Cultural Anthropology Final
Why is the case of Lia Lee significant for medical anthropologists?
The clash between the family's beliefs and that of the physicians was a clear instance of medical pluralism.
Pierre Bourdieu worked to understand the relationship between class, culture, and power by studying schools in France with the expectation of finding that social mobility was the result of meritocracy. What did he discover instead?
The educational system helped reproduce existing social relations by passing class positions from generation to generation in a family.
What does the analysis of European Paleolithic cave art indicate?
The paintings were modified over a 20,000-year period.
The problems with industrialized agriculture are discussed in the book and include dangerous chemicals, weather susceptibility, large amounts of energy, and health risks. Taken all together, what might we note about the sorts of global problems that industrialized agriculture helps create?
The problems inherent in industrialized agriculture are increasing the human ecological footprint.
According to Marx, why were the proletariat unable to develop a political awareness of their class position while the bourgeoisie were able to do so?
The proletariat were continually occupied with the struggle to make ends meet, while the bourgeoisie developed ways to keep the proletariat divided.
Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Margaret Lock reported a case of a woman under tremendous personal stress. How did the medical students respond to the story?
The students asked what the real causes of her pain were.
How do systems of class affect an individual's life chances?
They affect the chance for upward mobility.
What does recent archaeological evidence suggest about hierarchy, violence, and aggression?
They are not the basis of evolutionary success.
What is true about systems of class and inequality?
They create an unequal distribution of a society's resources.
How does the author describe the Chinese immigrants who enter the United States through New York as restaurant workers?
They frequently suffer physical and emotional stress as underpaid employees working long hours.
Why did Catherine Lutz and Jane Collins apply the photographic gaze to National Geographic magazines?
They wanted to explore the power of visual images to shape cultural perspectives and behavior.
What is one of the arguments given to support the idea that humans are naturally violent?
Violence is found genetically engrained in all primates.
What major event set the stage for the success of national independence movements?
WWII
We are taught that antibacterial soaps and cleaning products that completely eliminate germs on surfaces and food are essential to good health. Why is this approach now under scrutiny?
We have begun to understand human microbiomes.
The text suggests that "ecological overshoot" is a likely consequence of our current global economy. What exactly does this mean?
We have exceeded the ability of the planet to provide for our needs.
What is a significant defining characteristic of a ranked society?
Wealth is not stratified but prestige and status are.
As discussed in the text, where is the art known as "wood" and "mud" primarily produced?
West Africa
In the view of "technocratic birth," which of the following is true?
Women are viewed as sick, helpless patients.
Henry Ford is known for refining the assembly line and the Model T. He also adopted an attitude that came to be known as Fordism. What was a central tenet in his system?
Workers should earn higher wages and work shorter hours, creating a new pool of consumers with the income and leisure to purchase a car.
Are structural adjustment loans as provided by organizations such as the World Bank consistent with the goals of neoliberalism?
Yes, because organizations such as the World Bank are nongovernmental organizations.
What does Kyra Gaunt's research into kinetic orality in U.S. playgrounds demonstrate?
Young women raised in black culture learn to perform a rhythmic pattern of clapping and stomping as part of the socialization process.
What is the predominant export destination of West African art?
a New York City warehouse
The human ecosystem, composed of trillions of organisms in the human body, is understood as what?
a complex microbiome
The advent of intensive agriculture as a primary means of subsistence signaled a change in what aspect of human social structures?
a decline in the number of egalitarian societies
Did you get a tax refund last year? If you did, you have experienced redistribution. What would an anthropologist consider this to be?
a leveling mechanism
How do anthropologists define biomedicine?
a practice that seeks to apply the principles of the natural sciences
In 1931, anthropologist Audrey Richards documented the chisungu ritual, performed in Zambia. What is this women-only ritual that centers on menstruation and marriage an example of in anthropology?
