeans also saw the Orient as enchanting: a land of mystery, fairy tales, exotic beauty. This perception of the Orient was reflected in and reinforced by its depiction in European paintings.
True
Political anthropology focuses on how societies select their leaders, make decisions affecting the group, provide community functions and services, and resolve conflicts. Political anthropologists analyze how these cultural mechanisms help integrate a community and direct relations with other communities.
True
Rajastani gypsy women have a strong position in the tribe, a position of power. The women possess a dominant attitude, and they're also free to go out alone and make money on the streets selling henna or give dance lessons, which is not common in India.
True
Senator Birch Bayh was one of two liberal senators representing Indiana in the late 1960s and early 1970s (the other was Vance Hartke). Bayh is often referred to as a latter day "Founding Father." Birch Bayh is the only non-original Founding Father to have authored two constitutional amendments (the 25th and 26th). Bayh also authored Title IX of the Higher Education Act of 1965, which bans sex discrimination in higher education institutions that receive federal funding ("sex" has now been equated with "gender" in the implementation of the law). Bayh authored the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act. Bayh also led unsuccessful efforts to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment (it may be on the verge of ratification) and to eliminate the Electoral College.
True
Some members of the Rajastani gypsy community are also healers who, while playing into their Tantric associations, are capable of curing poisonous snake bites. Their remedies largely include mantras, as well as an unusual mixture of herbs and camel urine, whose bitter taste causes the victim to vomit, thus releasing their body of the poison. Over the generations, the Kalbeliya have acquired a unique understanding of the local flora and fauna, and are aware of herbal remedies for various diseases, which is an alternative source of income for them.
True
The American people generally believe in an ideology of meritocracy, which is promoted through media, education, the family, and other sources of enculturation. An ideology of meritocracy implies that individual achievement (merit) is a result of one's own efforts, commitment, dedication and hard work, and that there is equal opportunity for that individual achievement, that everyone more or less equally "rises" according to their own merit, regardless of sex, race, class or gender.
True
The Bill of Rights, as part of the U.S. Constitution, establishes explicit rights, freedoms and protections, all provided legally-binding Constitutional status, meaning, the "highest law of the land." Why does the first amendment protect "freedom of the press"? In other words, why is that so important to what we understand "America" to be, as established by the Constitution? Media is the only business protected in the Constitution from government interference. The freedom of the press, as protected by the First Amendment, is critical to a democracy in which the government is accountable to the people. A free media functions as a watchdog that can investigate and report on government wrongdoing. It is also a vibrant marketplace of ideas, a vehicle for ordinary citizens to express themselves and gain exposure to a wide range of information and opinions, the right of the people to receive information (necessary to cast one's informed democratic vote, about the only thing the Constitution asks us to do affirmatively). The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted "speech" and "press" broadly as covering not only talking, writing, and printing, but also broadcasting, using the Internet, and other forms of expression. The freedom of speech clause, for example, also applies to symbolic expression, such as displaying flags, burning flags, wearing armbands, etc., but not to a very limited set of "low value" speech such as defamation, threats, obscenity, and certain misleading commercial advertising. While the First Amendment says "Congress," the Supreme Court has held that speakers are protected against all government agencies and officials: federal, state, and local, and legislative, executive, or judicial. The First Amendment restrains only the government. Generally speaking, it means that the government may not jail, fine, or impose civil liability on people or organizations based on what they say or write, except in exceptional circumstances. The First Amendment does not protect speakers, however, against private individuals or organizations, such as private employers, private colleges, or private landowners (some legal scholars argue this effectively renders the First Amendment meaningless). The Supreme Court has held that Congress and the Federal Communications Commission may regulate the activities of broadcasters operating over "public" airwaves in a manner that would surely violate the First Amendment if applied to newspapers.
True
The Bopa and the Kalbeliya are two surviving groups of the Rajastani gypsy tribe. The Bopa are a group of musicians and singers, while the Kalbeliya are a group of dancers and snake charmers. Rajastani gypsy men are accomplished masters of folk music. They have inherited the art of playing different musical instruments [these instruments include the dholak, khanjari, pungi, morchang, and khuralio -the khanjari is a percussion instrument, and the pungi is a woodwind instrument]. The Kalbeliya women perform rhythmically with the music produced by the men.
True
The Kalbeliya largely earn their living as agricultural workers and shepherds, and burn wood to make and sell coal. They also hunt cobras to sell their venom, which is used in Ayurvedic medicine to prevent sight problems; it's dropped directly onto the eye.
