culture

cultures is _________ by a people and transmitted _________

-shared by a people -transmitted from generation to generation

what does culture include?

1. social categories/concepts we embrace 2. values and beliefs 3. knowledge 4. norms 5. language 6. material objects

ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

If Janet wants to use the "moral reframing" to persuade Fred to see a particular social issue as important, Janet must discuss the issue in a way that... A. compels Fred to evaluate the issue in terms of its morality B. encourages Fred to set aside his personal ideology in order to evaluate the issue more objectively C. Reflects Fred's personal ideology, values and beliefs D. changes Fred's personal ideology, values and beliefs E. None of the above

C. Reflects Fred's personal ideology, values and beliefs

What is the difference between a counterculture and a subculture?

Subcultures tend to exist in harmony with the mainstream, whereas countercultures are in direct conflict with the mainstream.

The structural-functional approach sees culture as a relatively stable system of integrated patterns people use to meet their needs: True or False

True

xenophobia

a fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers

Identify which of the following is NOT an explanation of why the value system in the United States is unique. a. Culturally, the United States has been peopled largely by immigrants who shared a common culture. b. Religiously, the Judeo-Christian ethic has emphasized humanitarians, the worth of the individual, etc. c. Geographically, the United States has been relatively isolated for most of its history. d. Historically, the United States has been unique; it was founded by a revolution that grew out of opposition to tyranny and aristocracy.

a. Culturally, the United States has been peopled largely by immigrants who shared a common culture

__________ is the term used to refer to the conflicts in the United States over moral issues and values, such as abortion and gay rights. a. culture war b. ethnocentrism c. cultural appropriation d. cultural lag

a. culture war

disagreement in a culture war is often regarding at least one of the following...

a. which values should take precedent when one conflicts w/the other b. the interpretation of core values

nonmaterial or symbolic culture

abstract or intangible objects of a culture

culture varies how?

across time and space

what are some examples of hegemony?

american dream, belief in consumerism

language

and elaborate system of symbols that enables complex communication

symbol

anything that represents something else

as a society, we determine the values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms that we find...

appropriate or acceptable

Which of the following is an example of a counterculture? a. The Kardashian obsession of the 2010's b. The hippie movement of the 1960's c. The disco invasion of the 1970's d. The yuppie craze of the 1980's

b. The hippie movement of the 1960s

A good example of cultural lag is: a. virtual culture replacing traditional culture. b. gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns in humans before understanding the possible social consequences of doing so. c. older people trying to make younger people respect tradition. d. a slowing in the rate of invention in the computer industry.

b. gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns in humans before understanding the possible social consequences of doing so

The American Dream was discussed in class as an example of __________ which is a belief system that is used to understand and explain the world. a. Norm, b. Ideology, c. Social Construction, d. Institution, e. None of the Above

b. ideology

In terms of how it influences our thinking, what can ethnocentrism lead to? a. the evaluation of cultural meanings and practices in their own social contexts b. incorrect assumptions about other cultures on the basis of our own experience c. thick descriptions of other cultures based on real understanding d. correct assumptions about other cultures on the basis of interpretations of shared meanings

b. incorrect assumptions about other cultures on the basis of our own experience

Which of the following is NOT a function of ideology discussed in class? A. it provides a guide about what issues people should pay attention to and what's important B. it provides a guide about how to cooperate and coexist w/out-group members to reduce potential conflict C. It provides a course of action to solve the problem that are deemed important D. it explains why social, political, and/or economic conditions are as they are E. it creates a group ID with a clear definition of who's considered an in-group member and out-group member

b. it provides a guide about how to cooperate and coexist w/out-group members to reduce potential conflict

as a part of human culture, religion is an example of what? a. material culture b. nonmaterial culture c. culture shock d. human nature e. none of the above

b. nonmaterial culture

values often underlie what?

beliefs

Which of the following statements is NOT true about any given ideology (in general and in terms of its functions)? a. An ideology helps people to interpret certain events and/or social experiences. b. An ideology provides people an explanation for current social, cultural, economic, etc. conditions in society. (explains why things are the way they are) c. An ideology only provides people with factual information. d. An ideology provides a rationale for a particular course of action. e. An ideology provides people with a guide as to what is important and what issues one should pay attention to.