a rite of passage
In Japan, the second Monday of January is a national Coming of Age Day. Young people who have turned 20 years old in the past year wear traditional clothing, attend ceremonies in local government offices, and celebrate at parties afterwards. Coming of Age Day is an example of:
a rite of passage
When farmers in Costa Rica marched, blocked streets, and held demonstrations to protest inequality and injustice, what were they participating in?
a social movement
In order to examine the role of religion in community life in Niger, West Africa, anthropologist Paul Stoller apprenticed with which of the following religious specialists?
a sorcerer
The diversity of local religious expressions complicates anthropologists' efforts to develop:
a universal definition of religion
Aside from access to financial resources, what most influences an individual's life chances?
access to social and cultural resources such as education
Anthropologist Marc Edelman's study of rural peasants in Costa Rica as they responded to the economic and political upheavals brought about by civil war and increased debt demonstrate what aspect of human response to the state?
agency
Michelle organizes a protest at her university, telling her peers that they have the power to challenge values and structures of power. What is Michelle referring to?
agency
What do we call the potential of a person or a group to contest and change norms, values, institutions, and structures of power?
agency
Development is frequently considered to be a way to spur economic growth and a path toward what?
alleviating poverty and raising living standards
A mufti is:
an Islamic legal scholar and interpreter of Islamic Law.
What do anthropologists call a cultural adaptation to the environment that enables groups to use available resources to satisfy their needs and thrive?
an economy
In the view of Talal Asad, religion has been defined by Western anthropology. What does "religion" then become?
an ethnocentrism problem
What is one result of the attention focused on Morrinho?
an opportunity for the creators to install a replica of it at an arts festival in London
The upheaval brought about by the Industrial Revolution led to profound changes in the nature of production and labor as well as the displacement of people as they sought out ways to make a living in the face of these changes. When French sociologist Emile Durkheim observed all of this, what did he call it?
anomie
An amchi and a cardiovascular surgeon:
are both examples of ethno-healers
The Harlem Birthright Project revealed how health problems and infant mortality:
are linked to inequality of resources, institutionalized racism, and gender discrimination.
Increased migration has increased the popularity of Tibetan medicine in recent decades. How is this form of medicine viewed today by non-Tibetans?
as holistic and embracing Tibetan ecological worldviews
What is the term used to describe a viewer's perception of an object's antiquity, uniqueness, and originality within a local culture?
authenticity
What do anthropologists call a small, kinship-based group of foragers who move over a particular territory?
band
Small, kin-based groups that hunt and gather over a particular territory and constantly break up and reform in response to conflicts are referred to as what?
bands
Your dream is to live in Paris. Unfortunately, you do not speak French or have a work visa, so you can only stay 90 days or until you run out of money, whichever comes first. Your language and immigration status are examples of
barriers
Mr. Turner owns a nuclear power plant that sells electricity to the residents of Springville. He is a member of the:
bourgeoise.
Karl Marx examined social inequality by distinguishing between which two distinct classes of people?
bourgeoisie and proletariat
In Steiner's research among the wood carvers of Abidjan, what characteristic is pivotal in determining the monetary value of art?
buyers' perceptions of an object's authenticity
In addition to selling art to tourists in their home countries, many West African art traders immigrate to the U.S. and sell their wares in marketplaces in New York City. How do these traveling art traders receive honor and prestige in their home countries?
by meeting financial obligations with remittances and start-up capital for family members
According to Max Weber, the values of self-denial and self-discipline provided the ethic necessary for:
capitalism to flourish
Anthropologists are primarily interested in what aspect of religion?
capturing religious expression and making it come alive for others
Periphery countries serve primarily as sources of:
cheap labor and raw materials.
