CUMULATIVE ARIELLE SENSATION QUIZLET

अब Quizwiz के साथ अपने होमवर्क और परीक्षाओं को एस करें!

The semicircular canals and otolith organs are filled with endolymph, the movements cause the endolymph to move relative to the head. If the head rotates counterclockwise, which direction does the fluid move (relative to the head)?

B) Clockwise

The active use of touch to identify objects is referred to as:

C) Haptic perception

Which of the physio-chemical properties below is responsible for a sour/acidic taste? A) Presence of OH- ions = Presence of Hydroxide ions B) Presence of Sulfur molecules = Presence of S molecules C) Presence of H+ ions = Presence of Hydrogen ions = Presence of Protons D) Large organic molecules containing nitrogen = Large organic molecules containing N

C) Presence of Hydrogen ions = Presence of H+ ions = Presence of protons --> How we taste sour tasting substances --> Found in citrus solutions, reason why citrus solutions are used as clean type solutions

Receptors in our skin that respond to mild irritants by producing itch sensations are known S:

C) Proprioceptors

Golgi tendon organs are:

C) Receptors in the tendons that measure the force of a muscle's contraction

The dorsal somatosensory system is associated with:

C) The "where" system, allows us to control guided movements on the basis of input from the somatosensory system (parietal lobe)

According to your instructor, spatial cognition refers to ____

C) The ability to perceive our position/orientation in the environment

The hippocampus is thought to perform a function known as "binding", which contributes to episodic memories (or "snapshots") for events. What is binding?

C) The integration of multiple sensory signals into a single memory

Wei and Agrawal (2017) conclude that the deficit (referred to in #37) is a real-world manifestation of ____

C) impaired spatial cognition associated with vestibular dysfunction

Your instructor also found that otoconia-deficient mice were impaired at solving a navigation task on radial arm maze. Which of the following perceptual abilities is thought to be impaired in these mice?

D) sense of direction

According to a recent study (Wei & Agrawal, 2017), vestibular dysfunction is associated with difficulty with ____

E) None of the above

A mathematical procedure for taking any complex waveform and determining the simpler waveforms that make up that complex pattern is known as ______.

Fourier analysis

An area on the retina that is dense in cones but lacks rods; when we look directly at an object, its image falls on the ____ (also referred to as the macula)

Fovea

What is the phenomenon in which people fail to perceive an object that is not attended to?

Inattentional blindness

The vision associated with the cones; it is used in the daytime, has good acuity in the fovea, and has color vision

Photopic Vision

A molecule that absorbs light and by doing so releases an electric potential by altering the voltage in the cell

Photopigment

True or False. The optic disk is the area in which human sensitivity to light is the lowest.= The optic disc is the area in which human sensitivity to light is the lowest=The blind spot is the area in which human sensitivity to light is the lowest=The fovea is the area in which human sensitivity to light is the highest.

TRUE -FOVEA (or optic disc/optic disk/blind spot) = area LOWEST sensitivity to light = fovea -PERIPHERY = area highest sensitivity to light

True or False. The retina is the area in which human sensitivity to light is the highest. = The periphery is the area in which human sensitivity to light is the highest.

TRUE -FOVEA (or optic disc/optic disk/blind spot) = area LOWEST sensitivity to light = fovea -PERIPHERY = area highest sensitivity to light

True or false: Heschels's gyrus is also known as the primary auditory cortex = Heschl's gyrus is also known as the primary auditory cortex

TRUE -Where is Heschel's gyrus located?: In Temporal lobe, in insular cortex, if stick finger inside of ear/into lateral fissure: finger will end up on other side of Heschel's gyrus --> Lateral fissure=Lateral sulcus =sylvian fissure = sylvian sulcus (of insular cortex)

The identification of a stimulus with the help of context, previous knowledge, and/or expectations is called: a. top-down processing. c. materialism. b. bottom-up processing. d. phenomenal consciousness.

a. top-down processing.

Visible light is usually measured by its ______. a. wavelength b. Angstrom units c. DeGrasse function d. amplitude

a. wavelength

Animals such as antelope that have eyes on the sides of their head have the advantage of a ______. a. wider field of view b. better binocular vision c. better depth perception d. great perception of detail

a. wider field of view

Information from the nasal side of the retinae go to the :a. Contralateral side of the optic tract b. Ipsilateral side of the optic tract c. Dorsolateral side of the optic tract d. Inferolateral side of the optic tract

a. Contralateral side of the optic tract

A 1-mm block of V1 containing both the ocular dominance and orientation columns for a particular region in visual space is called a(n): a. Hypercolumn b. Intrablo bc. Contralateral column d. Interblob

a. Hypercolumn

True or False. Second order contours reflect top down processing = Second contours reflect top down processing = Illusory contours reflect top down processing = Pragnanz reflects top down processing = Second order contour reflects top down processing = Second contour reflects top down processing= Illusory contour reflects top down processing a.) True b.) False

a.) True

Which side of the retina is connected contralaterally to the LGN? = Which side of the retina is connected contralateral to the LGN? a. Nasal retina b. Temporal retina

a. Nasal retina

Which LGN layers have the smallest cells?

the koniocellular layers

The wavelength distribution of visible light is ______. a. 100-850 nm b. 400-700 nm c. 50-2500 nm d. 20-20,000 nm

b. 400-700 nm

Robinson et al (2016) conducted a study of whether olfaction interacts with vision. What did they find? a. There was no measurable interaction between the two senses. b. Interaction between the two senses was more pronounced in women. c. Interaction between the two senses was more pronounced in men. d. There was a high degree of interaction between the senses.

b. Interaction between the two senses was more pronounced in women.

Agnosia is a deficit in ______ due to brain damage. a. memory b. perception c. a balance d. a sensation

b. perception

The left visual world is represented in the: a. Left visual hemisphere b. Contralateral side of the brain c. Optic tract only d. All of the above

b. Contralateral side of the brain

Which side of the retina is connected ipsilaterally to the LGN? = Which side of the retina is connected ipsilateral to the LGN? a. Nasal retina b. Temporal retina

b. Temporal retina

What part of the eye is the first to gather and focus light? a.) iris b.) cornea c.) pupil d.) lens

b.) cornea

In the Ponzo illusion the test line that is nearer the converging ends of the two context lines appears __________ the test line near the diverging ends: = In the Ponzo illusion the test line that is near the converging ends of the two context lines appears __________ the test line that is near the diverging ends of the two context lines a.) shorter than b.) the same length as c.) longer than d.) can't tell without more information

c.) longer than -Test line near converging ends of 2 context lines: LONGER line -Test line near diverging ends of 2 context lines: SHORTER line

Like in vision, the primary auditory cortex responds to basic sounds but secondary auditory cortex prefers _____________ sound waves. a.) louder b.) higher frequency c.) more complex d.) in-phase e.) basic

c.) more complex sound waves/more complex sounds *In audition -Primary auditory cortex: responds to basic sounds/more simple sounds/less complex sounds -Secondary auditory cortex: responds to complex sounds/more complex sounds/less simple sounds *In vision -Primary visual cortex: responds to basic sights/more simple sights/less complex sights=responds to basic images/more simple images/less complex images -Secondary visual cortex: responds to complex sights/more complex sights/less simple sights=responds to complex images/more complex images/less simple images

Magno cells appear to be specialized to detect a.) bright levels of illumination b.) detailed stimulus orientation & shape c.) movement in receptive field d.) sustained visual attention

c.) movement in receptive field *Magno = Movement (**TEST Q: TRICK)

The receptor cells (olfactory neurons) that interact with smell stimuli are located in the = The receptor neurons (olfactory cells) that interact with smell stimuli are located in the = The receptor cells that interact with smell stimuli are located in the = The olfactory neurons that interact with smell stimuli are located in the = The olfactory receptor cells that interact with smell stimuli are located in the = The olfactory neurons that interact with smell stimuli are located in the = The olfactory neurons that interact with smell stimuli are located in the a.) olfactory tract b.) olfactory bulb c.) olfactory epithelium d.) olfactory corpuscle

c.) olfactory epithelium

Where does information cross contralaterally in the visual system? a.) optic disk/optic disc/blind spot b.) optic nerve/cranial nerve 2/cranial nerve II/cn II c.) optic chiasm d.) optic track/optic tracks

c.) optic chiasm

Which of the following statement is true? a. Ninety percent of retinal ganglion cells synapse in the LGN, but about 10% go to the superior colliculus. b. The superior colliculus receives feedback from the visual cortex, and the superior colliculus also projects to the koniocellular levels of the LGN c. The superior colliculus is often implicated in the phenomenon of blindsight. d. All of the above are true.

d. All of the above are TRUE /TRUE 1) Ninety percent of retinal ganglion cells synapse in the LGN, but about 10% go to the superior colliculus. 2) The superior colliculus receives feedback from the visual cortex, and the superior colliculus also projects to the koniocellular levels of the LGN 3) The superior colliculus is often implicated in the phenomenon of blindsight. (optic disc/optic disk)

One way that the magnocellular pathway differs from the parvocellular pathway is that the magnocellular pathway ______.

is not sensitive to wavelength differences

Photoreceptors in the fovea of the retina; they are responsible for color vision and our high visual acuity

Cones

The number of photoreceptors that connect to each ganglion cell; more ____ occurs for rods than for cones

Convergence

The clear front surface of the eye that allows light in; it also is a major focusing element of the eye

Cornea

Which of the following hypothesis explains the relation of itching to scratching?

D) All of the above

The outermost layer of the skins is called the: -epidermis -dermis

D) Epidermis

Roger is given an unusual object. He picks it up and does a variety of manipulations with it. He moves his hand along the surface to assess texture he supports it to assess weight, and he presses on it to assess its hardness. Roger has been engaging in:

D) Exploratory procedures

A structure in the brain that plays a crucial role in spatial cognition is the _____

D) Hippocampus

Sensory receptors in the skin that when activated cause us to feel pain, found in both the epidermis and the dermis are known as ___ = Sensory receptors in the skin that, when activated, cause us to feel pain; they are found in both the epidermis and dermis=Sensory receptors in the skin that, when activated, cause us to feel pain, found in both the epidermis and dermis, are known as: A) Cautoreceptors = Kautoreceptors B) Analgesic detectors C) Pain detectors D) Nociceptors or Free nerve endings

D) Nociceptors or E) Free nerve endings

Based on the study of Patient H.M. and on the results of animal studies, it has been concluded that

D) The hippocampus is involved in the transfer of memories to long-term storage

A condition known as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) occurs when the otoconia become dislodged from the otolithic membrane. What is the result of this deficit?

D) The patient is unable to maintain an upright posture, unless another sensory system provides the necessary cues

The brain contains neurons, referred to as "head direction cells", that specifically represent one's directional heading within the environment. Which sensory system is most influential on head direction cell activity?

D) The visual system

The hippocampus contains neurons, referred to as "place cells" that specifically represnt one's location within the environment. Which sensory system is most influential on place cell activity?

D) The visual system

Patients with phantom limb syndrome may experience the sensation in a missing hand when they are touched on the face. They may also experience sensation in a missing hand when touched on what remains of their arm. One possible explanation of this is:

D) all of the above are possible explanations

According to your text, the paradoxical heat experience occurs because:

D) extremely cold temperatures can cause warm fibers to fire

Your instructor recently found that otolith dysfunction disrupts the stablility of which of the following brain signals?

D) head direction cell signals

The dorsal horn is an area:

D) of the spinal cord that receives input from nociceptors and feedback from the brain

Object A is 3 meters from the subject, while object B is 12 meters from the subject. To have the same retinal size, object B must be ________ than object A

4 times larger

The two structures in the inner ear responsible for detecting linear head acceleration and static head position are

A) Otolith organs

When we sit working at a desk, we know without looking where our legs, arms, and torso are. This perception of our body's position is known as = The perception of our body's position is known as = ______.=The perception of our limbs' position is known as = ______.= The perception of our body's movements is known as = ______.=The perception of our limbs' movements is known as = ______.=The perception of the movements and position of our limbs is known as:=The perception of the position and movements of our limbs is known as = The perception of the movements and position of our body is known as:=The perception of the position and movements of our body is known as: a.) proprioception b.) chemoreception c.) motoric perception d.) limbic perception

A) Proprioception

Muscle spindles are:

A) Receptors embedded in the muscles that sense information about muscle length and therefore muscle action

The anterior cingulate cortex is seen as important in:

A) The emotional component of pain perception

Reed et al (1996) studied a patient with tactile agnosia, who had tactile agnosia only in her right hand because of a left hemisphere lesion caused by a stroke in that area. They found that:

A) The patient had no difficulty identifying objects visually or with her left hand. However, when identifying objects by using only her right hand, she showed a massive deficit in object identification

The somatosensory cortex (or primary somatosensory cortex) is:

A) an area in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex devoted to processing the information coming from the skin senses

Wilder Penfield pioneered a technique of directly stimulating areas of the brain with an electrical probe and observing the behavior of the patient. He found that:

B) When he stimulated regions of the somatosensory cortex, the patients had tingling experiences in specific areas along the skin

Visual landmarks can guide navigation in several ways. Two of these ways (discussed in class) are ___ and _____

B) beaconing; piloting

Chemicals produced by the body that reduce pain throughout the body are known as:

B) endogenous opioids

The ability to detect electric fields is known as _____ and the ability to generate electric fields and then detect disturbances or changes to those electric field caused by external events is known as:

B) passive electroreception; active electroreception

The three tubes located in the inner ear responsible for detecting angular head acceleration are known as:

B) semicircular canals

True or False: Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway is a pathway for the nociceptors (pain) and thermoreceptors (temperature) that travels up the contralateral side of spinal column; does not synapse in the brain until the ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus.

FALSE *TRUE -Spinothalamic pathway is a pathway for the nociceptors (pain) and thermoreceptors (temperature) that travels up the contralateral side of spinal column; does not synapse in the brain until the ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus. (*QUESTION)

True or False. The retina is the area in which human sensitivity to light is the lowest. = The periphery is the area in which human sensitivity to light is the lowest.

FALSE -FOVEA (or optic disc/optic disk/blind spot) = area LOWEST sensitivity to light = fovea -PERIPHERY = area highest sensitivity to light

True or False. The optic disk is the area in which human sensitivity to light is the highest.= The optic disc is the area in which human sensitivity to light is the highest=The blind spot is the area in which human sensitivity to light is the highest=The optic disk is the area in which human sensitivity to light is the greatest.= The optic disc is the area in which human sensitivity to light is the greatest=The blind spot is the area in which human sensitivity to light is the greatest

FALSE -There are no photoreceptors (i.e., rods or cones) in the optic disk/optic disk/blindspot, and, therefore, there is no image detection in this area.

In devising a scale to examine people's perception of saltiness, we ask participants to rate salt solutions in various concentrations on a scale from 0 (not salty at all) to 100 (extremely salty). This procedure is known as ______.

Magnitude estimation

Which visual condition affects peripheral vision, creating "tunnel" vision?

Retinitis pigmentosa

True or False: All information from the retina first goes to the optic chiasm before the LGN

TRUE

True or False: The optic chiasm is the location in the optic tract where the optic nerve from each eye splits in half, with nasal retinae crossing over and temporal retinae staying on the same side of the optic tract.

TRUE

True or False: Your fovea contains mostly cones/Your fovea contains only cones

TRUE

True or False: Your periphery contains mostly rods/Your periphery contains only rods

TRUE

True or False: 90% of axons from the optic nerve make their way to the LGN of the thalamus.=90% of axons from the optic tract make their way to the LGN of the thalamus.=90% of axons from the optic tracst make their way to the LGN of the thalamus.

TRUE *After the Optic Chiasm -90% of axons from the optic nerve make their way to the LGN of the thalamus. --> this pathway then leads to the visual cortex. -However, 10% of the axons from the optic tract go to other locations in the brain. 1.) The superior colliculus (eye movements). 2.) The frontal eye field region (eye movements). 3.) The pineal gland (regulates our circadian rhythms).

The center of the retina; the _____ includes the fovea but is larger than the fovea

macula

Which pathway is associated with detecting motion?

magnocellular pathway (**TEST Q: motion = magno)

Blobs and interblobs are found in which area of the visual system? = Interblobs and blobs are found in which area of the visual system? a. Superior colliculus b. Lateral geniculate nucleus c. V1 d. Posterior parietal cortex

c. V1

This pathway starts with midget and bistratified retinal ganglion cells and continues through the visual cortex into the inferotemporal cortex in the temporal lobe; often called the "what" pathway. What is it? a. Dorsal pathway b. Occipital pathway c. Ventral pathway d. None of the above

c. Ventral pathway

Carl notices that he has trouble keeping his balance. He is likely having a problem with his _________ system. a. Auditory b. Olfactory c. Vestibular d. Propioception

c. Vestibular

Which of the following is associated with the Duplex Theory? a.) anterior/posterior chambers of eye = posterior/anterior chambers of the eye b.) cornea/lens arrangement=lens/cornea arrangement c.) cones/rods in same retina = rods/cones in same retina d.) A and B only e.) A and C only

c.) cones/rods in same retina = rods/cones in same retina *Phototopic cones (high light/day/color/bright vision): color info carried in parvo system/channel (fovea of retina) VS. scototopic rods (low light/night vision): low-light/night vision carried in mango system/channel (periphery of retina/periphery of fovea=outside of fovea) -Rods & cones = where transduction occurs, both happen/have both in human eye/retina = duplex, 2 systems wired together in same retina

What did Helmholtz and Hering disagree about? a. what should be considered perception and what should be considered sensation b. signal detection theory and just-noticeable differences c. the nature of color vision and whether perception involves unconscious inferences d. the doctrine of specific energy and the role of psychophysics in understanding perception

c. the nature of color vision and whether perception involves unconscious inferences

Which of the following is an example of cognitive penetration? a. wanting to listen to a favorite song when you are sad b. craving ice cream on a hot day c. thinking/perceiving flowers look more vibrant when you are happy = thinking flowers looking more vibrant when you are happy = perceiving flowers look more vibrant when you are happy d. when thinking of a vacation, someone remembers the smell on the beach e. having a car accident on an already-bad day

c. thinking/perceiving flowers look more vibrant when you are happy = thinking flowers looking more vibrant when you are happy = perceiving flowers look more vibrant when you are happy *NOTE: -Actual: when thinking of a vacation, someone remembers the smell on the beach VS. Other: craving ice cream on a hot day -Actual: perceiving flowers look more vibrant when you are happy VS. Other: thinking flowers look more vibrant when you are happy

In audition the vibration of the oval window causes the ___________ membrane to vibrate and this is what leads to transduction a.) Reissner's /Reissner's membrane b.) Tectorial/Tectorial membrane c.) Basilar/Basilar membrane d.) Tympanic/Tympanic membrane

c.) Basilar/Basilar membrane

Which of the following statements is TRUE? a.) Blobs and thin stripes are both found in area V1 of the cortex = Thin stripes and blobs are both found in area V1 of the cortex b.) Blobs and thin stripes are both found in area V2 of the cortex = Thin stripes and Blobs are both found in area V2 of the cortex c.) Blobs are found in area V1 of the cortex and thin stripes are found in area V2 of the cortex = Blobs are found in area V1 of the cortex and thin stripes are found in area V2 of the cortex d.) Thin stripes are found in area V1 of the cortex and blobs are found in area V2 of the cortex = Thin stripes are found in area V1 of the cortex and blobs are found in area V2 of the cortex e.) All are false

c.) Blobs are found in area V1 of the cortex and thin stripes are found in area V2 of the cortex = Blobs are found in area V1 of the cortex and thin stripes are found in area V2 of the cortex