True
The Kalbeliya, despite being "officially" poor and "outcast," appear to be both healthy and happy. Sociologists/anthropologists such as Pierre Bourdieu have theorized that wealth is not only about having money (economic capital); there are different kinds of "capitals" [assets], for example, symbolic capital(recognition of achievement or status), cultural capital (music, dance, languages), and social capital(relationships). And on those kinds of "capital," the Kalbeliya may be regarded as "wealthy."
True
The NEW DEAL form of U.S. government, stretching from Franklin Roosevelt through Richard Nixon, has been associated with (i) "Big Government-Big Business" collusion, (ii) a "permanent war economy" and the rise of the military-industrial complex and the national security state, (iii) poverty programs that critics describe as expensive, ineffective, and ironically ensuring that the poor never escape poverty, (iv) "modernization theory" in economic development which maligns "traditional cultures" (indigenous and peasant) in favor of "progress" (industrialization and urbanization), and (v) economic inflation and stagnation ("stagflation") which critics argue inevitably results from over-regulation, high taxes, and the inefficiency and corruption inherent in "Big Government." In the 1990s, President BILL CLINTON, joining in much of this criticism, famously pronounced that "The era of Big Government is over." Nevertheless, government complicity with corporate America, including expanding influence of the military-industrial complex, which President DWIGHT EISENHOWER proclaimed as the gravest threat to American democracy, compounded by the domination and excesses of the financial sector, has yet to be seriously challenged.
True
The cobra is the dominant symbol the Kalbeliya and their most famous dance is the cobra dance. Kalbeliya female dancers perform sensual moves with a dark and mysterious look. The swirling moves that these gypsy women make while dancing are said to resemble the movements of snakes. The serpentine style of their dance is sensuous at times. They gracefully spin around themselves putting the entire body weight on their ankles. The dance seems to express the characteristics of a cobra: when you handle the cobra, you feel its strength, a huge muscle, and also very fluid: almost impossible to control, the cobra goes wherever it wants. But it has a weakness: one snap of the fingers and it will freeze in 'cobra pose', hypnotized. The cobra is a paradox: hard and fluid, free and docile.
True
The use of images in association with political or marketing messages may serve to evade or undermine rational thought, as in the use of pristine natural environments for marketing SUVs.
True
Unlike the other major forms of sociopolitical organization, kinship ties in state societies do not extend throughout the whole society, and kinship does not regulate relations between the different social classes.
True
In anthropology, the system of beliefs and values that justifies the distribution of power in a society is known in as a. adaptation b. cultural configurationalism c. political ideology d. egalitarianism. e. postmodernism.
c. political ideology.
Non-financial assets that involve educational, social, and intellectual knowledge; forms of knowledge, skills, education and advantages that a person has, which give them a higher status in society.
cultural capital
According to Cultural Anthropology and other materials, concerning forms of social control in STATE/STRATIFIED societies, which of these statements are TRUE? a. Contemporary societies have devised various forms of social control in addition to physical violence. These include techniques of persuading, coercing, and surveillance. b. A covert form of social control, surveillance includes monitoring and recording people's beliefs, activities and contacts. c. A form of social control which may serve to repress resistance and rebellion is the separation or isolation of people while supervising them closely, as is done in prisons. d. all of the above e. A and B only
d. all of the above
According to Cultural Anthropology and the lectures, which of these statements about political systems and political ideologies are TRUE? a. Political systems involve the organization of power in a society, and those systems may differ from one society to another. b. Political systems may rely on coercion when there is no consensus or acceptance of the political ideology. c. People generally conform to the political ideology of their society for complex and wide-ranging reasons (for example, the political ideology may give the appearance of choice and flexibility). d. all of the above e. A and C only
d. all of the above
According to Cultural Anthropology and the lectures, which of these statements concerning the political system known as the STATE are TRUE? a. The presence and acceptance of socioeconomic stratification is one of the key distinguishing features of the political system known as the state. Stratified societies are often accompanied by beliefs [political ideologies] that legitimate or obscure inequality. b. Stratified societies have formal and permanent social and economic inequalities among groups and individuals in their standard of living, security, prestige, political power, and the opportunity to fulfill one's potential. These differences may be based on birth or result from individual accomplishments. Wealth, prestige, and office are frequently inherited, and some individuals and groups are denied access to the basic material resources necessary for survival. c. Most contemporary stratified societies are economically organized by market exchange and are generally based on agriculture and industrialism. d. all of the above e. A and C only