According to Service's typology, a transitional form between the simpler political structures of tribes and the more complex political structures of states is a(n):
chiefdom
Which of the following members of a ranked society may not accumulate great wealth but enjoy high prestige?
chiefs
Which of the following locations is experiencing a significant increase in encounters between people of various religious faiths?
cities
The political-economic context in which international financial institutions pressure states to adopt neoliberal economic policies has produced a flourishing of ________.
civil society
Of all the systems of stratification and power in a society, which of the following is often considered the most difficult to see clearly and to discuss openly?
class
Anthropologists define art as all the ideas, forms, techniques, and strategies that humans use to do what?
communicate their creativity and inspiration
Your college experience leads eventually to your graduation, a ritual process that ushers you into the "real world" where you are expected to find a job and be a productive member of the larger society. In the model of ritual that Victor Turner describes, what does this entirety of your experience, including the graduation ceremony itself, help to promote?
communitas
Most of us routinely trim our fingernails. The cuttings are tossed into the wastebasket and we don't usually give it much thought. Believers of ________ would take special precautions with their fingernail clippings, which could be used to cast a spell on them.
contagious magic
From the anthropological perspective, an individual patient's experience of sickness is considered to be what?
culturally defined
What is one of the crucial aspects of the anthropological approach to understanding art?
displaying art with detailed reference to its own indigenous, local context
The study of ethnopharmacology emerged from efforts to:
document the local use of natural substances in healing remedies and practices.
Which society is based on the sharing of resources to ensure group success and has relatively low hierarchy and violence?
egalitarian
Power, the ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence is:
embedded in all human relationships
From the perspective of a medical anthropologist, all medical systems are based in a particular local cultural reality and therefore constitute a form of what?
ethnomedicine
A Shipibo shaman uses Ayahuasca, a hallucinogenic drink brewed from roots and leaves found in the rainforest, to treat spiritual and psychological maladies. Researchers interested in studying its effectiveness are studying:
ethnopharmacology
In 1989, millions of Chinese stood up to their government in the Tiananmen Square protests. These protests, unfortunately, resulted in martial law and possibly the deaths of numerous Chinese citizens. What would an anthropologist suggest about what the Tiananmen Square protestors were doing?
exercising their agency
According to Karl Marx, the capitalist class increase their wealth through:
extracting surplus labor value from the workers
In 2014, police in Ferguson, Missouri, shot and killed 18-year-old Michael Brown in an incident that evoked nationwide protest. In the ensuing months, social media was employed to powerful effect using the hashtag #blacklivesmatter. The creation of the #blacklivesmatter hashtag helped galvanize support and is an example of what kind of action?
framing process
The Occupy Wall Street movement was able to gain support by focusing on inequality with the motto "We are the 99 percent" and combining physical and virtual elements of their protest. What is this an example of?
framing process
What is the method by which social movements create shared meanings and definitions that motivate and justify collective action?
framing process
Your parents have never charged you for groceries and labor for all the meals you consumed at home at their expense. This is an example of:
generalized reciprocity
As a ritual ceremony, the potlatch serves to establish prestige and social status by demonstrating a chief's capacity for which of the following?
generosity
How is the prestige and status of a chief in a ranked society reinforced?
generosity
What term does Arjun Appadurai use to refer to the global cultural flows of media and visual images that enable linkages and communication across boundaries?
global mediascape
A megachurch refers to a large, often evangelical or Protestant church that employs business practices, showmanship, rock music, and spectacle to attract congregations. Many megachurches televise their sermons, reaching audiences too far away to attend in person. These churches reveal how technology and marketing, as well as the larger force of ________ , are changing religion today.
globalization
The European desire to participate in the world economy of the 1500s led to a frenzied effort among European nations to procure what commodity?
gold and silver
George Gmelch discovered that baseball players who use a particular ritual, such as touching the bill of their cap every time they are up to bat, believe what about good magic?
good magic is contagious
A young man decides to take an art history class, a topic in which he has been interested ever since his parents began taking him to museums when he was a child. He believes that art appreciation and knowledge are good qualities to have. What is the term Pierre Bourdieu coined to describe this young man's attitudes about classic art?
habitus
Reciprocity
has long-term benefits for the group.