The pathway for the mechanoreceptors (touch perception) that travels up the spinal column in route to brain is known as the ______. =The pathway for mechanoreceptors (tactile perception) and proprioceptors (muscle position) that travels up the spinal column on the ipsilateral side and crosses to the contralateral side in the medulla is known as the: a.) Spinothalamic tract b.) B-fiber tract c.) Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway d.) Ventral column-anterior spiral pathway

c.) Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway

The SA2 and FA2 receptors have relatively small receptive fields with densely packed receptors, resulting in.... = The SAII and FAII receptors have relatively large receptive fields with scattered receptors, resulting in ______. = The FA2 and SA2 receptors have relatively large receptive fields with scattered receptors, resulting in.... = The FAII and SAII receptors have relatively large receptive fields with scattered receptors, resulting in ______. = The SA2 (slow-adapting) and FA2 (fast-adapting) receptors have relatively large receptive fields with scattered receptors. As a result, they have: = The SAII (slow-adapting) and FAII (fast-adapting) receptors have relatively large receptive fields with scattered receptors. As a result, they have: = The FA2 (fast-adapting) and SA2 (slow-adapting) receptors have relatively large receptive fields with scattered receptors. As a result, they have: =The FAII (fast-adapting) and SAII (slow-adapting) receptors have relatively large receptive fields with scattered receptors. As a result, they have: = The Merkel's and Ruffini's receptors have relatively small receptive fields with densely packed receptors, resulting in.... = The Ruffini's and Merkel's receptors have relatively large receptive fields with scattered receptors, resulting in.... = The Merkel's (slow-adapting) and Ruffini's (fast-adapting) receptors have relatively large receptive fields with scattered receptors. As a result, they have: = The Ruffini's (fast-adapting) and Merkel's (slow-adapting) receptors have relatively large receptive fields with scattered receptors. As a result, they have: a.) A marked decrease in sensitivity to fine motor movements b.) Low sensitivity to direct pressure on the surface of the skin c.) Low spatial resolution, creating a lack of sensation when the skin is stimulated repeatedly d.) High spatial resolution, allowing detection exactly where on the skin a stimulation occurs. = High spatial resolution, allowing us to detect exactly where on the skin a stimulation occurs = High spatial resolution, allowing detection right on the skin where the stimulation occurs = High spatial resolution, allowing detection exactly where on the skin stimulation occurs

c.) Low spatial resolution, creating a lack of sensation when the skin is stimulated repeatedly = Low spatial resolution, making it harder to detect exactly where on the skin stimulation occurs

Seeing complete triangles in a Kanizsa Triangle is represented by _________ a.) Interposition = Occlusion b.) Accretion (& Occlusion/Interposition) c.) Pragnanz/Second order contours/Second order contour/Second contours/Second contour/Illusory contours/Illusory contour d.) A AND C only (Interposition/Occlusion AND Pragnanz/Second order contours/Second order contour/Second contours/Second contour/Illusory contours/Illusory contour) e.) B and C only (Accretion (& Occlusion/Interposition) Interposition/Occlusion AND Pragnanz/Second order contours/Second order contour/Second contours/Second contour/Illusory contours/Illusory contour)

c.) Pragnanz/Second order contours/Second order contour/Second contours/Second contour/Illusory contours/Illusory contour *Second contours = Second order contour = Second-order contour -Do illusions work by tricking us into thinking they (illusions) are second order contours? --> No, second order contours are not tricks, they're a natural process of the visual system based on Prägnanz (or Pragnanz) --------> White triangle in Kanizsa triangle = Kanizsa's triangle, is viewed that way bc it's most simple to view the white triangle on top of the black triangle, which is on top of the ?riesous? ----> White triangle in Kanizsa triangle = Kanizsa's triangle ----> Most simple to view white triangle on top of black triangle (pragnanz) = Kanizsa triangle

Joshua damaged the cribriform plate in his nose. Since then, he has been unable to smell anything. What would be the most likely diagnosis of his condition? a.) aphasia b.) habituation c.) anosmia d.) phantom nose syndrome

c.) anosmia / smell blindness *Anosmia = damage to cribiform plate in nose, cannot smell anything *Describe the anatomical and physiological basis for olfaction. -Cribriform plate: a perforated section of skull bone that separates the nose from the brain; axons from olfactory receptor neurons pass through to allow olfactory information to enter regions in the brain. -Anosmia (smell blindness): the inability to smell, usually caused by cribriform plate damage. -Olfactory nerve (first cranial nerve): the axons of the olfactory receptor neurons that leave the nose and enter the olfactory bulb. *2 Types of Anosmia 1) Phantosmia: -smelling something that is not really there -hallucinatory perception of odors. -Phantosmic smells occur without control. -Occurs during early Parkinson's disease and in other neurological disorders, as precursor to an epileptic seizure. -Can also occur as part of an "aura" before onset of a migraine. 2) Ageusia: -loss of the sense of taste -loss of the ability to taste due to injury, a punch to the nose severs olfactory nerves, or illness, onset with Alzheimer's disease, ageusia can be temporary or permanent.

This visual abnormality results from the clouding of the lens. It affects older adults' more than younger adults but can occur in anyone at any age. What is it? = This visual abnormality results from the clouding of the lens. It affects older adults more than younger adults but can occur in anyone at any age. What is it? = This visual abnormality results from the clouding of the lens. It affects younger adults less than older adults but can occur in anyone at any age. What is it? a.) macular degeneration b.) retinis pigmentosa c.) cataracts d.) corneal contusions

c.) cataracts

The photoreceptors in the fovea of the retina, which are responsible for color vision and our high visual acuity, are called ______.

cones

Information from the nasal side of the retinae goes to the ______ side of the optic tract.

contralateral

The allocation of more space in the cortex to some sensory receptors than to others and that the fovea has a larger cortical area than the periphery in V1 is known as _____ whereas the point-by-point relation between the retina and the V1 is a _______.

cortical magnification; retinotopic map

Dr. Patel is doing an experiment on the softest volume humans can hear at a particular frequency. He asks participants to set a dial to the softest possible sound they can hear. What method is Dr. Patel using? a. control b. limits c. sensitivity d. adjustment

d. adjustment

A condition that develops from an irregular shape of the cornea or the lens, which makes it impossible for the lens to accommodate a fully focused image, is known as ______. a. retinitis pigmentosa b. macular degeneration c. presbyopia d. astigmatism

d. astigmatism

A graph that illustrates the thresholds for the frequencies as measured by the audiometer is known as a(n) ______. a. Snellen chart b. frequency curve c. acuity graph d. audiogram

d. audiogram

The term "visual acuity" refers to the ______ of vision. a. direction b. depth c. range d. clarity

d. clarity

According the size-arrival effect, smaller objects are perceived as ______. a. moving faster b. moving slower c. closer to the viewer d. farther from the viewer

d. farther from the viewer

The combination of positive signals coming from bipolar cells and inhibition coming from horizontal cells determines the strength of a signal to a retinal ganglion cell. What does this result in? a. center-surround orientation b. inhibitory excitation c. dark adaptation d. lateral inhibition

d. lateral inhibition

An observer is asked to adjust the level of pressure on the skin until the person can just barely feel the lightest pressure on his or her skin. Then the observer starts again from a different starting level of pressure. Which technique does this best represent? a. magnitude estimation b. response compression c. signal-inverse method d. method of adjustment

d. method of adjustment

Ricardo requires glasses to correct a problem in which his lens cannot become thin enough to focus light from more distant objects. What condition does Ricardo have? a. presbyopia b. hyperopia c. astigmatism d. myopia

d. myopia

The study of the relation of brain damage to changes in behavioral and cognitive function is known as ______. a. functional neuroscience b. gestalt psychology c. psychophysics d. neuropsychology

d. neuropsychology

(EXTRA CREDIT!) Which of the following is NOT true about UV (ultraviolet) perception? a. Some birds use UV markings to tell males and females apart b. Reindeer use UV light to spot lichens that they eat. c. Some birds use UV markings to tell males and females apart. d. Humans use UV markings to visually distinguish poisonous and non-poisonous plants.

d. Humans use UV markings to visually distinguish poisonous and non-poisonous plants.

The bilateral structure (one is present in each hemisphere) in the thalamus that relays information from the optic nerve to the visual cortex is known as the: a. Pulvinar b. Pineal body c. Magnocellular Optic Chiasm d. Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

d. Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Edges appear more distinct perceptually than they are physically. This is illustrated by _______________ and indicates _______________ this type of processing a. Aristotle illusion; bottom-up c. Aristotle illusion; top-down c. Mach Bands; bottom-up d. Mach Bands; top-down

d. Mach Bands; top-down *ALSO -The process of distinguishing where one object ends and the next begins, making edges as clear as possible, is known as EDGE DETECTION *What is remarkable about Kanizsa's triangle? -The triangle is seen because we perceive edges that are not present. *What is the goal of lateral inhibition? -facilitating edge detection *The identification of a stimulus with the help of context, previous knowledge, and/or expectations is called: -top-down processing. *Optical illusion/visual illusions: -Depth illusions use bottom-up processing, which is why sometimes we see things that aren't there or are missing something that is present. In conclusion, it is important to understand perception when it comes to illusions and similar issues. **Top-down processing (Intelligent perception) - is the stimulus input somehow enhanced/modified by neural processes to make the perceptual experience (top-down) -constructivist view/constructivist approach + unconscious inference: is that the brain further enhances aspects of the stimulus which results in a complete perception -•Cognitive penetration: The view that cognitive and emotional factors influence the phenomenology of perception and reflects top-down processing -Certain illusions and constancies require previous experience with a stimulus - top-down processing ** vs. Bottom-up processing (Direct perception) -Is the complete perceptual experience given from the stimulus itself (bottom-up) -the direct view is that the stimulus itself, without any ongoing brain activity enhancement, is sufficient for a complete perception -Cognitive impenetrability: Perception is not affected by cognitive factors (bottom-up processing), only our reporting of them is affected

The lateral geniculate nucleus is divided into six larger layers with six smaller layers in between. Which term is not used to describe those layers? a. Koniocellular layer b. Magnocellular layer c. Parvocellular layer d. Ochlearcellular level

d. Ochlearcellular level (term NOT used to describe LGN 6 large layers) *Terms that ARE used to describe LGN 6 large layers -Koniocellular layer -Magnocellular layer -Parvocellular layer

Where does information cross contralaterally in the visual system and which side of the retina is connected contralaterally to the LGN? = Where does information cross contralaterally in the visual system and which side of the retina is connected contralaterally to the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus? = Where does information cross contralaterally in the visual system and which side of the retina is connected contralateral to the LGN. a. Optic nerve; Nasal retina b. Optic nerve; Temporal retina c. Optic chiasm; Nasal retina d. Optic chiasm; Temporal retina

d. Optic chiasm; Temporal retina *What about where info remains ipsilaterally in visual system??: Optic nerve or optic chiasm?; Temporal Retina The ipsilateral retinal fibers of binocular vision; namely the temporal fibers of the 2 retina run ipsilaterally to reach cerebral hemispheres contralateral to their visual hemifields.

The pathway for the nociceptors (pain) and thermoreceptors (temperature) that travels up the contralateral side of spinal column is known as the: a. Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway b. Ventral column-anterior spiral pathway c. A-delta fiber tract d. Spinothalamic pathway

d. Spinothalamic pathway

When detecting an absolute threshold, we find humans report both detecting and not detecting the stimulus for the same intensity. How do we solve this dilemma? a. Use the stimulus value that is detected on 100% of the trials b. Use the greatest stimulus value that was not detected on the trials (0%) c. Use the percentage change from stimuli detected 100% of the trials d. Use the stimulus value that was detected on 50% of the trials

d. Use the stimulus value that was detected on 50% of the trials *Jaime is a participant in a psychophysical experiment on sound detection. He is asked to determine the softest sound he can hear at a particular frequency. That sound is his ______. -Absolute threshold *The smallest amount of a stimulus necessary to allow an observer to detect its presence is known as the ______ threshold. -Absolute threshold

A single particle of light is known as __. a. an electromagnetic particle b. a solenoid c. an emanation crown d. a photon

d. a photon

Neurons that respond to stimuli that end within the cell's receptive field are known as __ cells .a. simple b. complex c. terminal d. end-stopped

d. end-stopped

The sensory difference between "blue" and "yellow" is best represented by a. indirect scaling b. power function c. prothetic continuum d. metathetic continuum

d. metathetic continuum

What is the name for the condition that causes an inability to focus clearly on far objects, which occurs because accommodation cannot make the lens thin enough? a. presbyopia b. amblyopia c. macular degeneration d. myopia

d. myopia

On a catch trial, __________ is presented to the subject a. a strong stimulus b. a weak stimulus c. a previously experienced stimulus d. no stimulus

d. no stimulus *Karwan is a participant in a psychophysical experiment on visual detection. He is shown a mix of near-threshold stimuli with stimulus-absent catch trials. 1.) When Karwan indicates that he did not see a light that was actually present, he is making a MISS 2.) When Karwan indicates that he did see a light that was actually present, he is making a HIT 3.) When Karwan indicates that he did not see a light in a stimulus-absent catch trial, he is making a CORRECT REJECTION 4.) When Karwan indicates that he saw a light in a stimulus-absent catch trial, he is making a FALSE ALARM

The largest power function exponent is found for which of these modalities? a. brightness b. loudness c. heaviness d. pain-electric shock = pain by electric shock e. sweetness f. apparent length

d. pain-electric shock = pain by electric shock -Power exponent = only perception above 1 = exponent for pain-electric shock (power exponent = 3.5) *Stevens's Power law/Stevens' Power Law Exponents -Explain the nature of psychophysical scales and how they measure the relation of stimuli in the world and our perceptions of them. -Stevens' power law: a mathematical formula that describes the relationship between stimulus intensity and our perception; it allows for both response compression and expansion. -Measures Change from Sense to Perception: 1.) Sense = world around me/sense/stimuli in the world/stimulus intensity 2.) vs. Perception= what I experience/perception of world around me/perception of senses/perception of stimuli in world/our perception of stimulus intensity *Steven's Power formula -Should be raised up, b = stevens' power law/steven's power exponent -P = cI^(b) P = perceived magnitude of a stimulus I = intensity of the actual stimulus / stimulus output c= constant **-RESPONSE COMPRESSION: Exponent is Less than 1 (ie 5^.3), Response compression (will end up with number less than 5) 1.) Sight/Vision (sense) to Brightness (Perception) = Sense to Perception: Exponent is less than 1, exponent = 0.3 2.) Hearing/Audition (sense) to Loudness (Perception) = Sense to Perception: Exponent is less than 1, exponent = 0.5 3.) Gustation/Taste (sense) to Sweetness (Perception) = Sense to Perception: Exponent is less than 1, exponent = 0.8 **-RESPONSE LEVELING: Exponent is exactly 1 (ie 5^1, will end up with exactly 5), have straight up 1 to 1 change between world around me/sense and what I experience/perception 1.) Sight/Vision (sense) to Apparent Length (Perception) = Sense to Perception: Exponent is exactly than 1, exponent = 1 **RESPONSE EXPANSION: Exponent is greater than 1 (ie 5^3.5, will end up with number greater than 5) 1.) Touch (sense) to Shock/Electric Shock/Pain (perception) = Sense to perception: Exponent is greater than 1, exponent = 3.5

The outside surface of the eye, a protective membrane covering the eye that gives the eye its characteristic white appearance, is known as the __. a. iris b. pupil c. zonule d. sclera

d. sclera

The approach to perception that claims that information in the sensory world is complex and abundant, and therefore the perceptual systems need only directly perceive such complexity, is known as __. a. the signal detection view b. the cognitive approach c. the unconscious inference approach d. the direct perception view

d. the direct perception view

In what method are stimuli presented in a graduated scale, with participants asked to judge the stimuli along a certain property that goes up or down? a. the method of adjustment b. the method of repugnancy c. the magnitude method d. the method of limits

d. the method of limits

It was stated that vision is the dominate sense in humans. This is supported by = It was stated that vision is the dominant sense in humans. This is supported by a.) Relative size of optic nerve b.) 1/3 of cranial nerves devoted to visual system c.) Primary visual cortex is lobe while other senses have cortical strips d.) All of the above

d.) All of the above *Vision = dominant/dominate size in humans, as evidenced by 1.) Relative size of optic nerve (OPTIC NERVE = LARGE) 2.) 1/3 of cranial nerves devoted to visual system (HIGH NUMBER/LARGE PROPORTION of cranial nerves devoted to vision) 3.) Primary visual cortex is lobe while other senses have cortical strips (aka visual system = devoted to entire lobe = occipital lobe vs. other visual systems only get cortical strips

Which of the following is involved in color vision: a.) parvocellular neurons of retina and geniculate = parvocellular neurons of geniculate and retina = parvocellular neurons of retina and LGN = parvocellular neurons of LGN and retina b.) Blobs and stripes of the cortex = Stripes and blobs of the cortex c.) V4 of cortex d.) All of the above:

d.) All of the above: *ARE involved in color vision 1) parvocellular neurons of retina and geniculate = parvocellular neurons of geniculate and retina = parvocellular neurons of retina and LGN = parvocellular neurons of LGN and retina 2) Blobs and stripes of the cortex = Stripes and blobs of the cortex 3) V4 of cortex

When you look at something and determine where it is, you are relying on this pathway = When you look at something and determine where it is, you are relying on this: a.) ventral stream/what stream/temporal stream b.) dorsal stream/where stream/parietal stream c.) hippocampus d.) temporal lobe e.) parietal lobe f.) a and c only g.) b and c only h.) a, c, and d i.) b, c, and e

i.) b, c, and e = dorsal stream/where stream/parietal stream AND parietal lobe AND hippocampus *When you look at something and determine what it is, you are relying on: -ventral stream and hippocampus -ventral stream = what stream = temporal stream/temporal lobe, specifically inferotemporal lobe (contains hippocampus) *When you look at something and determine what it is, you are relying on: -dorsal stream -dorsal stream = where stream = parietal stream/parietal lobe, specifically posterior parietal cortex

Like in vision, the second auditory cortex responds to more complex sounds but primary auditory cortex prefers _____________ sound waves. a.) louder b.) higher frequency c.) more complex d.) in-phase e.) basic

e.) basic sound waves/simple sound waves/less complex sound waves/basic sounds/simple sound s/less complex sounds

In opponent process theory, the green channel is a combination of the ________ channels: = In opponent process theory, the green channel is a synaptic combination of the ________ channels: a.) green-blue b.) red-blue c.) red-green d.) green-brightness e.) blue-yellow

e.) blue-yellow blue + yellow mix to give green We think red and green make channels, blue and yellow make channels, and the black and white make channel is for brightness coming out of the eye