d. all of the above
According to Jean Kilbourne in "Jesus is a pair of jeans,", and Sut Jhally in the video excerpt of "Advertising and the End of the World," and the film review by Leslie Savan and Peter Diddle of "The Ad and the Ego," which of these statements are TRUE? a. The story advertising tells is that the way to self-fulfillment and the respect of others, and the path to freedom, is through the consumption of material objects. b. One consequence of the total cultural and psycho-emotional impact of advertising/marketing, the major motivating force for social change throughout the world today is the belief that happiness comes from the market. Ultimately, in a world of increasingly unregulated corporate capitalism, the values of the market are the values of the casino. c. Corporate advertising over the past 50 years, with its emphasis on defining individuality, self-fulfillment, happiness, freedom, and even hope and salvation, is the most expensive, sophisticated and far-reaching propaganda campaign in the history of the world. d. all of the above e. A and C only
d. all of the above
Concerning "Tax Justice" [as seen on the PBS program "NOW with Bill Moyers"], which of these statements are TRUE a. in 2003, due to an inherited record-breaking budget deficit and the most unfair, regressive tax system in the U.S., conservative Republican Alabama Governor Bob Riley was faced with the decision of either cutting state funding for education and health care or raising taxes. Education in Alabama already ranked near the bottom in the U.S. as 25% of Alabamans were illiterate and 20% of children lived in poverty. Under Alabama's tax system the poor paid three times more of their income on taxes than did the wealthy, while the wealthy paid among the lowest state taxes in the U.S. Riley decided that raising taxes on the wealthiest families while cutting taxes on lower- and middle-income families was both a matter of basic fairness and Christian morality. The modest tax increase in Riley's plan would still leave Alabama's wealthy paying among the lowest taxes in the U.S. Riley announced his decision and put it on the ballot as a state referendum. b. Both the Republican Party and the Christian Coalition of Alabama opposed Riley's tax reform plan; these powerful interests along with several large corporations operating in Alabama launched a media blitz exclusively focused on TV ads due to low literacy rates. These campaign ads made it appear that the poor would bear an unfair burden of the taxes and should vote against the plan. c. A two-thirds majority of Alabama's voters rejected Riley's tax reform plan; exit polls showed even less support among poor and working class voters, whom it would have helped, than among the wealthy. County Commissioner Sheila Smoot, a Democrat, characterized the strategy of key opponents to Riley's plan as: if you deliberately keep people illiterate, dependent on TV and "stupid on the issues," then "you can protect your [own] piece of the pie." d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Concerning the transformation of the political ideology of the Democratic Party in the U.S. during the late 20th and early 21st centuries, which of these statements are TRUE? a. During the late 1980s, following spectacularly devastating losses by Democratic presidential candidates Walter Mondale and Michael Dukakis, the moral collapse of the Gary Hart campaign and the threat of an insurgent progressive Jesse Jackson campaign victory, the Democratic Party experienced a transformation in political ideology as more economically conservative Democrats, which included a younger generation of mostly Harvard-educated politicians (Tim Worth, Bill Clinton, Al Gore and Joe Biden, later John Kerry and Hillary Clinton, among others, including Evan Bayh, Timothy Roemer, and Andre Carson [all from Indiana]), who were drawn to Ronald Reagan's vision of "rugged individualism" and economic growth for America and the world through global corporate capitalism, seized control and leadership of the party from an older generation of New Deal democrats. This faction within the Democratic party, originally referred to as the Democratic Leadership Council, founded by Al From [of South Bend, Indiana], is now known as the "New Democrats." "New Democrats" identify themselves as fiscally conservative {advocates of moderate neoliberalism], but socially liberal. b. Former Vermont Governor Howard Dean sharply criticized the DLC as the Republican wing of the Democratic Party. c. On March 10, 2009, Barack Obama, in a meeting with the New Democrat Coalition, told them that he was a "New Democrat," "pro-growth Democrat," "supports free and fair trade," and "very concerned about a return to protectionism." d. all of the above e. A and B only
d. all of the above