Although the Nazi regime did use violence, it also used films, newspapers, radio programs, textbooks, and even youth groups and comic books aimed at children, to influence much of the populace to cooperate with Nazi actions and programs, which they came to see as necessary and reasonable. What is this kind of consensus an example of?
hegemony
Itzel explains to the school nurse that her son, Tlahco, who has been listless and withdrawn in class has also been restless all night long because he is suffering from susto, a sudden fright that he got from a traumatic experience, that caused his soul to depart. What best describes Itzel's explanation?
illness narrative
Which of the following is considered a type of magic that involves performances that imitate the desired result?
imitative magic
Today fewer than 250,000 people make their primary living from food foraging. Where do the remaining food foragers often live?
in environments (cold places, forests, islands) where other strategies for food production are not sustainable
Which of the following consists of wages earned from work, plus dividends and interest on investments along with rents and royalties?
income
Which of the following has the greatest carrying capacity?
industrial agriculture
The work of anthropologist Leith Mullings has examined the connections between class, race, and gender, which resulted in the development of which useful analytical framework?
intersectionality
You are an anthropologist studying line-dancing culture in the southern United States. You study groups of people who all move, shout, and sing in synchronized groups according to what the music is doing. What might you label this kind of music?
kinetic orality
In many cultures, the first menstruation in women is seen as a powerful marker of womanhood and is frequently marked by ritual. In some cases, the young woman is separated from the larger social cohort and left in a state of isolation that may provide a time for reflection. According to anthropologist Victor Turner, what is this stage in the ritual process called?
liminality
The text describes the Muslim saint shrine of Husain Tekri and how people of many different faiths come to the shrine for healing rituals. The people traveling to the shrine are:
making a pilgrimage
Jessica Winegar studied post-9/11 attempts by institutions to bridge cultural differences with media. What category was rarely featured at the exhibits designed to improve relations?
male artists
According to Karl Marx, the bourgeoisie consisted of a capitalist class of individuals who owned what part of society?
means of production
Cooking and building, fashion and oratory, decorating and dressing, and sewing and play all represent ________ through which artists and audiences communicate.
media
Which anthropological perspective is most likely to be used to study and improve health conditions in football players?
medical anthropology
Travelling to Tijuana to buy high blood pressure medicine, making a pilgrimage to visit a saint's shrine for healing, and going to the rainforest to participate in a ritual guided by a Shaman are all examples of:
medical migration
Emily spent her summer vacation in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where she got plastic surgery for a fraction of what it would cost in the United States. This is an example of:
medical migration.
The complete collection of microorganisms in the body's ecosystem is referred to as what?
microbiome
Adolf Hitler glorified German domination while expanding the military and promoting paramilitary organizations such as the Hitler Youth. What is this an example of?
militarization
When a civil society prepares for war, this preparation includes production of weapons and the glorification of war. What is this process called?
militarization
Immanuel Kant and Georg Hegel argued that humans' determination of beauty is determined by:
nature
The process of "closing a deal" in business often has both parties trying to get the best deal they can. What kind of reciprocity would an anthropologist call this?
negative
The pickpocket who stole your phone during your vacation engaged in an act of:
negative reciprocity.
Cochabamba street vendors, known as ambulantes,
participate in the informal economy.
Your roommate always offers you a slice of pizza when he orders delivery. Sometimes you wash all the dishes, even though you didn't use them all. Neither of you ask for money. Your actions are examples of:
patterns of reciprocity
In Bangladesh, over 1,000 youth marched over 100 miles to protest the construction of coal-fired plants. What does this demonstrate?
people taking political action to resist climate change
Anthropologists have observed that tribal leaders build and maintain power through which of the following?
personal achievements
The text describes the Muslim saint shrine of Husain Tekri and the rituals that pilgrims to this shrine participate in to venerate this long-deceased Muslim martyr. What is one of the characteristics of this particular example that demonstrates the local adaptation and flexibility of religious practice?
pilgrims come from a variety of different faiths, not just Muslim
The concept of "media worlds" implies that the global flow of images and media leads to more widespread communication and linkages across geographic and cultural boundaries, but can also lead to what?