The taste of bitter tasting substances relies directly on ____ and the tasting standard is _______ a.) ion channels; NaCl = ion channels; sodium chloride = ion channels; table salt b.) ion channels; HCl = ion channels; Hydrogen chloride = ion channels; Hydrochloric acid c.) receptors; sugar = receptors; sucrose = receptors; fructose = receptors; glucose d.) receptors; glutamate = receptors; monosodium glutamate = receptors; MSG = receptors; polypeptides = receptors; proteins = receptors; amino acids e.) receptors; quinine = receptors; poison

e.) receptors; quinine = receptors; poison *ALL Tastants 1.) Salt (ie NaCl = sodium chloride = Table salt) = Amiloride sensitive Na+ channel = Amiloride sensitive Sodium channel = Na+ sensitive channel = Ion channel = Ionotropic receptor -ion channels; NaCl = ion channels; sodium chloride = ion channels; table salt 2.) Sour (acids, ie HCl = Hydrogen chloride = Hydrochloric acid) = H+ sensitive TRP channel = Proton sensitive TRP channel (PKD variant) = Ion channel = Ionotropic receptor -ion channels; HCl = ion channels; Hydrogen chloride = ion channels; Hydrochloric acid 3.) Sweet (ie a sugar, such as sucrose, fructose, glucose) = 2 subunits of GPCR = T1R1 + T1R3 = Metabotropic Receptor/GPCR: -receptors; sugar = receptors; sucrose = receptors; fructose = receptors; glucose 4.) Umami (ie broths + cooked meals, glutamate, monosodium glutamate = MSG, polypeptides/Proteins/amino acids) = 2 subunits of GPCR = T1R1 + T1R3 = Metabotropic Receptor/GPCR: -receptors; glutamate = receptors; monosodium glutamate = receptors; MSG = receptors; polypeptides = receptors; proteins = receptors; amino acids 5.) Bitter (ie quinine, poison) = 1 subunit of GPCR = T2R = Metabotropic Receptor/GPCR: -receptors; quinine = receptors; poison

The Extrastriate Body area is critical for -Extrastriate Body area (EBA) a.) recognizing any human face b.) recognizing a particular face c.) recognizing faces we have never seen d.) recognizing places and visual landscapes e.) recognizing body parts

e.) recognizing body parts recognizing a body part = recognizing body parts (**TEST Q TRICK: Extrastriate BODY area, recognizes BODY parts, body =in name)

Lower pitched sounds are not used by land animals for location and in echo location because a.) they cause objects in their path to vibrate b.) they are more directional in nature c.) they travel faster d.) they require less energy to produce e.) they are less directional in nature

e.) they are less directional in nature *Higher pitched sounds -More directional in nature --> Used for location --> Used for echo location *Lower pitched sounds -Less directional in nature --> Not used for location --> Not used for echo location

The process of distinguishing where one object ends and the next begins, making edges as clear as possible, is known as ______.

edge detection

Compared to other primates, humans have a noticeably lighter colored sclera (white) in the eye. This is believed to

enhance communication through nonverbal eye movements

animals like a ____ that have eyes in center of their head have the disadvantage of = Animals like a that have eyes on the center of their head have the disadvantage of = Animals that have eyes on the center of their head have the disadvantage of

a narrower field of view

The ideal stimulus for a visually sensitive magnocellular neuron in the LGN would be = The ideal stimulus for a visually sensitive magnocellullar neuron in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus would be a.) a white line with an opposing center and surround b.) a white circle with an opposing center and surround c.) a colored line with an opposing center and surround d.) a colored circle with an opposing center and surround

a white circle with an opposing center and surround or a white line with an opposing center and surround or a moving circle with an opposing center and surround -bc: ganglion cells like (M cells & P cells & K cells) opposing center + surround) -maybe m cells like moving circle with an opposing center and surround (ie center doesnt move, surround moves) -or m cells like a white circle with an opposing center and surround (bc not sensitive to color) *What is an ideal arrangement for a receptive field? -Usually the round shape at the eye = THe round shape at the geniculate -We like an Opposing center and surround --> Whatever is in the center/middle of the donut, we want the opposite thing around in the surround of the donut --> & vice versa: Whatever is in the surround of the donut, we want the opposite thing in the center/middle of the donut

A food company wants to develop a psychological measure to evaluate people's perception of sweetness. What should they do? a. Ask participants to rate a number of levels of sweetness on a numerical scale. b. Ask participants to indicate the sweetest food that they like to eat. c. Ask participants to judge the point at which a drink becomes too sweet. d. Ask participants to judge the amount of capsaicin in the foods they consume.

a. Ask participants to rate a number of levels of sweetness on a numerical scale.

The visual effect of enhanced edges as observed with Mach Bands can be accounted for by: a. lateral inhibition b. horizontal cells c. amacrine cells d. macular degeneration e. color constancy f. the Purkinje shift d. A and B only e. A and C only

f. A and B only = lateral inhibition AND horizontal cells -lateral inhibition AND horizontal cells: account for the visual effect of enhanced edges as observed with Mach Bands -amacrine cells do NOT account for visual effect of enhanced edges as observed with Mach Bands can be accounted for by

Information from the nasal side of the retinae go to the: a. Contralateral side of the optic tract b. Ipsilateral side of the optic tract c. Dorsolateral side of the optic tract d. Inferolateral side of the optic tract

a. Contralateral side of the optic tract

An Orienting tuning curve refers to a graph that: a. Demonstrates the typical response of a simple cell to stimuli or different orientations b. Shows the response of parasol ganglion cells to the presence of achromatic light c. Shows the lowest amplitude of light at magnocellular pathway cells respond to d. All of the above are true.

a. Demonstrates the typical response of a simple cell to stimuli or different orientations

Which neuroimaging technique uses electrodes to determine the time course of perceptual processes? a. EEG b. MEG c. fMRI d. TMS

a. EEG

Which of the following is TRUE of transmagnetic stimulation? a. It induces changes in brain function. b. It picks up continuous electric signal. c. It uses magnetic sensors to detect brain activity. d. It takes a picture every 30 milliseconds.

a. It induces changes in brain function.

Which tract is not sensitive to wavelength differences? a. Magnocellular pathway b. Parvocellular pathway c. Koniocellular pathway d. Ochlearcellular pathway

a. Magnocellular pathway

Why is the location of the optic disc associated with the blind spot? a. Receptor cells are not present in this region. b. There are only cones and no rods in this region. c. The receptors cells do not connect to retinal ganglion cells. d. The retinal ganglion cells are non-functional in this region.

a. Receptor cells are not present in this region.

V1 neurons that respond to stimuli with particular orientations to objects within their receptive field are known as: a. Simple cells b. Complex cells c. Midget cells d. MT cells

a. Simple cells

A psychophysical method in which participants judge and assign numerical estimates to the perceived strength of a stimulus is known as __. a. magnitude estimation b. response compression c. threshold sensitivity d. the signal detection axis

a. magnitude estimation

a. on-center receptive fields

Permanent hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea or auditory nerve is called __ hearing loss. a. sensorineural b. conductive c. innate d. bichromal

a. sensorineural

You are driving a car. As you prepare to turn, you see a motorcycle coming toward you. The motorcycle is likely to appear farther away than it is because it is __. a. smaller than your car b. facing you directly c. moving faster than your car d. moving slower than your car

a. smaller than your car

What is spatial summation? a. the ability to pool light across different regions of space b. the ability to resolve light to particular locations in the visual world c. the process of adapting sensitivity to match visual conditions d. the process of adapting focus based on physical distance

a. the ability to pool light across different regions of space

Perception means ______. a. turning sensory input into meaningful conscious experience b. registering a physical stimulus on our sensory receptors c. using logic to interpret sensory data d. converting auditory input into a visual stimulus

a. turning sensory input into the resulting conscious experience *Perception: turning sensory input into meaningful conscious experience *Sensation: registering of a physical stimulus on our sensory receptors is referred to as SENSATION

In the Aristotle illusion, two crossed fingers are touched by a pencil. Participants observe that ______. a. two points are perceived instead of one b. the pencil feels larger than it is c. the two touches cancel each other out d. the touch is felt only on the bottom finger

a. two points are perceived instead of one

True or False. Studies show there are neurons in the visual system that respond to particular landscapes and objects, and not just any landscape or object a.) True b.) False

a.) True -Higher level specific cortical neurons in the IT cortex (specifically, the inferotemporal cortex of the temporal lobe)

Frequency theory of pitch perception is limited because neurons cannot fire greater than 1000 times per second. This limitation is circumvented by a.) Volley effect/Volley theory b.) Sharpening effect/Sharpening Theory/Lateral Inhibition c.) Basilar specificity d.) Tectorial specificity

a.) Volley effect/Volley theory *Frequency Theory of Pitch Perception 1.) Operates at low frequency/low range tones/low-end tones/base tones and mid-range/mid-end/mid-frequency tones 2.) DOES NOT operate at high frequency/treble tones Vibration = Broad vibration (whole basilar membrane vibrates) 3.) Augmented by VOLLEY THEORY/VOLLEY EFFECT: lateral inhibition

Prey animals like a rabbit that have eyes on the sides of their head have the advantage of = Animals like a rabbit that have eyes on the sides of their head have the advantage of = Animals that have eyes on the sides of their head have the advantage of = Animals like rabbits that have eyes on the sides of their head have the advantage of a.) a wider field of view b.) better binocular vision c.) larger receptive fields within the retina d.) great sensitivity to light e.) better depth perception f.) greater acuity for detail

a.) a wider field of view

The shorter the wavelength of a sound wave, a.) the higher the frequency b.) the lower the frequency c.) the higher the amplitude d.) the lower the amplitude

a.) the higher the frequency **Frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional *The LONGER the wavelength of a sound wave=the HIGHER the wavelength of a sound wave=the LOWER the frequency *The SHORTER the wavelength of a sound wave=the LOWER the wavelength of a sound wave=the HIGHER the frequency

The lower the frequency of a sound wave, a.) the higher the wavelength b.) the lower the lower the wavelength c.) the higher the amplitude d.) the lower the amplitude

a.) the higher the wavelength **Frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional *The LONGER the wavelength of a sound wave=the HIGHER the wavelength of a sound wave=the LOWER the frequency *The SHORTER the wavelength of a sound wave=the LOWER the wavelength of a sound wave=the HIGHER the frequency

A psychophysical method in which a participant is required to report when or where a stimulus occurs instead of whether it was perceived is known as the ______. a.forced-choice method b.open response method c.free-choice method d.closed response method

a.forced-choice method

The registering of a physical stimulus on our sensory receptors is referred to as ______. a.sensation b.perception c.attention d.registration

a.sensation

In the method of constant stimuli, the point where the probability of a "yes" response is equal to the probability of a "no" response would be considered to be the observer's

absolute threshold

Why is the Scoville scale considered a psychophysical scale? a. It measures the relation of velocity to loudness. b. It measures a psychological variable (piquancy) as a function of a physical dimension (the amount of capsaicin). c. It measures a physical variable (the amount of heat) as a function of a sensory dimensions (taste and touch). d. It focuses on the psychological, rather than the physical, experience of consuming hot peppers.

b. It measures a psychological variable (piquancy) as a function of a physical dimension (the amount of capsaicin).

According to evidence using Stevens' power law (the formula): a. The exponent for "brightness" sensing is greater than one b. The exponent for "pain" sensing is greater than one c. Both a and b d. None of the above

b. The exponent for "PAIN" sensing is GREATER THAN one (Pain sensing exponent = 3.5 > 1) -AND: The exponent for "BRIGHTNESS" sensing is LESS THAN than one

Artist Bev Doolittle paints pictures of horses in snow. What do these painting show about human perception? a. We struggle to identify shapes if we are not told what to see. b. We use our knowledge to discern camouflaged shapes. c. Our perception is influenced by our biases, even when we try to be objective. d. Our ability to differentiate between objects is affected by our vantage point.

b. We use our knowledge to discern camouflaged shapes.

What is electromagnetic energy? a. the prions that make up visual particles b. a form of energy that includes light that is both a wave and a particle c. a form of energy that produces both visual and auditory experiences d. the neural basis for all sensation and perception

b. a form of energy that includes light that is both a wave and a particle

The inability of sound to be transmitted to the cochlea is known as ______ hearing loss. a. sensorineural b. conductive c. innate d. bichromal

b. conductive

The mathematical measure of sensitivity in signal-detection theory is known as ______. a. the cost coefficient b. d-prime c. alpha d. the ROC curve

b. d-prime = d'

Hubel and Wiesel used single-cell recording to ______. a. uncover the basic organization of the olfactory system b. determine the function of individual neurons in mammalian visual cortex c. determine the rate at which information moves across synapses in the mammalian visual cortex d. uncover the role of dopamine and other neurotransmitters in perceptual processes

b. determine the function of individual neurons in mammalian visual cortex

The doctrine that there are functionally two distinct ways in which our eyes work, the photopic, associated with the cones, and the scotopic, associated with the rods, is known as the ______ theory of vision. a. Young-Helmholtz b. duplex c. inverse d. retinal-macular

b. duplex

What is the goal of lateral inhibition? a. mediating on-center surround cells b. facilitating edge detection c. overriding illusory processes d. integrating figure and ground

b. facilitating edge detection

In order to design safer self-driving cars, it would be most useful for engineers to understand ______. a. the history of sensation and perception research b. how human eyes and brains work c. the systemic biases that human drivers share d. the relative sizes of different objects

b. how human eyes and brains work

Which of the following is the most likely application of sensation and perception research? a. developing a more efficient car engine b. inventing a safer self-driving car c. creating an alternative to gasoline d. building more fuel-efficient vehicles

b. inventing a safer self-driving car

Harry is a 90-year-old man. He shows impaired visual acuity and color vision in both eyes, though his peripheral vision is unimpaired. He has difficulties reading even with powerful reading glasses. Your diagnosis? a. retinitis pigmentosa b. macular degeneration c. cataracts d. heterochromia

b. macular degeneration

What is the point of subjective equality? a. the point at which the method of limits generates the same responses as the method of adjustment b. the point at which observers experience two different stimuli as being identical c. the point at which subject estimates correspond to objective measures d. the point at which the sensation of piquancy transforms from pleasant to unpleasant

b. the point at which observers experience two different stimuli as being identical

The ecological approach to perception finds fault with experiments that ______. a. focus on audition because vision is more important b. use laboratory stimuli that do not correspond to real-world stimuli c. use neuroimaging technology to study perceptual phenomena d. focus on physiological rather than psychological processes

b. use laboratory stimuli that do not correspond to real-world stimuli

Karin has trouble seeing at night. It is possible that she is suffering from a deficiency of ______. a. opsin b. vitamin A c. vitamin D d. photons

b. vitamin A

"The whole is greater than the sum of the parts" is attributed to this type of Psychology a. Structuralism b. Gestalt c. Functionalism d. Behaviors

b. Gestalt

The saying "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" is most related to a. Structuralism b. Gestalt psychology c. Functionalism d. Direct perception

b. Gestalt psychology

In the video "Sensation and Perception" from class (part of the Discovering Psychology video series), you saw a description of the research done by ___, who mapped the neural pathways for receptor cells in vision. a. Haber and Warner b. Hubel and Wiesel c. Hertzog and Wentworth d. Skinner and Watson

b. Hubel and Wiesel

If a psychophysics measure is better at distinguishing the signal from noise (compared to a different measure), then sensitivity will be __ and d' will be ___ a. Larger; smaller b. Larger; larger c. Smaller; smaller d. Smaller; larger

b. Larger; larger *1 measure =Better at distinguishing the signal from noise THAN DIFF MEASURE -Higher/Larger Sensitivity = Higher/Larger d' -d-prime = d' = The mathematical measure of sensitivity in signal-detection theory (SO higher d' = higher sensitivity)

Where is the convergence the least in the visual system ? a. Fovea b. Macula = Macula lutea c. Retina d. Optic disk = Optic disc = Blind Spot e. Periphery

b. Macula = Macula lutea *Convergence = the GREATEST in periphery *Convergence = the LEAST in Macula = Macula lutea

The left side of V1 receives input: a. Primarily from the right side of the LGN b. Primarily from the left side of the LGN c. From both sides of LGN in equal amounts d. Directly from the cones in the retinae, but not from the rods

b. Primarily from the left side of the LGN

There is a point-by-point relation between the retina and the V1, as seen on a topographic map. This is known as a: a. Cortical magnification b. Retinotopic map c. Spatial analogs d. Foveal amplification

b. Retinotopic map

Patient TN had successive strokes that lesioned his V1 region in both hemispheres. As a result: a. TN has object agonsia b. TN is phenomenologically blind, but makes visual responses, such as avoiding objects c. TN shows partial vision, but only in the periphery and not in the fovea, consistent with a patient with macular degeneration d. TN sees the world as if it was a series of still photographs presented one after the other

b. TN is phenomenologically blind, but makes visual responses, such as avoiding objects

Within the same modality, the smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected is known as the ___=Within the same modality, the smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected is known as ___ a. D-prime b. The JND/JND = The Just Noticeable Difference/Just Noticeable Difference = The Difference Threshold/Difference Threshold c. The Absolute threshold/Absolute threshold d. The Remarkable difference/Remarkable difference e. A & B only f. B & C only

b. The JND/JND = The Just Noticeable Difference/Just Noticeable Difference = The Difference Threshold/Difference Threshold

The allocation of more space in the cortex to some sensory receptors than to others is known as __. a. foveal amplification b. cortical magnification c. occipital dominance d. striate precedence

b. cortical magnification

b. duplex *Duplex Theory/Duplex Retina Theory -•Scotopic vision- Rods; black vision/white vision; dim illumination; found in periphery; 120 million -Photopic vision- Cones; color vision; normal/bright illumination; found in fovea; 5 million

Professor Everdine has devised a scale to examine people's perception of saltiness. She finds that for every milligram of salt added, the perception of saltiness increases fourfold. That is, the perception of saltiness increases faster than the actual increase in salt. This finding illustrates response __. a. compression b. expansion c. subtraction d. addition

b. expansion

Keyon enjoys exploring caves. Upon emerging from a very dark cave, he squints at first, but then he adjusts to the bright sunshine. This process is known as __ adaptation. a. dark b. light c. transition d. gradient

b. light

b. macular degeneration

The bilateral structure in the brainstem that is made mostly of axons is known as the ______. a. internuclear ophthalmoplegia b. medial longitudinal fasciculus c. scotoma d. optic chiasm

b. medial longitudinal fasciculus

You stare at a downward-moving escalator for some time, then look at a black suitcase sitting stationary on the floor. Most likely, the suitcase will appear to be ______. a. colored b. moving upward c. moving downward d. wobbly

b. moving upward

b. off-center receptive fields

Which term describes our subjective experience of perception? a. action b. phenomenology c. reception d. cognitive penetrations

b. phenomenology

What is the Purkinje shift? a. the observation that photopic vision is less sensitive to color than scotopic vision b. the observation that long wavelength light excites the L-cone more than short-wavelength light does c. the observation that short wavelengths tend to be relatively brighter than long wavelengths in scotopic vision compared to photopic vision d. the observation that people with color deficiencies shift to greater dependence on scotopic at higher light levels than people with normal color vision

c. the observation that short wavelengths tend to be relatively brighter than long wavelengths in scotopic vision compared to photopic vision

Ali has damage to her visual cortex, but is able to navigate a cluttered hallway safely although she claims it as luck rather than being aware of objects in her path. This phenomenon is called __________ and is likely explained by 10% of optic nerve fibers that travel to the ________.

blindsight; superior colliculus

What is physicist Thomas Young (1773-1829) known for? a. the doctrine of specific nerve energies b. the discovery of the sensory experience known as motion aftereffect c. the view that three nerve fibers are responsible for color vision d. the first acuity test for vision

c. the view that three nerve fibers are responsible for color vision

Why are sensation and perception studied by psychologists? a. to understand how mood disorders arise from deficits in perception b. because biologists tend to shy away from neuroscience issues c. to understand how our brains make sense of the world around us d. because biology has little effect on sensation or perception

c. to understand how our brains make sense of the world around us

Wanda is smelling coffee. The receptor cells in Wanda's nose are ______. a. converting light waves into an olfactory experience b. responding to signals produced by the vestibular system c. transducing the presence of airborne chemicals into a neural signal d. interrupting the normal sequence of mental operations

c. transducing the presence of airborne chemicals into a neural signal

A central goal of our perceptual processes is producing a ______ representation. a. quick b. pleasing c. truthful d. creative

c. truthful

A column within V1 that is made up of neurons that receive input from only the left eye or only the right eye is called: = A column within V1 that is made up of neurons that receive input from only the left eye or only the right eye is called a(n) ___ column a. V1 neuron column b. Contralateral column c. Ocular dominance column d. Ipsilateral column

c. Ocular dominance column

A column within V2 that is made up of neurons that receive input from only the left eye or only the right eye is called a(n) __ column. = A column within V2 that is made up of neurons that receive input from only the left eye or only the right eye is called: a. V neuron column b. Contalateral neuron column c. Ocular dominance column d. Ipsilateral column

c. Ocular dominance column

Which of the following is TRUE of visual acuity in infants? a. Most infants are born with 20/20 vision. b. Most infants develop 20/20 vision within the first year of life. c. Infants' vision is poor at birth but develops rapidly in the first year of life. d. Infants' vision is poor at birth and remains so throughout the first three years of life.

c. Infants' vision is poor at birth but develops rapidly in the first year of life.