Which of these statements about the Kalbeliya gypsies of Rajastan, India, are TRUE? a. The Kalbeliya gypsies have made a deep, cultural, symbolic, perhaps spiritual, alliance with their "fetish animal," the cobra. b. The Kalbeliya gypsies are known for a cobra dance in which a female imitates the snake's twisting movements. c. The cobra is the symbol of Shiva, the most worshipped god in India, but besides Shiva, the Kalbelya worship the goddess Mataji, known as Durga, the Shiva's wife. d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Which of these statements about the socioeconomic status of the Kalbeliya gypsies are TRUE? a. The Kalbeliya, who were once hired to entertain kings and Maharajas, are now struggling to preserve their nomadic culture. b. Despite their struggles, these Rajastani gypsies maintain a shared sense of identity and solidarity. The Kalbeliya have a unique mechanism to cope with cultural change, and are prime examples of the resourcefulness and flexibility of nomadic communities. c. Despite their poverty, and their caste position at the lowest rung of society, the Kalbeliya are also consumers, obsessed with mobile phones and other technology. d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Which of these statements concerning POLITICAL ANTHROPOLOGY are TRUE? a. Anthropologists share with political scientists a interest in political systems, power, and politics. b. The anthropological approach to political systems is global and comparative, contemporary, historical and prehistorical, and includes nonstates and non-elites, while political scientists tend to focus on contemporary and recent nation-states and political elites. c. Anthropological studies have revealed substantial variations in power, authority, and legal systems in various societies. d. all of the above e. A and C only
d. all of the above
Which of these statements concerning the ANTHROPOLOGY OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATION are TRUE? a. Anthropologist Elman Service described four types, or levels, of political organization: bands, tribes, chiefdoms, states. There are often considerable differences among these types or levels of political organization: for example, "tribes" have varied widely in their political systems and institutions, and often included types of confederacies, while some chiefdoms are virtually indistinguishable from "archaic states" or early kingdoms. These "types" are generally associated with particular adaptive strategies and forms of social organization. b. All forms of political organization identified by Elman Service are today considered to be subsumed by or incorporated into the nation-state, and now the system of globalization, but archaeology reveals bands, tribes, chiefdoms and archaic states that were independent, and some that existed before the first states appeared. c. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish powerful chiefdoms from early archaic states (pre-industrial kingdoms), but in chiefdoms, social and political relations are generally tightly bound up in kinship, that is, lineages and clans, while states are generally class-based societies and possess an administrative bureaucracy, and founded on agricultural production. d. all of the above e. A and B only
d. all of the above
As noted in the lecture, in Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture (2001), anthropologist Marvin Harris makes which of these statements about state-level societies and state-based ideologies? a. "Democracy, an open immigration policy and economic freedom - the sanctity of private property and a deregulated market economy - are the cornerstones of universal human rights, and only through these values can indigenous peoples and all non-Western nations achieve liberation and progress." b. (i) "Progress requires a wealthy elite free from the shackles of government regulation and taxation and protected from the abuses of the poor and uneducated classes so that it can invest its resources wisely and productively;" and (ii) "These resources, when wisely and productively invested, will as a consequence lead to a trickle-down effect as the production of wealth by the elite classes gradually and sustainably filters down to and enriches the lower classes." c. "The egalitarian and democratic nature of state-level societies means precisely that the members of the upper classes are motivated by philosophical principles and moral values to benefit the less fortunate members of the lower strata at the expense of their own enrichment and accumulation of power." d. "The ignorant and brutal nature of most indigenous societies, combined with their non-productive use of natural resources, make it necessary for civilized powers to maintain such overwhelming military power as to permanently dispossess these people of their claim to resources and obliterate their cultures in the name of both progress and humanity." e. (i) "The stratified nature of state-level [societies] means precisely that nothing that significantly benefits the lower strata can endure unless it benefits the upper strata even more;" and (ii) "It is always cheaper to produce obedience through mystification rather than police-military coercion." f. (i) "We are all prisoners here of our own device;" and (ii) "You can check out any time you like, but you can never leave." g. all of the above h. A, B, and C only
e. (i) "The stratified nature of state-level [societies] means precisely that nothing that significantly benefits the lower strata can endure unless it benefits the upper strata even more;" and (ii) "It is always cheaper to produce obedience through mystification rather than police-military coercion."