political and economic tensions within textured local realities
In a ranked society, what two characteristics are stratified?
prestige and status
Early anthropologists played an important role in the acquisition of art that came from Oceania, Africa, and Latin America. What was it referred to at that time?
primitive
In order to make their art appeal to Western buyers, artists in West Africa often artificially stain, age, and dirty their creations so it fits their buyers' ideals that African art should be what?
primitive
You decide to move to Tokyo, Japan because you were offered the opportunity to make a fantastic salary as an English teacher. This opportunity is an example of a:
pull
When Max Weber envisioned an evolution of rationalization in religion, what did he suggest it might result in at the end?
rational religion based on legal codes of conduct
The European Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries relied on colonies for:
raw materials, cheap labor, and markets in the colonial territories.
A few modern societies such as the Amish have attempted to forge a more egalitarian society. Based on the information in the text, we can attribute this success to what aspect of human interaction?
reciprocity
Egalitarian societies are likely to practice:
reciprocity
In the United States, what form of economic system is taxation?
redistribution
When Robin Hood and his band of merry men steal from the rich to give to the poor, giving to the poor is an example of:
redistribution
What term is used to identify Victor Turner's final stage of a rite of passage that involves the return of the individual to the everyday life of the community?
reincorporation
German political philosopher Karl Marx called which of the following "the opiate of the masses"?
religion
Karl Marx argued that which of the following played a key role in keeping the working poor from engaging in revolutionary social change that he believed was necessary to improve their situation?
religion
Critics of modernization suggest that underdevelopment is the result of neo-colonialism, and that poor countries today remain underdeveloped because the global economic system is structured to extract and transfer what to developed nations?
resources
What has the Catholic Church in the Chiapas region of southern Mexico been accused of promoting?
revolution
Catholic religious services often have the priest intoning the liturgy in Latin, and this helps to preserve the continuity of both the religion and the service. In Durkheim's view, what might this be considered a form of?
ritual
French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed the notion of a fundamental dichotomy between which of the following sets of ideas that has been used by anthropologists in examining religion?
sacred and profane
A Dutch woman's attitude toward childbirth:
sees it as a natural process
A Dutch woman's attitude toward childbirth:
sees it as a natural process.
Which of the following, according to Victor Turner, is the first stage of a rite of passage that involves the physical, psychological, or symbolic removal from the daily activities of the group?
separation
Seo-yun is a mudang in South Korea. In her community, she acts as an intermediary between spirits or gods and the human world through rituals, songs, and ancestor worship. Which term best describes Seo-yun?
shaman
Geoffrey hoarsely calls his boss and describes his phlegm and high fever. Geoffrey stays home and briefly considers going to the movies, but decides not to in case someone from work sees him. The role Geoffrey has taken on is an example of:
sickness
The decentralized production and circulation of new digital content, facilitated by satellites, computers, and handheld devices that has challenged the state's ability to control content online and elsewhere, has led to new opportunities for activism and the challenging of existing power structures largely through what kind of media?
social
What is one important part of medical treatment that the biomedical model overlooks?
social experiences as a component of disease
Research revealed that residents of neighborhood X, a low-income area with few commercial businesses apart from convenience stores, had higher incidence of cardio-vascular disease than residents of the affluent neighborhood Y, which had a wide selection of grocery stores, farmer's markets, drugstore chains, exercise facilities, as well as private gyms. What non-biological factor is likely to be associated with risk of cardiovascular disease in these communities?
social inequality
Members of the civil rights movement held protests, sit-ins, and marches to oppose inequality. Their actions eventually resulted in the Civil Rights Act, which eliminated much of the legal inequality in the country. What is this an example of?
social movement
Collective group actions in response to uneven development, inequality, and injustice that seek to build institutional networks to transform cultural patterns and government policies are referred to as what kind of action?
social movements
Intensive industrialized agriculture is characterized by:
social stratification
An autonomous regional political structure with a central government authorized to make laws and use political, economic, and military force to maintain order and defend its territory is referred to as what?
state
The political structure of modern countries includes a central government that exercises complete political, military, and economic control of its territory. Modern countries are considered what kind of organization?
state
Which of these is stratified in a ranked society?
status
Neoliberalism is associated with:
supporting fair trade to return profits to producers.