In the video "Sensation and Perception" from class (part of the Discovering Psychology video series), vision perception was described. Specifically, when you view a scene, is it represented upside down on your _________________ a. Pupil b. Cornea c. Retina d. Iris

c. Retina

The smallest amount of a stimulus necessary to allow an observer to detect its presence is known as the ______ threshold. a. complete b. partial c. absolute d. relative

c. absolute (absolute threshold)

Damage to area V1 in patient DB's occipital cortex resulted in ______. a. a condition known as apraxia b. a condition known as visual agnosia c. blindness in certain parts of the visual field d. no behavioral changes

c. blindness in certain parts of the visual field

According the size-arrival effect, larger objects are perceived as ______. a. moving faster b. moving slower c. closer to the viewer d. farther from the viewer

c. closer to the viewer

Dr. Chudnofsky is interested in the smallest differences in the wavelength of light and the ability of humans to detect these differences. He should therefore design an experiment that will look at ______. a. correct rejections b. absolute thresholds c. difference thresholds d. false alarms

c. difference thresholds

The signal produced by receptor cells that can then be sent to the brain is known as the ______. a. perceptual attribute b. perceptual absolute c. neural signal d. transduction signal

c. neural signal

The ______ is a structure in the brain stem that receives information directly from the optic nerve and seems to control involuntary orientation and eye movements.

superior colliculus

In signal detection theory, if the cost of a false alarm is very high and the risk of a miss is very low, the criterion will be set ______. a. very low to maximize hits b. very high to maximize hits c. very low to maximize correct rejections d. very high to maximize correct rejections e. very low to minimize false alarms f. very high to minimize false alarms g. very low to minimize misses h. very high to minimize misses

very high to minimize false alarms (or to maximize correct rejections) -bc: ok to increase misses, not a high risk to miss

In signal detection theory, if the cost of a miss is very low and the risk of a false alarm is very high, the criterion will be set ______. a. very low to maximize hits b. very high to maximize hits c. very low to maximize correct rejections d. very high to maximize correct rejections e. very low to minimize false alarms f. very high to minimize false alarms g. very low to minimize misses h. very high to minimize misses

very high to minimize false alarms (or very high to maximize correct rejections) **very low criterion (when goal = maximize hits) -to maximize hits (increased hits) -to minimize misses (decrease misses), so good to do this when cost of a miss = very high -cost = will also increase false alarms, so good to do this when risk of a false alarm = very low -cost = decreased correct rejections, **very high citerion -to maximize correct rejections (increase correct rejections) -to minimize false alarms (decrease false alarms), so good to do this when risk of a false alarm = very high -cost = will also increase misses, so good to do this when cost of a miss = very low -cost = decreased hits, so good to do this when don't need to get a hit as much

In signal detection theory, if the cost of a false alarm is very low and the risk of a miss is very high, the criterion will be set ______. a. very low to maximize hits b. very high to maximize hits c. very low to maximize correct rejections d. very high to maximize correct rejections e. very low to minimize false alarms f. very high to minimize false alarms g. very low to minimize misses h. very high to minimize misses

very low to maximize hits (or very low to minimize misses) -bc: ok to increase false alarms, not a high risk to have false alarm

The research of Hubel and Wiesel showed that infant kittens raised without seeing horizontal lines could

not detect horizontal lines as an adult

Area V1 is located in the ________ and the left side of V1 receives input primarily from the ________ of the LGN.

occipital lobe; left side

The part of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye and heads to the brain; along the optic disc, there are no receptor cells

optic disc

As Sonya moves forward in a field, the cow in front of her appears larger. Sonya is using a motion depth cue called ______.

optic flow

A pathway characterized by the retinal ganglion cells known as midget retinal ganglion cells and associated with high acuity is the ______ pathway.

parvocellular

Which depth cues are often used by painters to make a painting appear to have depth

pictorial cues

Hubel and Wiesel used ______ as subjects

cats

AQ model that allows for top-down control of the pain signal coming up the spinal cord is known as the:

C) Gate control theory of pain

When a driver is suspected of driving under the influence of alcohol, a field sobriety test is given. This is because:

C) Inaccuracy in this test sugests that alcohol consumption has compromised the functioning of the propioception system

The ventral somatosensory system is associated with:

C) The "what" system, allows us to recognize input from the somatosensory system (temporal lobe) ??

True or False: All information from the retina first goes to the pineal gland before the LGN?

FALSE -Bc most information from the retina first goes to the OPTIC CHIASM before the LGN *In the visual system, the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the dorsal thalamus is the gateway through which visual information reaches the cerebral cortex. *From the cornea, the light passes through the pupil. The iris, or the colored part of your eye, controls the amount of light passing through. From there, it then hits the lens. This is the clear structure inside the eye that focuses light rays onto the retina. *Visual processing and, ultimately, visual fields begin in the retina. Light enters the eye; passes through the cornea, anterior chamber, lens, and vitreous; and finally reaches the photoreceptor cells of the retina. *Visual information originates in the retina and is first sent to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus by the axons of retinal ganglion cells. The LGN is a deep brain structure not visible in the picture. From there information is sent to area V1 of visual cortex, located close to the occipital pole.

True or False: Just under 75% of axons from the optic nerve make their way to the LGN of the thalamus.=Just under 75% of axons from the optic tract make their way to the LGN of the thalamus.=Just under 75% of axons from the optic tracts make their way to the LGN of the thalamus.

FALSE *RATHER: 90% of axons from the optic nerve make their way to the LGN of the thalamus.

True or False: Retinotopic mapping refers to the organization of the information of the receptors in the retina, but this organization is lost after the LGN?

FALSE Retinotopic mapping refers to the organization of the information of the receptors in the retina, and this organization continuous after the LGN to V1 in the occipital cortex - Throughout the visual pathway, there is a retinotopic organization whereby axons from specific regions of the retina project to a specific area of the LGN and also the occipital cortex. *Cortical magnification -The allocation of more space in the cortex to some sensory receptors than to others and that the fovea has a larger cortical area than the periphery in V1 *Retinotopic mapping -Point-by-point relation between the retina and the V1 point-by-point relation between the retina and the V1, as seen on a topographic map. **LAMINAR ORGANIZATION: THE RETINA (**TEST Q: CELL NEURO) Photoreceptors (rods & cones) : Outer nuclear layer nuclear layer --> Bipolar cells /Bipolar neurons: Outer plexiform layer ---> Horizontal cells (lateral information flow): Inner nuclear layer --> Amacrine cells: Inner plexiform layer --> Ganglion cells: Ganglion cell layer *The retina has a counterintuitive organization - the photoreceptors = rods and cones (the cells that actually respond to light) are arranged at the back of the retina - When light comes in, light has to pass through the ganglion cells through, the bipolar cells and then onto the rods and cones (light hits photoreceptors last on way in) -The signal from the rods and cones (photoreceptors) comes beck through the bipolar cells to the ganglion cells

True or False: All information from the right eye goes to the left half of the brain = All information from the left eye goes to the right half of the brain

FALSE (MOST, but not all!!) *Axons in the optic nerve run a straight course to the optic chiasm at the base of the diencephalon. -In humans, about 60% of these fibers cross in the optic chiasm = nasal fibers = nasal retina fibers = contralateral fiebrs -while the other 40% continue toward the thalamus and midbrain targets on the same side.= temporal retina fibers = temporal fibers = ipsilateral fibers

True or False: All information from the optic nerve goes to the LGN=All information from the optic tract goes to the LGN=All information from the optic tracts goes to the LGN=All information from the optic nerve goes to the LGN=All information from the optic tract goes to the optic chiasm and then the LGN=All information from the optic tracts goes to the optic chiasm and then the LGN

FALSE (Most = 90%, but not all)

True or False: Your fovea contains mostly rods/Your fovea contains only rods

FALSE (fovea = cones vs. periphery = rods)

True or False: Your periphery contains mostly cones/Your periphery contains only cones

FALSE (fovea = cones vs. periphery = rods)

True or False: Your fovea contains about half rods and half cones t/f?

FALSE (fovea contains mostly cones/only cones)

True or False: Most information from the right eye goes to the right half of the brain = Most information from the left eye goes to the left half of the brain =60% of information from the right eye goes to the right half of the brain = 60% of information from the left eye goes to the left half of the brain

FALSE (less ipsilateral, more contralateral)

True or False: 40% of information from the right eye goes to the left half of the brain = 40% of information from the left eye goes to the right half of the brain

FALSE (more contralateral, less ipsilateal, should be 60%, not 40%)

The protein portion of a photopigment that captures the photon of light and begins the processor transduction; it is the variation in opsin that determines the type of visual receptor

Opsin

Optic chiasm; Nasal retina

The part of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye and heads to the brain; along the ____, there are no receptor cells

Optic disc/Optic disk/Blind spot

An opening in the middle of the iris

Pupil

In lecture, a study by Hogan et al. (2001) from the Journal of Sleep Research was described. The study involved depriving kittens of one stage of sleep. The conclusion was that ______ sleep is critical in normal vision development, specifically LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus) development.

REM

If you record the activity of every cell in the LGN, you could approximately tell what shapes people were looking at t/f?

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: Retinotopic mapping refers to the organization of the information of the receptors in the retina, and this organization continuous after the LGN to V1 in the occipital cortex

TRUE

The optic chiasm occurs before the LGN t/f?

TRUE

True or False. Prior experience, cultural factors, and hunger level can have a significant effect on the appreciation of a taste flavor

TRUE

True or False: Most information from the optic nerve goes to the LGN=Most information from the optic tract goes to the LGN=Most information from the optic tracts goes to the LGN=90% information from the optic nerve goes to the LGN=90% information from the optic tract goes to the LGN=90% information from the optic tracts goes to the LGN=Most information from the optic nerve goes to the optic chiasm and then the LGN=Most information from the optic tract goes to the optic chiasm and then the LGN=Most information from the optic tracts goes to the optic chiasm and then the LGN=90% information from the optic nerve goes to the optic chiasm and then the LGN=90% information from the optic tract goes to the optic chiasm and then the LGN=90% information from the optic tracts goes to the optic chiasm and then the LGN

True or False: Some information from the optic nerve goes to the frontal eye field region instead of the LGN=Some information from the optic tract goes to the frontal eye field region instead of LGN=Some information from the optic tracts goes to the frontal eye field region instead of LGN= Some information from the optic nerve goes to the optic chiasm and then the frontal eye field region=Some information from the optic tract goes to the optic chiasm and then the frontal eye field region=Some information from the optic tracts goes to the optic chiasm and then the frontal eye field region

True or False: Some information from the optic nerve goes to the pineal gland instead of the LGN=Some information from the optic tract goes to the pineal gland instead of LGN=Some information from the optic tracts goes to the pineal gland instead of LGN= Some information from the optic nerve goes to the optic chiasm and then the pineal gland =Some information from the optic tract goes to the optic chiasm and then the pineal gland=Some information from the optic tracts goes to the optic chiasm and then the pineal gland

True or False: Some information from the optic nerve goes to the superior colliculus instead of the LGN=Some information from the optic tract goes to the superior colliculus instead of LGN=Some information from the optic tracts goes to the superior colliculus instead of LGN= Some information from the optic nerve goes to the optic chiasm and then the superior colliculus =Some information from the optic tract goes to the optic chiasm and then the superior colliculus=Some information from the optic tracts goes to the optic chiasm and then the superior colliculus

True or False: The lateral geniculate nucleus has both magnocellular and parvocellular layers

TRUE *The LGN has BOTH magnocellular layers AND parvocellular layers

True or False: Cats eyes shine in the dark because they are missing what's know as the retinal pigment epithelium t/f?

TRUE (have bilateral arrangement)

True or False: Some information from the right eye goes to the right half of the brain = Some information from the left eye goes to the left half of the brain =40% of information from the right eye goes to the right half of the brain = 40% of information from the left eye goes to the left half of the brain

TRUE (less ipsilateral, more contralateral)

True or False: Most information from the right eye goes to the left half of the brain = Most information from the left eye goes to the right half of the brain =60% of information from the right eye goes to the left half of the brain = 60% of information from the left eye goes to the right half of the brain=Some information from the right eye goes to the left half of the brain = Some information from the left eye goes to the right half of the brain

TRUE (more contralateral, less ipsilateral)

Bob and Caroline are sitting next to each other while watching a tennis match. What is one reason that they might disagree on a judge's call, based on principles of perception? a. Because each is cheering for a different player, their perceptions of the match are affected. b. Because they see the play from very different angles, they interpret it differently. c. Because vision and emotion are casually linked, their visual experiences of the match are affected. d. Because watching sports causes different neurons to fire in male and female brains, they experience the event differently.

a. Because each is cheering for a different player, their perceptions of the match are affected.

Which of the following statements about neuroscience is TRUE? a. It is interested in the cellular level. b. It envisions the brain as a giant computer. c. It focuses on the whole rather than its parts. d. It is primarily concerned with a single region of the brain.

a. It is interested in the cellular level.

a. Receptor cells are not present in this region.

What is retinal? a. a derivative of vitamin A b. a protein found in cones c. a wall dividing the lens and the retina d. a muscle attaching the retina to the lens

a. a derivative of vitamin A

In absolute threshold detection experiments, the crossover point is defined as the point at which ______. a. a person is first able to detect a stimulus b. a person ceases to detect a stimulus c. all stimuli in a sequence will be correctly detected d. the number of hits and false alarms doubles

a. a person is first able to detect a stimulus

A method whereby an observer controls the level of the stimulus and sets it at the perceptual threshold is known as the method of ______. a. adjustment b. constant stimuli c. thresholds d. limits

a. adjustment

A condition in which incoming light focuses behind the retina, leading to difficulty focusing on close-up objects, common in older adults, in whom the lens becomes less elastic, is known as ______. a. presbyopia b. myopia c. cataracts d. macular degeneration

a. presbyopia

What diagnosis might a patient receive after a test of visual acuity? a. presbyopia b. macular degeneration c. retinopathy d. conjunctivitis

a. presbyopia

Masking experiments require participants to determine whether a stimulus is ______. a. present b. pleasant c. strong or weak d. increasing or decreasing

a. present

Rocio enjoys star-gazing. When using a flashlight to look at her star chart on a dark but clear light, she should use a flashlight with ______. a. red light because red light least interferes with scotopic vision b. blue light because blue light has higher reflectance values c. a broad range of wavelengths to compensate for the low ambient light level d. green light, as green closely corresponds to the wavelengths emitted by stars

a. red light because red light least interferes with scotopic vision

A marathon runner finishing a race can feel both pain and exhilaration because ______. a. senses are interpreted in the context in which they are experienced b. exhaustion causes the body to misinterpret sensory data c. pain can be either an internal or an external stimulus d. sense experience is altered by extreme physical exertion

a. senses are interpreted in the context in which they are experienced

Time to collision is ______. a. the estimate of when an approaching object will contact another b. the likelihood that a moving object will self-destruct c. the idea that the further an object is away from you, the closer it appears d. the idea that when two objects collide, we perceive one as faster than the other

a. the estimate of when an approaching object will contact another

In two-point thresholds across the skin, one measures ______. a. the minimum distance at which two touches are perceived as two touches and not one b. the maximum distance at which two touches are perceived as two touches and not one c. the minimum distance at which one touch is perceived as two touches d. only the maximum distance for touches in the most sensitive areas of the skin

a. the minimum distance at which two touches are perceived as two touches and not one

A participant in a psychophysical experiment on sound detection is asked to respond to the lowest intensity sound he can hear at a particular frequency. That sound is his a. Absolute threshold b. Difference threshold = JND = Just noticeable difference c. D-prime d. JND = Difference threshold = JND

a. Absolute threshold *Jaime is a participant in a psychophysical experiment on sound detection. He is asked to determine the softest sound he can hear at a particular frequency. That sound is his ______. -Absolute threshold *The smallest amount of a stimulus necessary to allow an observer to detect its presence is known as the ______ threshold. -Absolute threshold

Items appear more distinct perceptually than they are physically. This is illustrated by _______________ and indicates _______________ this type of processing = Touches appear more distinct perceptually than they are physically. This is illustrated by _______________ and indicates _______________ this type of processing a. Aristotle illusion; bottom-up c. Aristotle illusion; top-down c. Mach Bands; bottom-up d. Mach Bands; top-down

a. Aristotle illusion; bottom-up •Humans have always wondered about the world around us •Aristotle illusion •Motion aftereffect •The doctrine of specific nerve energies 1.7 LO 1.4: Illustrate the history of the study of sensation and perception. *Aristotle Illusion -In the illustration, we see two crossed fingers and a pencil touching in the middle. In this illusion, we feel as if we have been touched by two pencils rather than one. -A single touch between the tips of two crossed fingers, say with a pen, will be experienced as if there were two touches, as if there were two pens and not a single one (ISLE 1.5). -You can experience the illusion very simply by crossing your index and middle finger (Figure 1.9). --> Then pick up a pencil and touch the place just where the two fingers meet. You probably experience two touches (as there is one touch to each finger) that feel like two pencils. The Aristotle illusion is relevant to material discussed in Chapter 14. -Phantom limb syndrome: --> In their view, the area normally responsible for feeling on the face starts to draw on areas that are otherwise dormant because they are not receiving signals from a hand no longer present. --> However, because the rest of the brain is functioning on the assumption that the area responsible for the hand is perceiving sensation from the hand, the touching of the face causes the experience of having one's missing hand touched. --> Initially, this sensation may be disturbing to patients, but they get used to it. In some cases, however, patients may continue to have illusions of feeling in their missing hands. This explanation is very similar to the explanation for Aristotle's illusion (review ISLE 14.2). You can also see Professor *Waterfall illusion = Motion Aftereffect A motion aftereffect is a sensory experience that occurs after prolonged experience of visual motion in one particular direction (previous experience with a stimulus). After watching the constant downward motion of a waterfall, the motion detectors in our brains adapt or tire in response to the downward motion (have ongoing brain activity/enhancement). When we look away from the waterfall, upward motion detectors become active, and we experience the illusion that whatever stationary object we are looking at is moving upward.