c. An ideology only provides people with factual information

Key values of U.S. culture: a. always fit together easily. b. are shared by absolutely everyone in a society. c. are sometimes in conflict with one another. d. change quickly, even from year to year.

c. are sometimes in conflict with one another

which is an example of material culture? a. free speech b. patriotism c. clothing d. right to vote

c. clothing

Elise travels across Thailand with her friends and, to her surprise, finds that country quite unlike the US. "I hate the food," she tells her family at home. "I hate the language, I hate the weird customs and awful music. America is clearly the best place to be." This is an example of... a. discrimination, b. cultural relativism, c. ethnocentrism, d. cultural lag, e. xenophobia

c. ethnocentrism

moral reframing

communication technique where a position an individual would not normally support is framed in a way that's consistent w/the person's moral values

Hegemony

condition where a dominant group uses power to elicit the voluntary consent of the masses

The education, attitudes, knowledge, and preferences by which others judge you constitute your __________ , which contributes to your success in school and your career beyond just your abilities.

cultural capital

___________ describes societies

culture

society does not equal...

culture

how does structural functionalism view culture?

culture directs our lives, gives us meaning to what we do, and binds us together

Amadou is Nigerian. In his home village, people are very flexible with time. A meeting may be scheduled for morning, afternoon, or evening. No one is expected to arrive at a meeting at an exact time. When Amadou first arrived in America, he was confused by his colleagues' concern for punctuality and promptness. Amadou was experiencing...

culture shock

Rodney and Elise are U.S. students studying abroad in Italy. When they are introduced to their host families, the families kiss them on both cheeks. When Rodney's host brother introduces himself and kisses Rodney on both cheeks, Rodney pulls back in surprise. Where he is from, unless they are romantically involved, men do not kiss one another. This is an example of:

culture shock

dominant culture

culture that permeates the society and that often presents the ideas and practices of those in positions of power

counterculture

culture which champions values and lifestyles distinctly opposed to those of the dominant culture

norms

culture's rules or expectations for "appropriate" behavior

subcultures

cultures associated w/smaller groups in the society that have distinct norms/values/lifestyles that set them apart

cultural capital refers to... a. a regional center for the arts b. the personal investments people make to become more wealthy/productive c. the benefits most people derive from being in networks w/others d. social class-based skills and resources that people inherit and can use to their advantage

d

Which of the following terms describes the efforts of an American sociologist who attempts to understand Japanese family systems from the standpoint of the Japanese people who grew up in those family systems, rather than from the standpoint of Americans? a. ethnocentrism b. xenophobia c. multiculturalism d. cultural relativism

d. cultural relativism

The technology is now in place to clone mammals. However, most people are reluctant to accept this process of producing genetically identical individuals. This reflects... a. xenocentrism, b. cultural relativism, c. ethnocentrism, d. culture lag, e. xenophobia

d. culture lag

Which of the following is an example of a cultural universal? a. football b. public education c. democracy d. language

d. language

standards by which people who share culture define what's desirable, good, beautiful are called what? a. folkways b. norms c. mores d. values e. cultural capital

d. values

value

deeply held principle or standard that people use to make judgements about the world, especially in deciding what's desirable/worthwhile

how do social conflict theorists view culture?

dominant ideologies influence culture, creating patterns that support inequality (hegemony)

Some Americans may be hostile towards people from Mexico because of the fear that the Mexicans will take their jobs. This is an example of... a. xenocentrism, b. cultural relativism, c. ethnocentrism, d. cultural lag, e. xenophobia

e. xenophobia

what are the 3 forms of cultural capital?

embodied state, objectified state, institutionalized state

A person who criticizes the Amish farmer as being "backward" for tilling his fields with horses and a plow instead of using a tractor is displaying what?

ethnocentrism

culture shock

experience of being disoriented because of a lack of knowledge about an unfamiliar social situation or way of life

culture and society are essentially the same culture: true or false?

false

__________ are rules about everyday, casual living; __________ are rules with great moral significance.

folkways, mores

cultural capital

forms of knowledge, skill, education or any advantages a person has which givens them a higher status in society (higher expectations, too)

folkways

group habits or customs that are common in a given culture

society

group of people who live together in a defined territory, are united by social relationships, and who share a culture

items in material don't have what?