Even very powerful institutions do not completely dominate people's lives and thinking. Individuals and groups with relatively little power can contest powerful institutions, such as the state, because:
systems of power, including the state, are never absolute.
The dramatic increases in debt and student loan costs have helped perpetuate what aspect of life in U.S. society?
the culture of consumption
Paul Stoller's participation in sorcery and magic in Niger afforded him a window into what aspect off anthropological research?
the deeply transformative nature of fieldwork
The water crisis in Flint, Michigan, is an example of how:
the distribution of water is related to social power along intersecting lines of class, race, gender, and age.
What form of technology emerged in the twentieth century as a dominant form of global communication, impacting art and art production?
the internet
What is medical pluralism?
the intersection of multiple cultural approaches to healing
What approach would a medical anthropologist take to understand why some middle-class American parents with health insurance do not vaccinate their children for measles, mumps, and rubella?
the intrepretivist approach
Both horticulture and agriculture use plants as a source of food. What is the key difference between them?
the level of intensity needed in the process
How does the author refer to the aesthetic experience?
the perception of art through one's senses
What is meant by the term photographic gaze?
the personal perspective of the photographer
What is the central focus of research by visual anthropologists?
the production, circulation, and consumption of visual images
Hydraulic citizenship is:
the right to water
What do anthropologists call the assertion that human beings have an intrinsic way of perceiving art that informs what people consider to be art or not art?
the universal gaze
One of the most significant changes that Zanmi Lasante initiated in rural Haiti was the training of local community members as health-care workers. What factor was responsible for their success in identifying local health-care problems and providing basic health services?
their ability to understand the local language, social structures, and values
What can be accurately said about most states today?
they didn't exist prior to WWII
According to Talal Asad, how did the cross, the Torah, and the cow gain their symbolic power?
through complex historical and social developments
Football, a popular sport in the United States, has been linked to brain injuries. Why might anthropologists be interested in the study of brain injuries in football players?
to better understand the relationship between health and culture
The People's Republic of China moved to institutionalize traditional Chinese medicine through a number of different strategies, including the export of the practice to other countries. Why was this was done?
to develop ties of solidarity with other developing nations
Indigenous groups with their own set of loyalties and leaders living to some extent outside the control of a centralized authoritative state, are known as what?
tribes
What does the anthropological approach to world art attempt to do?
understand the development and meaning of local art forms while preserving their specific cultural contexts
What common result occurs when patterns of social stratification emerge?
unequal access to resources
What is indigenous media?
use of the media by those who have experienced significant disruption at a local level
Anthropologists Catherine Lutz and Jane Collins's study of the National Geographic is an example of the application of what kind of anthropology?
visual anthropology
What do we call the total value of what someone owns, including stocks, bonds, and real estate, minus any debt?
wealth
What is reflected in decisions about what is displayed as fine art?
wealth and power stratification
In Christopher Steiner's ethnography of art in Abidjan, Côte D'Ivoire, who are the primary consumers of locally produced art?
western tourists
Pem Davidson Buck's Worked to the Bone (2001) found that in Kentucky,
white privilege is severely limited by class
In his work with the Azande people, E. E. Evans-Pritchard found that which of the following individuals are formally taught the knowledge of rituals and medicines and use that knowledge to thwart the work of a witch?
witch doctors
Earlier anthropological analysis considered small-scale human groups in comparative isolation. Anthropologists now understand that in all bands, tribes, and chiefdoms must function how?
within the influence of the state
Young Bobby opened a lemonade stand in his front yard. He used $4 worth of lemons, sugar, and cups, and paid his little sister $1 to operate the stand while he played. She sold 7 cups of lemonade for $1 each. What was the surplus value?