The koniocellular layer of the LGN receive input from: a. Bistratified retinal ganglion cells b. Parisol retinal ganglion cells c. Midget retinal ganglion cells d. Giant retinal ganglion cells

a. Bistratified retinal ganglion cells

In signal detection theory, an internal cutoff above which the observer makes one response and below which the observer makes another response is known as a ______. =In signal detection theory, an observer sets an internal cutoff point which can be adjusted for different situations. This cutoff point serves as the threshold for texting the stimulus and is known as a. The criterion b. d-prime c. the JND = difference threshold = just-noticeable difference d. cognitive penetration e. threshold f. absolute threshold g. limit h. series

a. The criterion -ALSO: Internal cutoff point: In signal detection theory, an internal cutoff above which the observer makes one response and below which the observer makes another response

What is remarkable about Kanizsa's triangle? a. The triangle is seen because we perceive edges that are not present. b. The triangle is physically presented but masked so that it is not seen. c. The triangle appears to fade in and out when you stare at it. d. The triangle appears to be in motion even though it is not.

a. The triangle is seen because we perceive edges that are not present.

True or False: Cortical magnification is the allocation of more space in the cortex to some sensory receptors than to others; the fovea has a larger cortical area than the periphery. a. True b. False

a. True

A plot of false alarms versus hits for any given sensitivity, indicating all possible outcomes for a given sensitivity, is known as __. a. a ROC curve b. a noise plot c. criterion processing d. object-substitution masking

a. a ROC curve

The process of adjusting the lens of the eye so that both near and far objects can be seen clearly is __. a. accommodation b. the pupillary reflex c. macular closure d. dark adaptation

a. accommodation

A radiologist screening mammograms to detect breast cancer in a high-risk patient is likely to __. a. adopt a low criterion because she does not want signal-detection misses b. adopt a high criterion because she does not want many signal-detection false alarms c. do everything she can to decrease sensitivity so as to create more correct rejections d. do everything she can to increase sensitivity so as to create fewer false alarms

a. adopt a low criterion because she does not want signal-detection misses

What is prosopagnosia? a. an acquired deficit in face perception because of brain damage b. the complete loss of the somatosensory system c. blindness due to brain damage d. a condition that develops after extended exposure to fMRI fields

a. an acquired deficit in face perception because of brain damage

Humans must choose which stimuli to focus on. Important or interesting stimuli that stand out to us are known as ______ stimuli.=Humans must choose which stimuli to focus on. Important or interesting stimuli that stand out to us are the result of ______ stimuli.=Humans must choose which stimuli to focus on. Interesting or important stimuli that stand out to us are known as ______ stimuli.=Humans must choose which stimuli to focus on. Interesting or important stimuli that stand out to us are the result of ______ stimuli. a. attended b. potential c. internal d. favored

a. attended

Humans must choose which stimuli to focus on. Important or interesting stimuli that stand out to us are the result of ______ stimuli. a. attended b. potential c. internal d. favored

a. attended

The largest power function exponent is found for which of these modalities? a. brightness b. loudness c. heaviness d. pain-electric shock = pain by electric shock e. sweetness f. apparent length

a. brightness -Power exponent = smallest 1 = below 1 = brightness exponent (power exponent = 0.3)

The photoreceptors in the fovea of the retina, which are responsible for color vision and our high visual acuity, are called __. a. cones b. rods c. maculae d. ganglia

a. cones

The smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected is known as the ______. a. difference threshold = JND = Just noticeable difference b. absolute threshold c. just observable difference d. remarkable difference

a. difference threshold = JND = Just noticeable difference

Bacon said "Man can know so much only as he has observed in the course of nature." This position would best support: a. direct perception b. intelligent perception c. biological reductionism d. cognitive penetration

a. direct perception

Karwan is a participant in a psychophysical experiment on visual detection. He is shown a mix of near-threshold stimuli with stimulus-absent catch trials. When Karwan indicates that he did see a light that was actually present, he is making a __. a. hit b. correct rejection c. miss d. false alarm

a. hit

In signal detection theory, if the cost of a miss is very high and the risk of a false alarm is very low, the criterion will be set ______. a. very low to maximize hits b. very high to maximize hits c. very low to maximize correct rejections d. very high to maximize correct rejections e. very low to minimize false alarms f. very high to minimize false alarms g. very low to minimize misses term-397 h. very high to minimize misses

a. very low to maximize hits (or very low to minimize misses) -cost = increase false alarms (but not high risk anyway) -cost = decreased correct rejections **very low criterion (when goal = maximize hits) -to maximize hits (increased hits) -to minimize misses (decrease misses), so good to do this when cost of a miss = very high -cost = will also increase false alarms, so good to do this when risk of a false alarm = very low -cost = decreased correct rejections, **very high citerion -to maximize correct rejections (increase correct rejections) -to minimize false alarms (decrease false alarms), so good to do this when risk of a false alarm = very high -cost = will also increase misses, so good to do this when cost of a miss = very low -cost = decreased hits, so good to do this when don't need to get a hit as much **ROC curves (Figure 4) are plotted with the false alarm rate on the horizontal axis and the hit rate on the vertical axis. The figure shows several different ROC curves, each corresponding to a different signal strength. *Just pay attention to one of them (the curve labeled d'=1) for the time being. -If the criterion is very high, then both the false alarm rate and the hit rate will be very low, putting you somewhere near the lower left corner of the ROC graph. -If the criterion is very low, then both the hit rate and the false alarm rate will be very high, putting you somewhere near the upper right corner of the graph. -For an intermediate choice of criterion, the hit rate and false alarm rate will take on intermediate values. The ROC curve characterizes the choices available to the doctor. They may set the criterion anywhere, but any choice that they make will land them with a hit and false alarm rate somewhere on the ROC curve. Notice also that for any reasonable choice of criterion, the hit rate is always larger than the false alarm rate, so the ROC curve is bowed upward. **Suppose that the doctor chooses a low criterion (Figure 3, top), so that they respond "yes'' to almost everything. -Then they will never miss a tumor when it is present (low miss rate) -and they will therefore have a very high hit rate. **On the other hand, saying "yes'' to almost everything will greatly increase the number of false alarms (potentially leading to unnecessary surgeries). -Thus, there is a clear cost to increasing the number of hits, and that cost is paid in terms of false alarms. If the doctor chooses a high criterion (Figure 3, bottom) then they respond "no'' to almost everything. They will rarely make a false alarm, but they will also miss many real tumors. **Notice that there is no way that the doctor can set their criterion to achieve only hits and no false alarms. The message that you should be taking home from this is that it is inevitable that some mistakes will be made. Because of the noise it is simply a true, undeniable fact that the internal responses on noise-alone trials may exceed the internal responses on signal-plus-noise trials in some instances. Thus, a doctor cannot always be right. They can adjust the kind of errors that they make by manipulating their criterion, the one part of this diagram that is under their control.

How many years did it take to build the ancient Greek building the Parthenon? a.) 9 b.) 12 c.) 15 d.) 18

a.) 9 -**TEST Q TRICK: Parthenon = ParthaNINE

For which sound source would the difference in arrival time between the two ears be the greatest? a.) 90 deg right azimuth=90 degree right azimuth b.) 170 deg right azimuth=170 degree right azimuth c.) 0 deg right azimuth=0 degree right azimuth d.) 45 deg right azimuth=45 degree right azimuth

a.) 90 deg right azimuth=90 degree right azimuth

Sharks can sense electrical fields around them. The sensory structures for this are a.) Ampullae of Lorenzini b.) Glomerulus of Epithelium = Glomerulus of Olfactory Epithelium c.) Otolith of Endolymph c.) Bulb in Piriform = Bulb in Pyriform = Bulb in Cortex = Olfactory Bulb in Piriform = Olfactory Bulb in Pyriform = Olfactory Bulb in Cortex

a.) Ampullae of Lorenzini

The pathway for the touch and pressure that travels up the spinal column is known as the ______.=The pathway for the mechanoreceptors (touch) and proprioceptors (pressure) that travels up the ipsilateral side of the spinal column is known as: = The pathway for the pressure and touch that travels up the spinal column is known as the ______.=The pathway for the proprioceptors (pressure) and mechanoreceptors (touch) that travels up the ipsilateral side of the spinal column is known as: a.) Dorsal column medial-lemniscal pathway = Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway b.) Ventral column anterior-spiral pathway = Ventral column-anterior spiral pathway c.) A-delta fiber tract d.) Spinothalamic pathway

a.) Dorsal column medial-lemniscal pathway = Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway

The practice in architecture of intentionally building curved lines such that they appear straight is known as ___ a.) Entasis b.) Pragnanz/Second order contours/Second contours/Illusory contours c.) Accretion (& Occlusion/Interposition) d.) Stereopsis/Fusion

a.) Entasis

Retinal ganglion cells that increase their firing rate (excitation) when light is presented in the middle of the receptive field and decrease (inhibition) their firing rate when light is presented in the outside or surrounding of the receptive field are known as ____ = Retinal ganglion neurons that increase their firing rate (excitation) when light is presented in the middle of the receptive field and decrease (inhibition) their firing rate when light is presented in the outside or surrounding of the receptive field are known as ____=Retinal ganglion cells that increase their firing rate (excitation) when light is presented in the middle of the receptive field and decrease (inhibition) their firing rate when light is presented in the outside or surround of the receptive field are known as ____ = Retinal ganglion neurons that increase their firing rate (excitation) when light is presented in the middle of the receptive field and decrease (inhibition) their firing rate when light is presented in the outside or surround of the receptive field are known as ____ a.) On-center receptive fields b.) Off-center receptive fields c.) Modulated-center receptive fields d.) Switch-center receptive fields

a.) On-center receptive fields *Off-center receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells/retinal ganglion neurons -decrease their firing rate (inhibition) when light is presented in the middle of the receptive field -increase their firing rate (excitation) when light is presented in the outside or surrounding of the receptive field *On-center receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells/retinal ganglion neurons -increase their firing rate (excitation) when light is presented in the middle of the receptive field -decrease their firing rate (inhibition) when light is presented in the outside or surrounding of the receptive field

Traveling waves on the basilar membrane a.) Reach maximum amplitude at the apex for low frequency sounds b.) Start at the apex and travel towards the base c.) Are most intense for complex sounds d.) Reach maximum amplitude at the base for low frequency sounds

a.) Reach maximum amplitude at the apex for low frequency sounds (AND: Start at the base and travel towards the apex) --> Remember basilar membrane has base at the start and apex at the end --> SO: Base is not the base (base is not at end/back:*TEST Q) --> What does that mean the base is?: The base is the treble 1.) Treble tones are stimulated most at the base region/maximum amplitude at the base (tend to vibrate basilar membranes more at the base)= High frequency tones are stimulated at the base 2.) Base tones are stimulated at the apex region/maximum amplitude at the apex (tend to vibrate basilar membranes more at the apex) = Low frequency tones are stimulated at the apex *ALSO: The following = correct: Traveling waves on the basilar membrane 1.) Reach maximum amplitude at the base for high frequency sounds (Treble sounds) 2.) Reach minimum amplitude at the base for low frequency sounds (Base sounds) 3.) Reach maximum amplitude at the apex for low frequency sounds (Base sounds) 4.) Reach minimum amplitude at the apex for high frequency sounds (Treble sounds) *Base -Basilar membrane: Base = narrow, rigid -requency Sensitivity: sensitive to high frequencies (due to higher rigidity of base) *Apex -Basilar membrane: Apex = wide, flexible -Frequency Sensitivity: sensitive to low frequencies (due to lower rigidity)

Mixing different lights is called ___________ and often makes the resulting color __________. = Mixing different lights is called ___________ and mixing many lights often makes the resulting color __________ = Mixing different wavelengths is called ___________ and often makes the resulting color __________. = Mixing different wavelengths is called ___________ and mixing many wavelengths often makes the resulting color __________=Mixing different lights is called ____ and mixing all light colors makes the resulting color ____=Mixing different wavelengths is called ____ and mixing all paint wavelengths makes the resulting color ____ a.) additive color mixing; lighter b.) subtractive color mixing; darker c.) additive color mixing; darker d.) subtractive color mixing; lighter

a.) additive color mixing; lighter -Additive color mixing - mix different wavelengths to create color (mixing of lights) -In additive color mixing we are adding wavelengths, which will eventually reach white light (mixing of lights) -In additive color mixing we are adding wavelengths, which will reflect light, which will eventually reflect all the light and be white/lighter (mixing of lights)

Parvo cells appear to be specialized to detect a.) bright levels of illumination b.) detailed stimulus orientation & shape c.) movement in receptive field d.) sustained visual attention

a.) bright levels of illumination b.) detailed stimulus orientation & shape d.) sustained visual attention

Many illusions work by tricking us into thinking there is __________ in the visual scene a.) depth b.) brightness contrast c.) second order contour / Pragnanz / Second order contours/Second order contour/Second contours/Second contour/Illusory contours/Illusory contour d.) occlusion/interposition

a.) depth *depth: -yes, many illusions work by tricking us into thinking there's depth in the visual scene, when in reality there is no depth in the visual scene *brightness contrast -brightness contrast does not trick us, bc there is ALWAYS bright contrast there in the visual scene *second order contour: --> Do illusions work by tricking us into thinking they (illusions) are second order contours? --> No, second order contours are not tricks, they're a natural process of the visual system based on Prägnanz (or Pragnanz) ----> White triangle in Kanizsa triangle = Kanizsa's triangle, is viewed that way bc it's most simple to view the white triangle on top of the black triangle, which is on top of the ?riesous? ---> White triangle in Kanizsa triangle = Kanizsa's triangle ----> Most simple to view white triangle on top of black triangle (pragnanz) = Kanizsa triangle

Studies from the visual cliff indicate = Studies from Gibson and Walk's visual cliff indicate = Studies from Walk and Gibson's visual cliff indicate a.) depth perception is innate / distance perception is innate b.) depth perception develops with experience / depth perception is learned / distance perception develops with experience / distance perception is learned c.) depth constancy is innate / distance constancy is innate d.) depth constancy develops with experience / depth constancy is learned / distance constancy develops with experience / distance constancy is learned e.) shape constancy is innate / form constancy is innate f.) shape constancy develops with experience / shape constancy is learned / form constancy develops with experience / form constancy is learned g.) size constancy is innate h.) size constancy develops with experience / size constancy is learned i.) color constancy is innate j.) color constancy develops with experience / color constancy is learned k.) brightness constancy is innate l.) brightness constancy develops with experience / brightness constancy is learned

a.) depth perception is innate / distance perception is innate -NO SUCH THING AS DEPTH CONSTANCY form perception, color perception, and brightness perception, shape *NOTE: TRUE FACTS 1.) depth perception is innate /distance perception is innate 2.) shape constancy develops with experience / shape constancy is learned / form constancy develops with experience / form constancy is learned 3.) size constancy develops with experience / size constancy is learned i.) color constancy is innate 4.) color constancy develops with experience / color constancy is learned 5.) brightness constancy develops with experience / brightness constancy is learned **BUT: This question: -**BUT**: studies from visual cliff indicated depth perception is innate, NOT that depth constancy develops with experience

Meissner corpuscles are __________ adapting and have a __________ receptive field = Meissner's corpuscles are __________ adapting and have a __________ receptive field = FAI mechanoreceptors are __________ adapting and have a __________ receptive field = FA1 mechanoreceptors are __________ adapting and have a __________ receptive field a.) fast; small b.) fast; large c.) slow; large d.) slow; small

a.) fast; small -C for corpuscle comes before D for disk & E for ending, F for fast comes before S for small -S for small = SM in Meissner'S

In class we saw the classic faces and vase figure. If you look at it and see the vase, then the vase is the = In class we saw the classic vase and faces figure. If you look at it and see the vase, then the vase is the = In class we saw the classic faces and vase figure. If you look at it and see the faces, then the faces are the = In class we saw the classic vase and faces figure. If you look at it and see the faces, then the faces are the a.) figure / figures b.) ground / background / grounds c.) common fate / common fates d.) horopter / horopters

a.) figure / figures **Figure-ground organization - the experience viewers have as to which part of an image is in the foreground and which part is in the background of a particular scene. -In essence, we divide the world into two elements: the figure that is the object of regard and the rest, which is ground or background (here they mean the same thing). **More on Figure-Ground : -Do you see two faces looking at each other in front of an orange background? Or do you see an orange vase in front of a white background? You may see one or the other and switch between the two, but you cannot see both at the same time. -There are other situations in which figure-ground can be highly ambiguous, and it may not be possible to determine which part of the image is the front and which is the back. This is true of many classic visual illusions. --> One such classic example is the face-vase figure, first introduced into the literature by psychologist Edgar Rubin in 1915 (Figure 5.12). --> In this figure, the border between the orange and white regions is seen as being part of one or the other, not both. --> Thus, either the orange vase at the middle stands out as the foreground and the white faces are in the background, or the white faces stand out as the foreground and the orange space is the background. --> Interestingly, in these ambiguous figures, people see either one interpretation or the other, and although they can flip back and forth, they cannot see both at the same time. **The Face-Vase Figure-Ground Illusion (a) With the shifting down of the position of the orange area, we are more likely to see the vase. (b) With the shifting down of the position of the white area, we are more likely to see the faces. -One of the useful aspects of such illusions is that we can make systematic changes in the way the images are presented and see how those changes affect the perception of the figure. --> Consider Figure 5.13. In this figure, we see that the field representing the faces and the vase are offset. --> When the vase is lowered and moved to a corner, it stands out as the figure, and it is nearly impossible to see the faces. --> When the faces are lowered and moved to the corner, they stand out as the figure, and the vase is no longer visible in the background. --> This illustrates the point that figures tend to be in the front and the background on top.