According to the PBS News video "The Land of the Free and the Home of the Poor," which of these statements are TRUE? a. In the U.S. as of 2011, 20% of Americans own 84% of the wealth, but believe they have much less, while 40% of Americans own 0.3% of the wealth, but believe they have much more. b. Most Americans are unaware of the extreme nature of inequality in the U.S., possibly due in part to socio-economic segregation. c. According to a recent survey, 92% of Americans (93% Democrats and 90.5% Republicans) believe our socioeconomic equality is too much like Sweden's, and would prefer even more inequality. d. all of the above e. A and B only
e. A and B only
According to the video "Constructing Public Opinion: How Politicians and the Media Misrepresent the Public" and media analyst Justin Lewis, which of these statements are TRUE? a. Ownership and control of the media by extremely wealthy families and powerful multinational corporations influences the news by means of omission of certain stories or points of view that may conflict with the interests of the very rich and multinational corporations. b. Ownership and control of the media by extremely wealthy families and powerful multinational corporations influences the news by means of promotion of stories and points of view that support the interests of the very rich and multinational corporations. c. Lewis describes the mainstream corporate news media as "liberal." d. all of the above e. A and B only
e. A and B only
Again, according to Cultural Anthropology and the lectures, which of these statements concerning the political system known as the STATE are TRUE? a. States are generally large, complex, hierarchical societies, encompassing a variety of classes, associations, and occupational groups. Occupational specialization, including a full-time political bureaucracy, unites the entire group in a web of interrelated dependencies. b. States are generally regarded as the most egalitarian and democratic of the major forms of social organization. c. Because of the vast range of individual and class interests within a state, pressures and conflicts unknown in less complex societies necessitate some sort of rule of impersonal law, backed by physical sanctions, for the ongoing maintenance of the system. States generally maintain a legal monopoly over the use of force. d. all of the above e. A and C only
e. A and C only
According to our class lecture on socioeconomic inequality in the U.S. and ideologies that support this inequality, which of these statements are TRUE? Americans generally believe that the wealthiest people are "right with God," that is, they are more faithful and deserving through their religious beliefs and commitments, and are rewarded by God for those beliefs and commitments. b. Americans generally believe that the whole nation benefits from socioeconomic inequality: although only a few people are extremely wealthy, the American people generally believe that the "masses" are better off than they would be if wealth were distributed evenly since accumulation and investment of wealth is necessary to create the jobs from which the poor and middle-class people benefit. c. Americans generally believe that the wealthy elite have earned their rewards through their own merits and efforts, and that the wealthy elite are more intelligent, ambitious, harder working, more willing to take risks and more capable of knowing which risks to take, and generally possess more admirable qualities than other people do. d. all of the above e. B and C only
e. B and C only
Which statements concerning European art and representations of the "Other" are TRUE? a. In representing cultural identities, art depicts not only ourselves but also the "Other," the alien, the foreigner, the outsider. b. Artistic forms are important aspects of cultural ideologies of difference, communicating in subtle but significant ways the nature of "us" and "them" distinctions. This artistic rendering of the "Other" appears in many aspects of European art. c. Art has rarely been taken seriously as a form of cultural communication and enculturation d. all of the above e. a and b only
e. a and b only
That which is incorporated into body and mind, such as attitudes
embodied
The Telecommunications Act of 1996 makes possible which of the following? a. The emergence of massive media conglomerations: ABC, for example, is owned by Disney Corporation which is a powerful advocate for globalization (global corporate capitalism) and direct advertising to children, while FOX network, the Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN), the New York Post and the Wall Street Journal are all owned by Rupert Murdoch, a powerful advocate for both neoliberalism [global corporate capitalism] and neoconservatism [American political and military domination of the world]. b. Ownership of the media by the military-industrial complex: until recently, NBC was owned by General Electric, which makes military weapons and nuclear reactors, while CBS was owned by Westinghouse/Raytheon, which makes weapons including missiles and missile systems. c. The pervasiveness of advertising in contemporary American culture and society which, combined with its deepening psychological sophistication (similar to "psychological warfare" or "psy-ops" in military operations), exerts a profound influence on American dream-life, desire, values, identity and worldview. d. The reduction of the presence of marketing and advertising, and commercialization, in the lives of our children. e. all of the above f. A, B and C only
f. A, B and C only