$2
In a populous market town, a small number of merchants and landholders have accumulated wealth and extreme stratification arises. Which is the best explanation for this?
Economic relations are based on the exchange of money rather than reciprocity.
Anthropological research illustrates that people make a religious tradition come alive in their own context through local expressions and adaptations. Which of the following is an example of this?
Eid al-Fitr is an important holiday celebrated in different ways by Muslims around the world.
Anthropologists have recognized that Western biomedicine draws heavily on:
Enlightenment values of rationality, individualism, and progress
Industrialized agriculture is noted in the text as having yielded dramatic increases in the overall food supply of the planet. Yet, in 2015 nearly 3 million children died of malnutrition. What is the primary reason for this discrepancy?
Food surpluses often go to wealthy industrialized nations.
What argument did Keynes advance about how capitalism works best?
Government must reign in the excesses of capitalism and ensure the basic welfare of all citizens.
What is the primary difference, from an anthropological perspective, between balanced reciprocity and generalized reciprocity?
In generalized reciprocity, the value of what is exchanged is not carefully calculated.
Which of the following is a success the global economy has achieved in the past sixty years?
Infant mortality rates have dropped by more than 60 percent.
When the Kwakiutl of the Pacific Northwest perform a potlatch, there may be times when the excess of gifts is actually destroyed rather than given away. Why is this done?
It can reinforce the prestige of the chief by demonstrating his capacity.
In the late 1400s, China was the world leader in the production and export of goods such as silk, porcelain, tea, fruit, drugs, cotton, weapons, etc., which Europeans desired; however, Europe produced few products of interest to the Chinese. Why did this encourage the European exploration of the Americas?
It created a trade deficit, with Chinese imports vastly exceeding European exports, that caused European nations to seek sources of precious metals.
Why is Morrinho important to anthropologists?
It exposes the intersections of class, poverty, power, and kinship through a miniature city.
Since 1996, what has the trend been for the rate of births by cesarean section (C-section) in the United States?
It has increased dramatically, probably more as a result of cultural conceptions of childbirth than medical necessity.
In the past several decades, many companies have made effective use of flexible accumulation—the strategy used by transnational corporations to maximize profits. What is one of the reasons that a company like Walmart has grown in both size and profit?
It has more than 7,000 factories overseas that manufacture products for the company.
What do scientists now think the purpose of the human microbiome might be?
It is a personal ecosystem that helps combat disease.
What is significant about the Amish and Hutterite communities in contrast to today's highly stratified social structures?
It is an example of a successful effort to establish an egalitarian system of economic and social relations within highly stratified societies.
In the modern world, the state is typically considered the ultimate authority in any particular territory. Despite this illusory ideal, what does the author note is true about the state?
It is fluid, contested, and fragile.
Leith Mullings's work using intersectionality emerges out of a long history of anthropological fieldwork. What characterizes this variety of fieldwork?
It is holistic.
What do anthropologists emphasize in definitions of art?
It is shaped by the viewer's perception as well as the artistic intent.
The dominant idea of health care in the United States is doctors in white coats, hospitals, and advanced technology. What have medical anthropologists found to be the case in regard to this concept in the rest of the world?
It is the least common point of access for most people worldwide.
The culture of poverty theory suggests that poverty is the result of an individual's dysfunctional behaviors, attitudes, and values. Anthropologists have strongly challenged this idea, arguing that poverty is a structural problem. What do they say this results from?
It results from dysfunctional aspects of the entire economic system.
The modern Western state emerged in the sixteenth century and expanded through colonization and globalization. Which of the following are true about the modern state?
It seeks to establish a monopoly on the legitimate use of force within a territory.
What did anthropologist George Gmelch note about baseball as an activity?
It was rife with magic.
Why is Haiti considered a significant former colony?
It was the first independent former colony to be ruled by people of African descent.
According to the author, what conditions led to the emergence of dependency theory?
Latin American scholars observed that the global economy was structured to extract resources from less developed nations and transfer them to industrialized nations.