With the Doppler Effect, sound appears to ______ in pitch as a moving sound source gets closer to the listener a.) increase b.) decrease c.) stay same d.) wobble between increase and decrease

a.) increase

When hair cell hairs are bent in the appropriate direction a.) ion channels open and allow potassium and calcium to enter b.) ion channels close and allow potassium and calcium to enter c.) ion channels open and allow potassium and calcium to enter d.) ion channels open and allow potassium and calcium to enter

a.) ion channels open and allow potassium and calcium to enter *Hair cells bend TOWARD the kinocilium (tallest stereocilia)/away from shortest stereocilia: Hair cells depolarize when cilia bend toward the kinocilium (tallest stereocilia) 1.) The movement of the stereocilia activates/opens the mechanosensitive K+ channels and that is going to cause an influx of K+ (All the cilia are linked together so they will all activate together) 2.) K+ fluxes into the cell, causes a depolarization (Influx of a positive ion causes a depolarization): since High K+ extracellular, when channels open, K+ fluxes in, depolarizes hair cells 3.) Depolarization of hair cells from K+ influx: activates v-gated Ca2+ channels (When get down in cell body tho, get influx of Ca2+ as well caused by the depolarization, get opening/activation of v-gated Ca2+ channels, which leads to Ca2+ influx) 4.) Ca2+ influx from v-gated Ca2+ channel activation/opening: causes release of NT onto auditory afferents/auditory afferent nerves=spiral ganglion cells 5.) The transmitter/NT activates the auditory afferents=spiral ganglion cells *Hair cells bend AWAY FROM the kinocilium (tallest stereocilia)/toward the shortest stereocilia: Hair cells hyperpolarize when cilia bend away from the kinocilium (tallest stereocilia) 1.) The movement of the stereocilia inhibits the mechanosensitive K+ channels and that is going to keep channels closed, preventing influx of K+ (All the cilia are linked together so they will all inhibit together) 2.) Lack of K+ flux into the cell, causes a hyperpolarization (No influx of a positive ion causes a hyperpolarization): even tho High K+ extracellular, when channels are closed, K+ won't flux in, hyperpolarizes hair cells 3.) Hyperpolarization of hair cells from lack of K+ influx: does not activated v-gated Ca2+ channels (When get down in cell body tho, do not get influx of Ca2+ either bc of the hyperpolarization, get inhibition of v-gated Ca2+ channels/v-gated Ca2+ channels remain closed, which prevents Ca2+ influx) 4.) No Ca2+ influx due to v-gated Ca2+ channel inhibition: causes no release of NT onto auditory afferents/auditory afferent nerves=spiral ganglion cells 5.) No transmitter/no NT available to activate the auditory afferents=spiral ganglion cells (so auditory afferents = spiral ganglion cells are not activated/remain inhibited)

The taste of salt tasting substances relies directly on ____ and the tasting standard is _______ a.) ion channels; NaCl = ion channels; sodium chloride = ion channels; table salt b.) ion channels; HCl = ion channels; Hydrogen chloride = ion channels; Hydrochloric acid c.) receptors; sugar = receptors; sucrose = receptors; fructose = receptors; glucose d.) receptors; glutamate = receptors; monosodium glutamate = receptors; MSG = receptors; polypeptides = receptors; proteins = receptors; amino acids e.) receptors; quinine = receptors; poison

a.) ion channels; NaCl = ion channels; sodium chloride = ion channels; table salt *ALL Tastants 1.) Salt (ie NaCl = sodium chloride = Table salt) = Amiloride sensitive Na+ channel = Amiloride sensitive Sodium channel = Na+ sensitive channel = Ion channel = Ionotropic receptor -ion channels; NaCl = ion channels; sodium chloride = ion channels; table salt 2.) Sour (acids, ie HCl = Hydrogen chloride = Hydrochloric acid) = H+ sensitive TRP channel = Proton sensitive TRP channel (PKD variant) = Ion channel = Ionotropic receptor -ion channels; HCl = ion channels; Hydrogen chloride = ion channels; Hydrochloric acid 3.) Sweet (ie a sugar, such as sucrose, fructose, glucose) = 2 subunits of GPCR = T1R1 + T1R3 = Metabotropic Receptor/GPCR: -receptors; sugar = receptors; sucrose = receptors; fructose = receptors; glucose 4.) Umami (ie broths + cooked meals, glutamate, monosodium glutamate = MSG, polypeptides/Proteins/amino acids) = 2 subunits of GPCR = T1R1 + T1R3 = Metabotropic Receptor/GPCR: -receptors; glutamate = receptors; monosodium glutamate = receptors; MSG = receptors; polypeptides = receptors; proteins = receptors; amino acids 5.) Bitter (ie quinine, poison) = 1 subunit of GPCR = T2R = Metabotropic Receptor/GPCR: -receptors; quinine = receptors; poison

Color information is carried = Day information is carried = Cone information is carried = Brightness information is carried = Acuity information is carried = Foveal information is carried = Central information is carried a.) predominantly in the parvocellular channel b.) predominantly in the magnocellular channel c.) nasal retina d.) temporal retina

a.) predominantly in the parvocellular channel *Parvo Channel 1) Day vision / Color vision / Brightness vision / Bright levels of illumination/Wavelength sensitive/Color sensitive= Unusually sensitive to medium wavelength = green and long wavelength = red (high sensitivity) 2) NOT Form vision / Not high contrast sensitivity (sharp edges) --> Less sensitive to low contrast stimuli (not contrast sensitive: not sensitive to low contrast stimuli)= less sensitive to high contrast light and less sensitive to low contrast light 3) NOT movement vision (not Movement in receptive field) 4) Foveal vision/Central vision 5) Colored objects 6) Small objects/Small receptive field/Small cell bodies 7) Slow moving objects (sustained visual attention/long-term visual attention) = P cells fire APs slower/P cells fire lower frequency of APs= Slow conduct action potential = Prolonged action potential conduction = Sustained action potential conduction 8) Low sensitivity/Low Temporal frequency 9) High spatial resolution/High spatial frequency/High visual acuity (detailed stimulus orientation and not detailed stimulus shape) 10) Less visual pigment, more convergence of cones on bipolar cells/more convergence on ganglion cells, ie (often 1:1 cone to ganglion cell ratio) 11) Cones = photoreceptors 12) NOT light sensitive/don't respond to light sensitivity.= Brightness/Bright levels of illumination NEEDED: Detect bright levels of illumination --> Low sensitivity to light/Low sensitivity in low light conditions (low sensitivity of cones= cones need bright light/more photons needed for cones to be able to respond to light) --> Not very sensitive to light (so need a lot of light)

When we sit working at a desk, we know without looking where our legs, arms, and torso are. This perception of our body's position is known as ______. a.) proprioception b.) chemoreception c.) motoric perception d.) limbic perception

a.) proprioception

The dorsal side of the spinal cord a.) receives input from the skin b.) produces motor output c.) has same functions as the ventral side d.) has neither inputs nor outputs regarding the CNS = has neither outputs nor inputs regarding the CNS

a.) receives input from the skin

The occipital face area is critical for -occipital facial area = occipital face area (OFA) a.) recognizing any human face b.) recognizing a particular face c.) recognizing faces we have never seen d.) recognizing places and visual landscapes e.) recognizing body parts

a.) recognizing any human face = recognizing a face

The degree to which a color is judged to be most intense or 'pure' is referred to as: a.) saturation b.) accommodation c.) fusion/stereopsis d.) color spindle/color solid e.) complimentary

a.) saturation

In the Ponzo illusion the test line that is nearer the diverging ends of the two context lines appears __________ the test line near the converging ends: = In the Ponzo illusion the test line that is near the diverging ends of the two context lines appears __________ the test line that is near the converging ends of the two context lines a.) shorter than b.) the same length as c.) longer than d.) can't tell without more information

a.) shorter than -Test line near converging ends of 2 context lines: LONGER line -Test line near diverging ends of 2 context lines: SHORTER line

Visually sensitive cortical neurons that respond maximally to lines of a particular orientation are: = Cortical cells that respond maximally to lines of a particular orientation are: = Visually sensitive cortical neurons that respond maximally to stagnant lines/non-moving lines of a particular angle are: = Cortical cells that respond maximally to stagnant lines/non-moving lines of a particular angle, length are: a.) simple cells / simple neurons b.) complex cells / complex neurons c.) hypercomplex cells / hypercomplex neurons d.) receptive field cells / receptive field neurons

a.) simple cells / simple neurons

A two-point aesthesiometer would be used to determine a.) size of receptive field b.) size of corpuscle c.) sensitivity of skin d.) durability of skin

a.) size of receptive field **QUESTION: would size of receptive field= form of receptive field, & would size of corpuscle = form of corpuscle, or is it just that size constancy = form constancy in that one scenario?

Professor Everdine is interested in devising a scale to examine people's perception of saltiness. She asks participants to rate solutions with various amounts of salt dissolved in them on a scale from 0 (not salty at all) to 100 (extremely salty). This procedure is known as ______. = In devising a scale to examine people's perception of saltiness, we ask participants to rate salt solutions in various concentrations on a scale from 0 (not salty at all) to 100 (extremely salty). This procedure is known as ______. a. Limit testing b. Magnitude estimation c. Signal detection d. Threshold evaluation

b. Magnitude estimation *A psychophysical method in which participants judge and assign numerical estimates to the perceived strength of a stimulus is known as __. -magnitude estimation *Professor Everdine is interested in devising a scale to examine people's perception of saltiness. She asks participants to rate solutions with various amounts of salt dissolved in them on a scale from 0 (not salty at all) to 100 (extremely salty). This procedure is known as ______. -Magnitude estimation

Parisol retinal ganglion cells project to which layer of the LGN? =Parasol retinal ganglion cells project to which layers of the LGN? a. Koniocellular layer b. Magnocellular layer c. Parvocellular layer d. Ochlear cellular layer

b. Magnocellular layer

Dr. Wong is doing a psychophysical experiment to determine the smallest detectable concentration of a new brand of coffee. She uses a wide range of coffee concentrations, some that are clearly detectable, others that cannot be detected, and some that are just detectable. Different coffee concentrations are presented in a randomized order and subjects report if they taste the coffee. What method is Dr. Wong using? = Dr. Wong is doing a psychophysical experiment to determine the smallest detectable concentration of coffee. He presents some coffee concentrations that are clearly detectable, others that cannot be detected, and some that are just detectable. These presentations are randomized. What method is Dr. Wong using? a. Method of adjustment (staircase method) b. Method of constant stimuli c. Method of limits d. Method of constant variants e. Method of inverse thresholds f. Method of adjudication

b. Method of constant stimuli *Dr. Wong is doing a psychophysical experiment to determine the smallest detectable concentration of coffee. He presents some coffee concentrations that are clearly detectable, others that cannot be detected, and some that are just detectable. These presentations are randomized. What method is Dr. Wong using? -Constant stimuli *In the method of constant stimuli, the point where the probability of a "yes" response is equal to the probability of a "no" response would be considered to be the observer's -Absolute threshold

Which tract is sensitive to wavelength differences? a. Magnocellular pathway b. Parvocellular pathway c. Koniocellular pathway d. Ochlearcellular pathway

b. Parvocellular pathway

A pathway characterized by the retinal ganglion cells known as midget retinal ganglion cells and associated with high acuity is: a. Magnocellular pathway b. Parvocellular pathway c. Koniocellular pathway d. Ochlearcellular pathway

b. Parvocellular pathway *Parvocellular = Fovea = Center = High visual acuity /High acuity= Low convergence (also details) *Magnocellular = Periphery = Outside = Low visual acuity/Low acuity = High convergence (also motion)

The structure of the auditory pathway that receives direct input from both ears and is critical for locating sounds is the ____=The structure in the auditory pathway that receives direct input from both ears and is critical for locating sounds is the a.) Inferior Colliculus b.) Superior Olive/Superior Olivary Nucleus c.) Cochlear Nucleus d.) Medial Geniculate/Medial Geniculate Nucleus/MGN

b.) Superior Olive/Superior Olivary Nucleus

If we double the output of a shock generator then a typical subject would report = If we double the output of a shock generator, then a typical subject would report a. response compression/less than double the amount of perceived pain /less than double the amount of initial perceived pain b. response expansion/more than double the amount of perceived pain/more than double the amount of initial perceived pain c. response oscillation d. response leveling e. a proportional increase in perceived pain f. a proportional decrease in perceived pain g. no increase in the amount of perceived pain h. no decrease in the amount of perceived pain i. no decrease in the amount of perceived pain and no increase in the amount of perceived pain = no increase in the amount of perceived brightness and no decrease in the amount of perceived pain

b. response expansion/more than double the amount of perceived pain/more than double the amount of initial perceived pain **FORMULA -P = cl^b -P = perceived pain -c = constant -I = stimulus intensity/stimulus output -Shock generator, exponent = for pain= 3.5 **STEPS: 1.) Let's say initial stimulus intensity/output = 3, 3^3.5 = 46.8 = Initial P 2.) THEN: Double stimulus intensity, 3*2 = 6, so 6^3.5 = 529.1 = Final P 3.) How much did we increase perceived by, ie twofold, more than twofold, by more than a factor of 2?: Do Final P/Initial P = 529.1/46.8= 11.3 4.) 11 times the amount of perceived pain/11 times the amount of initial perceived pain = more than double the amount of initial perceived pain *ALSO: -Professor Everdine has devised a scale to examine people's perception of saltiness. She finds that for every milligram of salt added, the perception of saltiness increases fourfold. That is, the perception of saltiness increases faster than the actual increase in salt. This finding illustrates response EXPANSION *Stevens's Power law/Stevens' Power Law Exponents -Explain the nature of psychophysical scales and how they measure the relation of stimuli in the world and our perceptions of them. -Stevens' power law: a mathematical formula that describes the relationship between stimulus intensity and our perception; it allows for both response compression and expansion. -Measures Change from Sense to Perception: 1.) Sense = world around me/sense/stimuli in the world/stimulus intensity 2.) vs. Perception= what I experience/perception of world around me/perception of senses/perception of stimuli in world/our perception of stimulus intensity *Steven's Power formula -Should be raised up, b = stevens' power law/steven's power exponent -P = cI^(b) P = perceived magnitude of a stimulus I = intensity of the actual stimulus / stimulus output c= constant **-RESPONSE COMPRESSION: Exponent is Less than 1 (ie 5^.3), Response compression (will end up with number less than 5) 1.) Sight/Vision (sense) to Brightness (Perception) = Sense to Perception: Exponent is less than 1, exponent = 0.3 2.) Hearing/Audition (sense) to Loudness (Perception) = Sense to Perception: Exponent is less than 1, exponent = 0.5 3.) Gustation/Taste (sense) to Sweetness (Perception) = Sense to Perception: Exponent is less than 1, exponent = 0.8 **-RESPONSE LEVELING: Exponent is exactly 1 (ie 5^1, will end up with exactly 5), have straight up 1 to 1 change between world around me/sense and what I experience/perception 1.) Sight/Vision (sense) to Apparent Length (Perception) = Sense to Perception: Exponent is exactly than 1, exponent = 1 **RESPONSE EXPANSION: Exponent is greater than 1 (ie 5^3.5, will end up with number greater than 5) 1.) Touch (sense) to Shock/Electric Shock/Pain (perception) = Sense to perception: Exponent is greater than 1, exponent = 3.5

The left visual world is represented in the __. a. left hemisphere b. right hemisphere c. optic tract only d. optic chiasm only

b. right hemisphere

Spared visual function in blindsight is likely associated with __. a. touch and audition b. the 10% of optic nerve fibers that travel to the superior colliculus c. spared visual function from cells within V4 and V5 d. memory and prediction

b. the 10% of optic nerve fibers that travel to the superior colliculus

What does the Scoville scale measure? a. chemical reaction that facilitates thresholds for spicy foods b. the amount of capsaicin we detect in spicy foods c. the accumulation of JNDs such that food taste spicy d. changes in the difference thresholds for spicy foods

b. the amount of capsaicin we detect in spicy foods *Why is the Scoville scale considered a psychophysical scale? -It measures a psychological variable (piquancy = hotness/the spicyness) as a function of a physical dimension (the amount of capsaicin).

What is a receptive field? = In vision, what is a receptive field? a. the range of wavelengths that a particular sensory neuron responds to=the range of lights that a particular sensory neuron responds to b. the area in the visual world that a particular sensory neuron responds to=the area in the visual field that a particular sensory neuron responds to c. the range of intensities that a particular sensory neuron responds to =the range of stimulus intensities that a particular sensory neuron responds to d. the range of speeds at which a particular sensory neuron reacts = the relative speed at which a particular sensory neuron reacts

b. the area in the visual world that a particular sensory neuron responds to=the area in the visual field that a particular sensory neuron responds to

Retinal ganglion cells that decrease their firing rate (inhibition) when light is presented in the middle of the receptive field and increase (excitation) their firing rate when light is presented in the outside or surrounding of the receptive field are known as ____ = Retinal ganglion neurons that decrease their firing rate (inhibition) when light is presented in the middle of the receptive field and increase (excitation) their firing rate when light is presented in the outside or surrounding of the receptive field are known as ____=Retinal ganglion cells that decrease their firing rate (inhibition) when light is presented in the middle of the receptive field and increase (excitation) their firing rate when light is presented in the outside or surround of the receptive field are known as ____ = Retinal ganglion neurons that decrease their firing rate (inhibition) when light is presented in the middle of the receptive field and increase (excitation) their firing rate when light is presented in the outside or surround of the receptive field are known as ____ a.) On-center receptive fields b.) Off-center receptive fields c.) Modulated-center receptive fields d.) Switch-center receptive fields

b.) Off-center receptive fields *Off-center receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells/retinal ganglion neurons -decrease their firing rate (inhibition) when light is presented in the middle of the receptive field -increase their firing rate (excitation) when light is presented in the outside or surrounding of the receptive field *On-center receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells/retinal ganglion neurons -increase their firing rate (excitation) when light is presented in the middle of the receptive field -decrease their firing rate (inhibition) when light is presented in the outside or surrounding of the receptive field

The external part of our ear that we can see is the a.) Nina b.) Pinna c.) Santa d.) Maria

b.) Pinna = External part of our ear that we can see

In vision, lateral inhibition is a neural process in which stimulated photoreceptors inhibit adjacent photoreceptors. A similar phenomenon in the place theory of audition is called a.) Volley effect b.) Sharpening effect c.) Basilar specificity d.) Tectorial specificity

b.) Sharpening effect

Place theory of pitch perception is limited because areas of the basilar membrane are not equally thick, so do not all fire in response to a given frequency. This limitation is circumvented by a.) Volley effect/Volley theory b.) Sharpening effect/Sharpening Theory/Lateral Inhibition c.) Basilar specificity d.) Tectorial specificity

b.) Sharpening effect/Sharpening Theory/Lateral Inhibition *Place Theory of Pitch Perception 1.) Operates at low frequency/low range tones/low-end tones/base tones and mid-range/mid-end/mid-frequency tones 2.) DOES NOT operate at high frequency/treble tones Vibration = SPECIFIC vibration (only certain regions of basilar membrane vibrate) 3.) Augmented by SHARPENING EFFECT/SHARPENING THEORY: lateral inhibition