Which of the following are INSTRUMENTS OF NEOLIBERALISM in U.S. law? a. The North American Free Trade Act of 1994, signed into law by President Clinton, which eliminated trade barriers between the U.S., Canada and Mexico, and created NAFTA courts (Chapter 11) through which corporations have "equal status" to sovereign nations and can sue those nations for reparations due to laws (protectionist, environmental, health and safety, labor, human rights) that "discriminate" against their product. b. The Telecommunications Act of 1996, signed by President Clinton, which deregulated the communications industry by reducing restrictions on "conflict of interest" in media ownership, market domination, and advertising limits, and allowed the emergence of massive media-entertainment conglomerates and the pervasiveness of advertising in American society. c. The Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999, signed by President Clinton, which, combined with the repeal that same year of the Glass-Steagle Act of 1933 (a "conflict of interest" law intended to prevent a recurrence of conditions that led to the Great Depression), allowed the merging of banks, security firms and insurance companies into huge financial conglomerates. d. The Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000, signed by President Clinton, which deregulated the trade of single stock futures ("speculation") including trade on electronic energy markets (prices inflate dramatically with perception of potential risk) and exempted credit default swaps, such as selling bad debt bundles ("toxic waste" mortgages) for which the buyer and even non-involved speculators may purchase credit against default (not legally considered "insurance" since regulations would apply), from state anti-gambling laws. e. The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2000, signed by President George W. Bush, which made significant changes in the U.S. Internal Revenue Code including lowering income and capital gains tax rates and expanding estate and gift tax exclusions; the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003, also signed by President Bush, accelerated the phasing in of these tax cuts. f. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, signed by President Donald J. Trump, lowered the corporate tax rate was from 35% to 21%, while some related business deductions and credits were reduced or eliminated; the highest bracket for individual tax rates was lowered from 39.6% to 37% for 2018; the act also repeals the individual mandate of the Affordable Care Act effective January 1, 2019. g. all of the above
g. all of the above
The ideology, as expressed by Project for a New American Century and promoted by Richard Pearl, Dick Cheaney, Don Rumsfeld, Paul Wolfowitz and others, that advocates perpetual American economic, political and military domination of the world, accompanied by the promise that the world will benefit from the unique genius of American culture (global hegemony), is known as
neoconservatism.
Also known as "supply-side economics," "Reaganomics," and "trickle-down economics," the ideology based on the economic theories of F. A. Hayek and Milton Friedman and the philosophy of Ayn Rand (elite businessmen are "supermen" operating beyond simpleminded "conformist" rules; all forms of "collectivism" are evil; altruism is a "sin"), and promoted by President Ronald Reagan and Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan, that advocates DEREGULATION (elimination of government agencies and regulatory restrictions on business operations including environmental and labor laws, international trade barriers, and limitations on advertising, monopoly ownership, conflict of interest in ownership, and financial activities), PRIVATIZATION (conversion of government-owned and -operated institutions, programs and public property, such as social security, health care, schools, transportation, prisons, highways and national parks, to private ownership), MARKET-ORIENTED SOLUTIONS to socioeconomic problems and LOWER TAXES (especially for wealthy elite and large corporations which, according to the "Laffer Curve," will actually increase tax revenues), with the PRIMARY GOAL OF STIMULATING THE PRODUCTIVE FORCES OF SOCIETY (rapid increase of wealth for elites), accompanied by the PROMISE, characterized in the slogan "a rising tide lifts all boats," that this wealth will eventually "TRICKLE DOWN" (low-cost consumer products) to the middle and lower classes in an economically sustainable manner, is known as
neoliberalism
The aggregate of the actual or potential resources which are linked to possession of a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition.
social capital
The resources available to an individual on the basis of honor, prestige, or recognition, which functions as an authoritative embodiment of cultural value,and is a crucial source of power.
symbolic capital
The incorporation of unconscious structures that tend to perpetuate the structures of action of the dominant.
symbolic violence
Also known as "Keynesianism," the ideology based on the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes and John Kenneth Galbraith and, later, the philosophy of Martin Luther King, Jr., and promoted by President Franklin Roosevelt and Senators Bobby Kennedy and Birch Bayh, that advocates ACTIVE GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION in society in a liberal manner by creating programs and funding institutions that PROMOTE THE INTERESTS OF THE MIDDLE AND LOWER CLASSES (public schools, television and radio, transportation, housing, and health care; higher education grants and scholarships; food stamps and welfare; social security) and RACIAL AND GENDER EQUALITY, and enacting REGULATIONS that limit the activities of corporations (labor, health and safety, and minimum wage laws; product quality and environmental laws) and promote economic fairness and democracy (anti-monopoly and conflict of interest laws; limits on advertising) and creating AGENCIES to implement those regulations, paid for through a PROGRESSIVE TAX SYSTEM (income of wealthier individuals and corporations taxed at higher percentages), is known as
the New Deal