The small town of Togotala, Mali, cannot produce enough food for its population through agriculture due to its harsh climate that brings regular drought and three months of torrential downfall that causes soil erosion. What is true of this town?
Merchants send remittances to support their families and community.
Last week, your roommate washed your dirty mug along with his dishes. Yesterday, he left you exactly one dirty glass of his to wash along with a mildly passive-aggressive note explaining why this was fair. This is an example of:
NOT barter (I got this one wrong)
What diagnosis did the biomedical physicians first give Lia Lee of Merced, California, when her parents brought her to the hospital?
NOT epilepsy (I got this one wrong)
Medical anthropology takes a holistic approach to health. In addition to examining meaning and power, what else does this approach include?
NOT genetics (I got this one wrong)
Disability:
NOT is an embodied experience defined exclusively by impairment to a sense or limited mobility (I got this one wrong)
A factory that manufactures cars for sale and land to grow food on are examples of:
NOT means of production (I got this one wrong)
Which analytical perspective would a medical anthropologist use to study how humans make sense of health and illness?
NOT medical ecology (I got this one wrong)
What kind of anthropologist would study the trends in boy band culture and their fans from the 1990s-today?
NOT musical anthropologist (I got this one wrong)
Medical anthropology takes a holistic approach to health. In addition to examining meaning and power, what else does this approach include?
NOT promoting ethnopharmacology (I got this one wrong)
What surprising discovery did Carolyn Nordstrom make in her study of war and violence in Mozambique?
People can resist the political violence of war in the ways they attend to the daily matters of their community.
Bangladesh's coastal flood plain has been repeatedly inundated with monsoons, flooding, and devastating erosion. How does the nation of Bangladesh illustrate the problems of development and how it relates to environmental challenges?
Poorer nations suffer the consequences of climate change in ways that developed nations do not.
What aspects of Adam Smith's perspective on economic growth do today's neoliberal privatization programs build on?
Smith's belief in laissez-faire—"leave it alone"—economics calls for a free market
It has sometimes been suggested that violence is endemic to all primates. What have recent studies of other nonhuman primates revealed?
Some primates undergo a cycle of behavior that does not involve any violence at all.
Which of the following statements accurately describes Chinese medicine?
Chinese medical practices vary widely within China, from patient to patient and also over time.
According to the archaeological record, how old is evidence of human artistic expression?
100,000 years
Overall human life expectancy increased from 31 years in 1900 to what in 2015?
70.5 years
A fraternity brother stole a valuable piece of jewelry during a sorority rush party. His brothers do not want to get in trouble, so they do not turn him over to the police or university. However, they cannot permit such a violation of their values and norms. Their solution is to submit the offender to their own tribunal and devise a fitting punishment that reassures the community. This is an example of:
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The author describes his own work in Chinatown and the appearance of a temple used by the Chinese religious communities there. People were observed praying at the altar and conducting themselves in a manner consistent with a religious site. What other function does the temple serve that is not religious?
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Pem Davidson Buck's Worked to the Bone (2001) found that in Kentucky,
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The Maasai, a semi-nomadic group who live outside the direct control of the government of Tanzania, have had to form their own nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) that partner with international organizations to achieve goals that their state government neglected, such as creating reliable access to clean water and protecting land rights. Today they might be known as what kind of group?
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Toma is a Ju/Huansi, who grew up in a hunter-gatherer society. He tells you about a successful hunt he went on as a young man during which he killed an animal large enough to supply many meals. When he returned home, he most likely:
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The "Triangle Trade" that emerged in the 1500s resulted in the exchange of goods, people, wealth, food, disease and ideas between
Africa, Europe, and the Americas
The "Triangle Trade" that emerged in the 1500s resulted in the exchange of goods, people, wealth, food, disease and ideas between
Africa, Europe, the Americas
Agriculture is an intensive farming strategy involving permanent cultivation of the land. What is an important characteristic of this process?
Agriculture uses labor and technology such as irrigation systems and plows.