Which structure is not in the auditory pathway a.) Inferior colliculus b.) Superior colliculus c.) Dorsal cochlear nucleus c.) Ventral cochlear nucleus

b.) Superior colliculus *Structures NOT in auditory pathway 1.) Superior colliculus *Structures IN auditory pathway 1.) Inferior colliculus 2.) Dorsal cochlear nucleus (1 of 2 cochlear nuclei) 3.) Ventral cochlear nucleus (1 of 2 cochlear nuclei) *1st possible auditory pathway 1.) Cochlear nucleus (ventral cochlear nucleus) of brainstem 2.) Superior olive /Superior olivary nucleus / Superior olivary complex of the pons of the brainstem 3.) Inferior colliculus in brainstem (caudal midbrain) 4.) MGN of thalamus = MGC of thalamus = Medial Geniculate Nucleus of Thalamus 5.) Auditory cortex = Cochlear cortex *2nd possible auditory pathway 1.) Cochlear nucleus (dorsal cochlear nucleus, specifically cuneate nucleus) of brainstem 2.) Inferior colliculus in brainstem (caudal midbrain) 3.) MGN of thalamus = MGC of thalamus = Medial Geniculate Nucleus of Thalamus 4.) Auditory cortex = Cochlear cortex

Interposition refers to = Occlusion refers to a.) the blurring or blueness of distant objects = the blurring of distant objects = the blueness of distant objects b.) a near object obscuring/blocking our view of a more distant object c.) the difference in the current of two binocular images = the difference in the current of 2 binocular images = the difference in the current of two retinal images = the difference in the current of 2 retinal images d.) different patterns of apparent movement for near and far objects as the observer moves = different patterns of apparent movement for near objects and far objects as the observer moves = different patterns of apparent movement for far and near objects as the observer moves = different patterns of apparent movement for far objects and near objects as the observer moves

b.) a near object obscuring/blocking our view of a more distant object

The color solid (spindle) adds the characteristic of ___________ to the color circle. = The color solid adds the characteristic of ___________ to the color circle. = The color spindle adds the characteristic of ___________ to the color circle.= The color solid adds the characteristic of ___________ to the color circle a.) nonspectral purple / Non-spectral purple / Non spectral purple b.) brightness c.) saturation d.) yellow as a primary color / yellow is a primary color

b.) brightness -color solid (spindle) = color spindle = color solid -Non-spectral purple = Non spectral purple: is STILL in the color solid, and it's still in the color spindle *The color solid which we call the spindle adds the characteristic of BRIGHTNESS to the color circle. -This is why it gets more pointed at the top, and the spindle is pointed down in darkness as well. *Color spindle adds brightness to the color circle -Reason why as the color spindle goes above the color circle, the color spindle gets more pointed up at the top (showing that the saturation decreases with a whole lot of brightness/high brightness/high light and low dark, gain the colors/increase colors) -Vs. color spindle goes below the circle, the color spindle gets more pointed down at the bottom (showing that saturation increases with not a lot of brightness/low brightness/low light and high dark, lose the colors/decrease colors)

Olfaction and gustation are considered ______. = Gustation and olfaction are considered _____ = Smell and taste are considered _____ = Taste and smell are considered _____ a.) somatosensory systems because they come in contact with substances in order to detect them b.) chemical senses because their role is to detect chemicals in the environment c.) major senses because they have played such an important role in evolution d.) intentional systems because they must be consciously activated in order to work

b.) chemical senses because their role is to detect chemicals in the environment

Visually sensitive cortical neurons that respond maximally to moving lines of a particular orientation are: = Cortical cells that respond maximally to moving lines of a particular orientation are: = Visually sensitive cortical neurons that respond maximally to moving lines of a particular angle are: = Cortical cells that respond maximally to moving lines of a particular angle are: a.) simple cells / simple neurons b.) complex cells / complex neurons c.) hypercomplex cells / hypercomplex neurons d.) receptive field cells / receptive field neurons

b.) complex cells / complex neurons

With the Doppler Effect, sound appears to ______ in pitch as a moving sound source gets further from the listener a.) increase b.) decrease c.) stay same d.) wobble between increase and decrease

b.) decrease

The accessory olfactory system a.) is used in place of the primary system b.) detects pheromones c.) is important in human olfaction d.) discriminates primers from releasers

b.) detects pheromones

Neurons form the auditory nerve display tuning curves. This means that these neurons= Neurons form the auditory nerve, and these neurons forming the auditory nerve display tuning curves. This means that these neurons= Neurons from the auditory nerve display tuning curves. This means that these neurons a.) process complex sounds only as whole in-phase units b.) exhibit a maximum firing rate in response to a particular sound wave frequency c.) process sound wave frequencies within the auditory nerve = the processing of sound wave frequencies resides in the auditory nerve d.) groups of neurons within the auditory nerve act together to transmit frequency information by means of coordinated volleys

b.) exhibit a maximum firing rate in response to a particular sound wave frequency

Pacinian corpuscles are __________ adapting and have a __________ receptive field = FAII mechanoreceptors are __________ adapting and have a __________ receptive field = FAII mechanoreceptors are __________ adapting and have a __________ receptive field = FA2 mechanoreceptors are __________ adapting and have a __________ receptive field a.) fast; small b.) fast; large c.) slow; large d.) slow; small

b.) fast; large -C for corpuscle comes before D for disk & E for ending, F for fast comes before S for small -L for large = no SM

Cardinals are red birds because their feathers ______. a.) absorb long wavelengths of visible light / absorb red light / absorb infrared light b.) reflect long wavelengths of visible light / reflect red light / reflect infrared light c.) absorb short wavelengths of visible light / absorb ultraviolet light / absorb violet light d.) reflect short wavelengths of visible light / reflect ultraviolet light / reflect violet light

b.) reflect long wavelengths of visible light / reflect red light / reflect infrared light = reflect long wavelengths of visible light (reflect red light) -If you appear red (ie cardinal) reflect violet light (aka reflect short wavelengths of visible light) -If you appear violet -ie ____ are violet birds because their feathers: reflect short wavelengths of visible light / reflect ultraviolet light / reflect violet light -Colored reflected = Color you see of something -Colored absorbed = NOT Color you see of something -red has the longest wavelength -violet has the shortest wavelength

The taste of sour tasting substances relies directly on ____ and the tasting standard is _______ a.) ion channels; NaCl = ion channels; sodium chloride = ion channels; table salt b.) ion channels; HCl = ion channels; Hydrogen chloride = ion channels; Hydrochloric acid c.) receptors; sugar = receptors; sucrose = receptors; fructose = receptors; glucose d.) receptors; glutamate = receptors; monosodium glutamate = receptors; MSG = receptors; polypeptides = receptors; proteins = receptors; amino acids e.) receptors; quinine = receptors; poison

b.) ion channels; HCl = ion channels; Hydrogen chloride = ion channels; Hydrochloric acid *ALL Tastants 1.) Salt (ie NaCl = sodium chloride = Table salt) = Amiloride sensitive Na+ channel = Amiloride sensitive Sodium channel = Na+ sensitive channel = Ion channel = Ionotropic receptor -ion channels; NaCl = ion channels; sodium chloride = ion channels; table salt 2.) Sour (acids, ie HCl = Hydrogen chloride = Hydrochloric acid) = H+ sensitive TRP channel = Proton sensitive TRP channel (PKD variant) = Ion channel = Ionotropic receptor -ion channels; HCl = ion channels; Hydrogen chloride = ion channels; Hydrochloric acid 3.) Sweet (ie a sugar, such as sucrose, fructose, glucose) = 2 subunits of GPCR = T1R1 + T1R3 = Metabotropic Receptor/GPCR: -receptors; sugar = receptors; sucrose = receptors; fructose = receptors; glucose 4.) Umami (ie broths + cooked meals, glutamate, monosodium glutamate = MSG, polypeptides/Proteins/amino acids) = 2 subunits of GPCR = T1R1 + T1R3 = Metabotropic Receptor/GPCR: -receptors; glutamate = receptors; monosodium glutamate = receptors; MSG = receptors; polypeptides = receptors; proteins = receptors; amino acids 5.) Bitter (ie quinine, poison) = 1 subunit of GPCR = T2R = Metabotropic Receptor/GPCR: -receptors; quinine = receptors; poison

When you look down a railroad track you notice that the rails seem to converge, meeting at a point on the horizon. This is an example of a.) height in the plane b.) linear perspective c.) texture gradient d.) accommodation

b.) linear perspective

Equal loudness contours indicate that humans hear this frequency range the best a.) high pitched sounds/high pitch sounds/high-end sounds/high-range sounds/high-range tones/high sound frequencies/high frequencies of sound b.) middle pitch sounds/middle pitched sounds/mid-end sounds/mid-range sounds/mid-range tones/middle sound frequencies/middle frequencies of sound c.) low pitch sounds/low pitched sounds/low-end sounds/low-range sounds/low-range tones/low sound frequencies/low frequencies of sound d.) all pitches equally/all sound frequencies equally/all pitched sounds equally

b.) middle pitch sounds/middle pitched sounds/mid-end sounds/mid-range sounds/mid-range tones/middle sound frequencies/middle frequencies of sound

The white triangle in Kanizsa's triangle is perceived closer because of a.) relative size b.) linear perspective c.) occlusion or interposition d.) height in the field

b.) occlusion or interposition -BC: White triangle = on top of Black triangle --> Occlusion: a visual cue that occurs when one object partially hides or obstructs the view of a second object; we infer that the hidden object is farther away from us than the object that obstructs it. -When an object blocks another object the one being blocked is perceived as further away., and the other object that is not blocked/the other object that is blocking the blocked object is perceived as closer

The mel scale is used to measure ________. a.) frequency b.) pitch c.) phase d.) loudness e.) timbre/tone color/tone quality = sound quality

b.) pitch

It is hypothesized that we have an inverted retina because a.) reduce the scatter of light b.) place photoreceptors close to blood supply c.) increase photoreceptor activity d.) increase visual acuity

b.) place photoreceptors close to blood supply *Why? -something about the choroid being one of the most prominent blood vessels in the body *NOT a: inverted retina INCREASES the scatter of light (disadv inverted retina)

Form information is carried = Night information is carried = Rod information is carried = Movement information is carried = Motor information is carried = Peripheral information is carried a.) predominantly in the parvocellular channel b.) predominantly in the magnocellular channel c.) nasal retina d.) temporal retina

b.) predominantly in the magnocellular channel *Magno channel 1) Night vision / Colorblind /Not wavelength sensitive/Not color sensitive 2) Form vision = High Contrast sensitivity (sharp edges) --> More sensitive to low contrast stimuli (contrast sensitive: sensitive to low contrast stimuli)= more sensitive to high contrast light and more sensitive to low contrast light 3) Movement vision (ie movement in receptive field) 4) Peripheral vision 5) Any color objects 6) Large objects/Large receptive field/Large cell bodies 7) Fast moving objects (transient visual attention/short-term visual attention) = M cells fire APs faster/M cells fire higher frequency of APs= Rapidly conduct action potential = rapid action potential conduction = fast action potential conduction = quick rapid action potential conduction 8) High sensitivity/High Temporal frequency 9) Low spatial resolution/Low spatial frequency/Low visual acuity (not detailed stimulus orientation and not detailed stimulus shape) 10) More visual pigment, more convergence of rods on bipolar cells/more convergence of rods on ganglion cells (mult rods for 1 ganglion cell) 11) Rods = photoreceptors 12) Essentially light sensitive (They respond to light sensitivity): Not brightness/Not bright levels of illumination NEEDED: Can detect low brightness --> High sensitivity to light/High sensitivity in low light conditions (high sensitivity of rods= rods don't need bright light/fewer photons needed for rods to be able to respond to light) --> Very sensitive to light (don't need a lot of light)

The ventral side of the spinal cord a.) receives input from the skin b.) produces motor output c.) has same functions as the dorsal side d.) has neither inputs nor outputs regarding the CNS

b.) produces motor output

The fusiform face area is critical for -fusiform facial area = fusiform face area (FFA) a.) recognizing any human face b.) recognizing a particular face c.) recognizing faces we have never seen d.) recognizing places and visual landscapes e.) recognizing body parts

b.) recognizing a particular face

To create pictures used in stereopsis we would need two photographs that are = To create pictures used in fusion we would need two photographs that are a.) slightly different depths of the visual scene b.) slightly different angles of the visual scene/slightly different orientations of the visual scene c.) slightly different contrasts of the visual scene d.) slightly different backgrounds of the visual scene

b.) slightly different angles of the visual scene/slightly different orientations of the visual scene

Mixing different paints is called ___________ and often makes the resulting color __________. = Mixing different paints is called ___________ and mixing many colors often makes the resulting color __________ = Mixing different pigments is called ___________ and often makes the resulting color __________. = Mixing different pigments is called ___________ and mixing many colors often makes the resulting color __________= Mixing different paints is called ____ and mixing all paint colors makes the resulting color ___=Mixing different pigments is called ____ and mixing all pigment colors makes the resulting color ____ a.) additive color mixing; lighter b.) subtractive color mixing; darker c.) additive color mixing; darker d.) subtractive color mixing; lighter

b.) subtractive color mixing; darker -Subtractive color mixing - mix different pigments to create colors (mixing of paints) -•In subtractive color mixing we are adding pigments, which absorb light, which will eventually absorb all the light and be black (mixing of paints) -•In subtractive color mixing we are adding pigments, which will eventually reach black light/no light (mixing of paints)

An art teacher tells you that to convey depth better you should draw near items larger and farther apart and far items smaller and closer together. She is referring to which depth cue?=An art teacher tells you that to convey depth better you should draw far items smaller and closer together and near items larger and farther apart. She is referring to which depth cue? a.) interposition/occlusion b.) texture gradient c.) convergence/vergence d.) shading/shades

b.) texture gradient

The longer the wavelength of a sound wave, a.) the higher the frequency b.) the lower the frequency c.) the higher the amplitude d.) the lower the amplitude

b.) the lower the frequency **Frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional *The LONGER the wavelength of a sound wave=the HIGHER the wavelength of a sound wave=the LOWER the frequency *The SHORTER the wavelength of a sound wave=the LOWER the wavelength of a sound wave=the HIGHER the frequency

The higher the frequency of a sound wave, a.) the higher the wavelength b.) the lower the wavelength c.) the higher the amplitude d.) the lower the amplitude

b.) the lower the wavelength **Frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional *The LONGER the wavelength of a sound wave=the HIGHER the wavelength of a sound wave=the LOWER the frequency *The SHORTER the wavelength of a sound wave=the LOWER the wavelength of a sound wave=the HIGHER the frequency

Higher pitched sounds are used by land animals for location and in echo location because a.) they cause objects in their path to vibrate b.) they are more directional in nature c.) they travel faster d.) they require less energy to produce e.) they are less directional in nature

b.) they are more directional in nature *Higher pitched sounds -More directional in nature --> Used for location --> Used for echo location *Lower pitched sounds -Less directional in nature --> Not used for location --> Not used for echo location

The bony knots of tissue that serve to disperse air within the nasal cavity are known as the ______. a.) nasal septum b.) turbinates c.) basal cleft d.) olfactory cleft

b.) turbinates

Karwan is a participant in a psychophysical experiment on visual detection. He is shown a mix of near-threshold stimuli with stimulus-absent catch trials. When Karwan indicates that he did not see a light in a stimulus-absent catch trial, he is making a ______. a.hit b.correct rejection c.miss d.false alarm

b.correct rejection

Molecules that absorb light, triggering events that alter the voltage in the cell, are known as ______. a. hyperoptonic chemicals b. photopigments c. neurotransmitters d. Zonule fibers

b.photopigments

Which is NOT considered one of the five canonical senses but is, in fact, a human sensory ability? a.touch b.proprioception c.vision d.lateralization

b.proprioception

What is one difference between simple cells and complex cells? a. A simple cell responds to all wavelengths whereas complex cells respond only to wavelengths in their particular wavelength tuning. b. Simple cells are connected only to LGN cells, but not to V2 cells, whereas complex cells receive input from both the LGN and V2. c. A complex cell will respond to a dark bar on a light background and a light bar on a dark background, but a simple cell will only respond to one or the other. d. Simple cells respond to movement better than complex cells do.

c. A complex cell will respond to a dark bar on a light background and a light bar on a dark background, but a simple cell will only respond to one or the other. *Complex cell (general) -WILL respond to BOTH: 1) A complex cell will respond to a dark bar on a light background 2) AND a light bar on a dark background *Simple cell (specific) -WILL respond to EITHER/ONLY: 1) A complex cell will respond to a dark bar on a light background 2) OR a light bar on a dark background

Which sentence states Weber's law? a. The specific neurons activated determine the particular type of experience. b. Information from a sensory signal is inadequate to explain the richness of human experience. c. A just-noticeable difference between two stimuli is related to the magnitude or strength of the stimuli. d. To perceive a doubling of brightness, the intensity of light must increase 10-fold.

c. A just-noticeable difference between two stimuli is related to the magnitude or strength of the stimuli.

(EXTRA CREDIT!) This visual abnormality results from the clouding of the lens. It affects older adults more than younger adults but can occur in anyone at any age. What is it? a. macular degeneration b. presbyopia c. Cataracts d. corneal contusions

c. Cataracts

In which method of scaling do observers assign numerical values to the sensations they experience? a. Discrimination Scaling b. Indirect scaling c. Direct scaling d. Prophetic scaling

c. Direct scaling

The pathway for the mechanoreceptors (tactile perception) and proprioceptors (muscle position) that travels up the spinal column on the ipsilateral side and crosses to the contralateral side in the medulla is known as the: a. Spinothalamic trac tb. B-fiber tract c. Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway d. Posterior cingulate region

c. Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway

The article, "The Misremembrance of Wines Past: Verbal and Perceptual Expertise Differentially Mediate Verbal Overshadowing of Taste Memory," by Melcher and Schooler (1996) was assigned. What is the "verbal overshadowing" effect? a.People who are hypnotized can recall and verbalize more details from a memory. b.People can recognize more items studied if they studied a verbal label (e.g., "elephant") rather than a picture of the object. c. People who engage in giving a verbal description are less likely to correctly identify a complex stimulus. d. People with a higher verbal intelligence score show worse recognition for specific tastes they sampled.

c. People who engage in giving a verbal description are less likely to correctly identify a complex stimulus.