inherent meaning--we assign meaning to them (social constructs)

culture war

intense disagreement w/in a society about core values and moral positions

culture includes ________, the meaning we assign to ________, and ________

language; words; concepts

hegemony is the process where powerful groups gain what?

legitimacy and hold power based on establishing and reinforcing widely shared beliefs about what' right or wrong, proper or improper, valuable or not

what's an example of culture lag?

medical technology and our knowledge about death (our ways of dealing w/death haven't kept up with rapid increase in tech that prolong life or create complex end-of-life decisions)

new material culture may lead to what?

new non-material culture

culture forms our definition of what?

normal

mores

norms that are strictly enforced (w/potentially severe penalties for violations)

ideology is a set of ideas that govern what?

one's goals, expectations, beliefs and behaviors

how do symbolic interactionists view culture?

out daily lives are structured by the changing symbols and meanings of many groups

culture is also known as a society's what?

personality

culture is the most ______ element of society

pervasive

material culture

physical or tangible objects produced by a people in a culture

moral reframing can be an effective tool for what?

political communication and persuasion

MTV's widely-watched TV series The Jersey Shore is an example of _____, while the obscure works of playwright Sam Shepard are an example of ______.

popular culture; high culture

what are the functions of ideology?

provides a... 1. sense of purpose 2. explanation for social/political conditions (sense of security) 3. raises awareness of what is "important" 4. creates and define group ID 5. labels the out group 6. provides course of action to solve social problems 7. instruments of competition and conflict

culture shock is the inability to do what?

read meanings in new surroundings

The fact that some married men and married women are sexually unfaithful to their spouses is an example of _____ culture, while the fact that most adults say they support the idea of sexual fidelity is an example of _____ culture.

real, ideal

culture affects our perceptions of what?

reality

Which theoretical approach would argue that people who are oppressed may construct counter-cultures as a way to oppose the dominant culture, which disadvantages them?

social conflict approach

we usually aren't fully aware of our culture until what?

someone questions or violates it

beliefs

specific convictions/opinions that a culture's people generally accept as being true

Which of the following perspectives would argue that the American Dream is a widely held ideology because it keeps people motivated to work hard and not disrupt society, which keeps society working smoothly?

structural functionalism

Jonah notices that the value of and practice of consumerism is dominant in the US culture. Using the __________ perspective, he points out that consumerism brings people together in the pursuit of similar activities and interests. Using the __________ he also ses that consumerism supports the current system of capitalism, which is reinforced by the media and keeps people compliant with the status quo.

structural functionalism; social conflict

Fire fighters are an example of _________; Neo nazis are an example of ________

subculture; counterculture

culture is ________

symbolic

Denise is conducting an observational study of how well people communicate with each other based on their shared or conflicting personal beliefs and values. Which theoretical perspective would be the most useful?

symbolic interactionism

Which theoretical approach would be most interested in the socialization process, which is the process by which people learn and adopt various elements of their culture?

symbolic interactionism

which theoretical approach would investigate how one's culture may affect how one perceives the world and how one acts towards others in various social situations?

symbolic interactionism

Which theoretical approach would investigate how one's culture may affect how one perceives the world and how one acts in various social situations?

symbolic interactionist

what does communication culture include?

symbols, language and dialect

cultural relativism

the practice of judging a culture by its own standards

knowledge

the range of info, awareness, understanding that helps us navigate our world

ideology

the system of concepts and relationships that includes an understanding of cause/effect

culture lag

the ways that new technological development often outpace the norms that govern our collective experiences w/these new technologies

the structural functional approach would see culture as a reflection of shared norms, values, and activities, which is needed to run society smoothly: True or False

true

dialect

variant of language with its own accent, vocab and grammar

culture

ways of thinking and acting, and the material objects that form one's way of life

culture shapes...

what we do, our personalities

when is conflict most intense in a society?

when the central values of its inner cultures conflict

when is hegemony achieved?

when the subordinate are led to consent to a system that subordinates them

dominant ideology

widely held belief and regularly enforced assumptions that generally support the current social system and serve the interest of authorities

ideology develops a what?

worldview (system of meaning that helps define/explain the world and that makes value judgements about it)