The area of the cerebral cortex that receives input from the LGN, located in the occipital lobe and responsible for early visual processing, is known as both: a. V4 and MT b. Extrastiate cortex and the post-magnocellular layer c. Primary visual cortex and Area 17 d. None of the above are true.

c. Primary visual cortex and Area 17

In visual transduction (bleaching) rhodopsin separates into retinal and opsin in ___ and has a ____ action a. Bipolar cells; Depolarizing b. Rods; Depolarizing c. Rods; Hyperpolarizing d. Bipolar cells; Hyperpolarizing

c. Rods; Hyperpolarizing

Which of the following does not describe parvo cells? a. Sustained rather than transient response b. Found more frequently in the center of the fovea/Found more frequenlyin the fovea c. Terminate in lower layers of LGN d. Small receptive field

c. Terminate in lower layers of LGN *Parvo cells do NOT 1) do NOT terminate in lower layers of LGN (layer 1 + layer 2) *Parvo cells ARE/HAVE/DO 1) ARE sustained rather than transient response = ARE sustained response rather than transient response (aka sustained/slow/prolonged/unchanging repsonse) 2) ARE found more frequently in the center of the fovea/in the fovea 3) HAVE small receptive fields 4) DO Terminate in UPPER layers of LGN --> The parvocellular cells project to layer 4C beta from layers 3-6 of LGN (layer 3 + layer 4 + layer 5 + layer 6)

Which of the following does not describe magno cells? a. Transient rather than sustained response b. Found more frequently in the periphery of the fovea c. Terminate in upper layers of LGN d. Large receptive field

c. Terminate in upper layers of LGN *Magno cells do NOT 1) do NOT terminate in upper layers of LGN (layer 3 + layer 4 + layer 5 + layer 6) *Magno cells ARE/HAVE/DO 1) ARE transient rather than sustained response = ARE transient response rather than sustained response (aka transient/rapid/quick/fast/changing repsonse) 2) ARE found more frequently in the periphery of the fovea 3) HAVE large receptive fields 4) DO Terminate in LOWER layers of LGN --> The magnocellular cells project to layer 4C alpha from layers 1 and 2 of the LGN (layer 1 + layer 2)

Jaime is a participant in a psychophysical experiment on sight detection. He is asked to determine the smallest letter he can see at a particular sound he can hear at a particular ??focal point/focal distance/focal length??. That letter is his ______.=Jaime is a participant in an experiment on sight detection. He is asked to determine the smallest letter he can see at a particular ??focal point/focal distance/focal length??. That sound is his ______.=Jaime is a participant in a psychophysical experiment on vision detection. He is asked to determine the smallest letter he can see at a particular sound he can hear at a particular ??focal point/focal distance/focal length??. That letter is his ______.=Jaime is a participant in an experiment on vision detection. He is asked to determine the smallest letter he can see at a particular ??focal point/focal distance/focal length??. That sound is his ______ a. motivational limit b. signal detection limit c. absolute threshold d. difference threshold = just noticeable difference = JND

c. absolute threshold *An absolute threshold is the smallest level of stimulus that can be detected, usually defined as at least half the time. -The term is often used in neuroscience and experimental research and can be applied to any stimulus that can be detected by the human senses including sound, touch, taste, sight, and smell.

Jaime is a participant in a psychophysical experiment on sound detection. He is asked to determine the softest sound he can hear at a particular frequency. That sound is his ______.=Jaime is a participant in an experiment on sound detection. He is asked to determine the softest sound he can hear at a particular frequency. That sound is his ______. a. motivational limit b. signal detection limit c. absolute threshold d. difference threshold = just noticeable difference = JND

Zonule fibers and the ciliary muscles work to __. a. stretch the retina to be thin enough to allow light to pass through it b. ensure that the cornea is clear of materials, such as hair and other debris c. change the curvature of the lens, allowing accommodation d. adjust the amount of fluid in the posterior chamber

c. change the curvature of the lens, allowing accommodation

Transduction is the process of ______. a. having a visual experience b. having an auditory experience c. converting physical energy into a neural signal d. converting a neural signal into physical energy

c. converting physical energy into a neural signal *Wanda is smelling coffee. The receptor cells in Wanda's nose are ______. -transducing the presence of airborne chemicals into a neural signal

The process of distinguishing where one object ends and the next begins, making edges as clear as possible, is known as __. a. edge prediction b. edge continuation c. edge detection d. edge integration

c. edge detection

According to Weber's Law, the difference threshold: = According to Weber's Law, the Just Noticeable Difference = According to Weber's Law, the JND: a. increases exponentially as the intensity of the standard increases/increases exponentially with stimulus intensity b. decreases exponentially as the intensity of the standard increases/decreases exponentially with stimulus intensity c. is a percentage of the intensity of the standard/is proportional to the intensity of the standard d. is a doubling of the intensity of the standard e. decreases over most of the stimulus range f. increases over most of the stimulus range g. is a logarithmic function of stimulus intensity

c. is a percentage of the intensity of the standard/is proportional to the intensity of the standard *ALSO: -Difference threshold = JND: A just-noticeable difference between two stimuli is related to the magnitude or strength of the stimuli.

The adjustable focusing element of the eye, located right behind the iris of the eye, is known as the ______. a. cornea b. rods and cone sc. lens d. zonule fibers

c. lens

Usually, if we double the amount of light shown to a subject we can expect ______.=If we double the amount of light shown to a subject we can expect ______.= Usually, if we double the amount (intensity) of light shown to a subject we can expect ______.=If we double the amount (intensity) of light shown to a subject we can expect ______.=Usually, if we double the intensity (amount) of light shown to a subject we can expect ______.=If we double the intensity (amount) of light shown to a subject we can expect ______.=Usually, if we double the intensity of light shown to a subject we can expect ______.=If we double the intensity of light shown to a subject we can expect ______. a. a proportional increase in perceived brightness b. a proportional decrease in perceived brightness c. more than double the amount of perceived brightness d. less than double the amount of perceived brightness e. depends on the frequency f. no increase in the amount of perceived brightness g. no decrease in the amount of perceived brightness h. no decrease in the amount of perceived brightness and no increase in the amount of perceived brightness = no increase in the amount of perceived brightness and no decrease in the amount of perceived brightness

c. less than double the amount of perceived brightness

Which term names the fovea and its surrounding area? a. foveal junction b. anterior chamber c. macula d. photon

c. macula *I thought macula was inc center of fovea, not surrounding fovea??

The bilateral structure in the thalamus that relays information from the optic nerve to the visual cortex is known as the __. a. pulvinar b. pineal body c. magnocellular optic chiasm d. lateral geniculate nucleus

c. magnocellular optic chiasm

Karwan is a participant in a psychophysical experiment on visual detection. He is shown a mix of near-threshold stimuli with stimulus-absent catch trials. When Karwan indicates that he did not see a light that was actually present, he is making a __. a. hit b. correct rejection c. miss d. false alarm

c. miss

The proprioception system allows us to a. keep our balance b. process temperatures c. monitor body position d. identify pressure

c. monitor body position

What is the name of the location in the optic tract where the optic nerve from each eye splits in half, with nasal retinae crossing over and temporal retinae staying on the same side of the optic tract? a. pulvinal b. lateral geniculate nucleus c. optic chiasm d. anterior cingulate gyrus

c. optic chiasm

A primary concern for using the method of limits to measure a threshold is that this method is a. old b. simple c. predictable d. too many false positives

c. predictable

Visually sensitive cortical neurons that respond maximally to moving lines of a particular orientation, length, and location are: = Cortical cells that respond maximally to moving lines of a particular orientation, length, and location are: = Visually sensitive cortical neurons that respond maximally to moving lines of a particular angle, length, and location are: = Cortical cells that respond maximally to moving lines of a particular angle, length, and location are: = Visually sensitive cortical neurons that respond maximally to moving lines of a particular angle/particular orientation, particular length, particular brightness, and particular location are: = Cortical cells that respond maximally to moving lines of a particular angle/particular orientation, particular length, particular brightness, and particular location are a.) simple cells / simple neurons b.) complex cells / complex neurons c.) hypercomplex cells / hypercomplex neurons d.) receptive field cells / receptive field neurons

c.) hypercomplex cells/hypercomplex neurons **3 Types of cells in cerebral cortex 1.) Simple cells = Simple neurons (orientation/angle) --> What's a simple neuron?: responds to a line of a particular angle (use term orientation in our studies, but we really mean angle) --> Ie in studies: say responds to a line of a partic orientation --> BUT rly mean: responds to a line of a particular ANGLE LINE NOT moving, but at a particular angle 2.) Complex cells = Complex neurons (movement + orientation/angle) --> What's a complex cell?: Likes a line of a particular angle, BUT NOW, we've thrown in/added movement --> Usually Movement directly to right or directly to left: best for producing a response/increasing a response (just like moving across the surface of the earth) --> Line MOVING at a particular angle 3.) Hypercomplex cells = Hypercomplex neurons (movement + orientation/angle + length + brightness + location) --> What's a hypercomplex neuron?: Dr. Madison would tell u hypercomplex neuron is AWFULLY PICKY --> What does awfully picky mean?: that hypercomplex neuron ONLY responds if the line is of a certain length/particular length, moving at a particular angle, something of a particular brightness, OR something of a particular length --> Becomes rly rly picky, and hypercomplex neuron needs something more complex stimulus than simply a line at a particular angle, or a moving line at a particular angle --> RATHER: hypercomplex neuron: needs additional characteristics to it (in addition to a moving line at a particular angle)

As we increase the volume of music, the frequency range (the difference between the apparent lowest and highest frequencies of sound) would appear to ________=As we increase the volume of music, the frequency range (the difference between the apparent highest and lowest frequencies of sound) would appear to ________ a.) produce a Volley effect b.) produce a Sharpening effect c.) increase d.) decrease

c.) increase 1.) BUT music sounds better when turn it up 2.) Bc remember the graph, the dynamic range appears to increase with more volume/increased volume --> base/low frequency range is LOWER (Or base/low frequency is EVEN LOWER) --> treble/high frequency range is HIGHER (or trebles/high frequency is EVEN HIGHER) **OVERALL -When music is turned up higher/increased loudness --> Whole frequency range of sound ur hearing is WIDER --> Frequency range of sound perceived as a wider range (lows are lower, highs are higher) -BUT: when music is turned lower/decreased loudness --> Whole frequency range of sound ur hearing is NARROWER --> Frequency range of sound perceived as not as wide of a range = Frequency range of sound perceived as a narrower range (lows are not lower and highs are not higher)

Researchers have shown that as people age the near point increases in distance. This is referred to as ___________ and results from the lens becoming ______________ . a.) presbyopia; more round b.) hypermetropia; more round c.) presbyopia; less round d.) hypermetropia; less round

c.) presbyopia; less round/less flexible **3 main refractory errors = •Results when either cornea or lens can not bend light for ideal placement on retina *1.)Presbyopia = •Presbyopia "old sighted" = Far-sightedness = Old-sightedness -Focus image behind the retina -Causes: --> natural/with age --> lens becomes less round/lens becomes too flexible -FIGURE 3.12 Presbyopia and the Near Point -In this graph, the x-axis represents age, and the y-axis represents the near point in centimeters from the eye. As you can see in the graph, the near point is closest when we are young and then accelerates after we reach the age of approximately 50. There are very few among us who do not need reading glasses by the time they are in their 50s. This presbyopia ("old vision") is the result of the fact that the lens becomes less flexible as we age. -natural, evolves with aging, typical consequence of aging -Similar to hyperopia is presbyopia, in which a hardened lens tends to focus images behind the retina (similarity = image focuses behind the retina). -Presbyopia is very common as people age into their 40s and 50s. -Artificial lens/Cataract surgery: Had Further near pt (presbyopia, near pt increases in distance as we age), now closer near pt (no presbyopia) 2.) •Hypermetropia /Hyperopia (farsightedness) eye too small or cornea not bending light enough -Focus image behind the retina -Causes: --> eye too small --> lens cannot become thick enough/lens too thin --> cornea not bending light enough/cornea not refracting light enough -If the eye is too short internally, the lens cannot become thick enough to focus an image on the retina. Instead, the image focuses behind the retina, making the image on the retina blurry. -Hyperopia: a condition causing an inability to focus on near objects, also called farsightedness; occurs because accommodation cannot make the lens thick enough. -Hyperopia/Hypermetropia/Farsighted: Eyeball size itself, far sighted, eyball is a lil too small for ur body, vision focused behind of retina -Hyperopia is correctable with eyeglasses. 3.) •Myopia (nearsightedness) eye too large or cornea bending light too much -Focus image in front of the retina -Causes: --> eye too large --> lens cannot become thin enough/lens too thick --> cornea bending light too much/cornea refracting light too much -Myopia: a condition causing an inability to focus clearly on far objects, also called nearsightedness; occurs because accommodation cannot make the lens thin enough. -If the eye is too long internally, the lens cannot become thin enough to focus an image on the retina. Instead, the image focuses in front of the retina, making the image on the retina blurry. - Eyeball size itself, nearsighted, eyball is a lil too large for ur body, vision focused in front of retina -Focal pt = before actual retina, by time light actually gets to retina, = lil fuzzy -Myopia is correctable with eyeglasses.

The taste of sweet tasting substances relies directly on ____ and the tasting standard is _______ a.) ion channels; NaCl = ion channels; sodium chloride = ion channels; table salt b.) ion channels; HCl = ion channels; Hydrogen chloride = ion channels; Hydrochloric acid c.) receptors; sugar = receptors; sucrose = receptors; fructose = receptors; glucose d.) receptors; glutamate = receptors; monosodium glutamate = receptors; MSG = receptors; polypeptides = receptors; proteins = receptors; amino acids e.) receptors; quinine = receptors; poison

c.) receptors; sugar = receptors; sucrose = receptors; fructose = receptors; glucose *ALL Tastants 1.) Salt (ie NaCl = sodium chloride = Table salt) = Amiloride sensitive Na+ channel = Amiloride sensitive Sodium channel = Na+ sensitive channel = Ion channel = Ionotropic receptor -ion channels; NaCl = ion channels; sodium chloride = ion channels; table salt 2.) Sour (acids, ie HCl = Hydrogen chloride = Hydrochloric acid) = H+ sensitive TRP channel = Proton sensitive TRP channel (PKD variant) = Ion channel = Ionotropic receptor -ion channels; HCl = ion channels; Hydrogen chloride = ion channels; Hydrochloric acid 3.) Sweet (ie a sugar, such as sucrose, fructose, glucose) = 2 subunits of GPCR = T1R1 + T1R3 = Metabotropic Receptor/GPCR: -receptors; sugar = receptors; sucrose = receptors; fructose = receptors; glucose 4.) Umami (ie broths + cooked meals, glutamate, monosodium glutamate = MSG, polypeptides/Proteins/amino acids) = 2 subunits of GPCR = T1R1 + T1R3 = Metabotropic Receptor/GPCR: -receptors; glutamate = receptors; monosodium glutamate = receptors; MSG = receptors; polypeptides = receptors; proteins = receptors; amino acids 5.) Bitter (ie quinine, poison) = 1 subunit of GPCR = T2R = Metabotropic Receptor/GPCR: -receptors; quinine = receptors; poison

In opponent process theory, the yellow channel is a combination of the ________ channels: = In opponent process theory, the yellow channel is a synaptic combination of the ________ channels: a.) green-blue b.) red-blue c.) red-green d.) green-brightness e.) blue-yellow

c.) red-green -Green and Red cones are in the fovea while blue cones are in the periphery. -red + green mix to give yellow (**TEST Q: trick) -Yellow channel uses combined output of both green cones and red cones. (red-green channel) 1.) Blue -Yellow channel (S/ML) --> •S-L/M channel in koni layer (blue-yellow) 2.) Green - Red channel (M/L) --> •L-M channel in parvo layer (red-green) 3.) Black - White channel --> •Brightness information is carried through magnocellular neurons = Magno layer *At 450 nm the blue valence is -1.0 and the red valence is 0.2. -These valences indicate that the perceived color should be blue with a small red component. -This color is usually called violet or purple. *At 550 nm there is a large yellow and a large green chromatic valence -These valences indicate that this color should appear greenish yellow, which is what most people see. *Notice -there are no colors that were described as blue-yellow -there are no colors that were described as red-green

Which of the following use an ionotropic receptor? a.) sweet b.) bitter c.) salt d.) a and b only e.) a and c only

c.) salt (or sour) -NOT sweet -NOT bitter *Tastants that use metabotropic receptors/Tastants that use receptors/Tastants that use GPCRs 1.) Sweet 2.) Bitter 3.) Umami *Tastants that use ionotropic receptors/Tastants that use ion channels 1.) Sour 2.) Salt

Ruffini endings are __________ adapting and have a __________ receptive field = Ruffini's endings are __________ adapting and have a __________ receptive field = SAII mechanoreceptors are __________ adapting and have a __________ receptive field = SA2 mechanoreceptors are __________ adapting and have a __________ receptive field a.) fast; small b.) fast; large c.) slow; large d.) slow; small

c.) slow; large -D for disk & E for ending come after C for corpuscle, S for slower comes after F for fast -L for large = no SM

Loudness is to _______________ as intensity is to ________________. a.) frequency; amplitude b.) decibel; sone c.) sone; decibel d.) amplitude; frequency

c.) sone; decibel *Loudness = Sone *Intensity = Decibel *Sones & Phones = both subjective measures -Sones (measure of loudness) -Phones (measure of pitch change, coming from term phonetics, mel = associated with phone, also measures pitch change) = both subjective measures

Distinct on-center and off-center receptive fields leads us to hypothesize that = Distinct off-center and on-center receptive fields leads us to hypothesize that a.) lightness and darkness are processed through the same receptors = darkness and lightness are processed through the same receptors b.) simultaneous lightness and darkness cancel each other out = simultaneous darkness and lightness cancel each other out = simultaneous lightness and darkness can cancel each other out = simultaneous darkness and lightness can cancel each other out c.) the ability to detect lightness and darkness evolved separately = the ability to detect darkness and lightness evolved separately d.) there are more on-center fields than there are off-center fields = there are more on-center fields than there are off-center = there are fewer off-center fields than there are on-center fields = there are fewer off-center fields than there are on-center = there are less off-center fields than there are on-center fields = there are less off-center fields than there are on-center

c.) the ability to detect lightness and darkness evolved separately = the ability to detect darkness and lightness evolved separately

Two-point threshold for touch would be lowest (points close together) on the a.) belly b.) chest c.) thumb d.) thigh

c.) thumb

Which term describes a receptive field whose center responds in a way opposite to how the rest of the receptive field responds? a.annular receptive field b.oppositional receptive field c.center-surround receptive field d.off-center receptive field

c.center-surround receptive field

The greatest density of cones can be found in the ______. a.iris b.hypocratus c.fovea d.optic disc

c.fovea

The adjustable focusing element of the eye, located right behind the iris of the eye, is known as the ______. a.cornea b.rods and cones c.lens d.zonule fibers

c.lens

Which term names the fovea and its surrounding area? a.foveal junction b.anterior chamber c.macula d.photon

c.macula

The SA1 and FA1 receptors have relatively small receptive fields with densely packed receptors, resulting in.... = The SAI and FAI receptors have relatively small receptive fields with densely packed receptors, resulting in ______. = The FA1 and SA1 receptors have relatively small receptive fields with densely packed receptors, resulting in.... = The FAI and SAI receptors have relatively small receptive fields with densely packed receptors, resulting in ______. = The SA1 (slow-adapting) and FA1 (fast-adapting) receptors have relatively small receptive fields with densely packed receptors. As a result, they have: = The SAI (slow-adapting) and FAI (fast-adapting) receptors have relatively small receptive fields with densely packed receptors. As a result, they have: = The FA1 (fast-adapting) and SA1 (slow-adapting) receptors have relatively small receptive fields with densely packed receptors. As a result, they have: =The FAI (fast-adapting) and SAI (slow-adapting) receptors have relatively small receptive fields with densely packed receptors. As a result, they have: = The Meissner's and Pacinian receptors have relatively small receptive fields with densely packed receptors, resulting in.... = The Pacinian and Meissner's receptors have relatively large receptive fields with scattered receptors, resulting in.... = The Meissner's (slow-adapting) and Pacinian (fast-adapting) receptors have relatively large receptive fields with scattered receptors. As a result, they have: = The Pacinian (fast-adapting) and Meissner's (slow-adapting) receptors have relatively large receptive fields with scattered receptors. As a result, they have: a.) A marked decrease in sensitivity to fine motor movements b.) Low sensitivity to direct pressure on the surface of the skin c.) Low spatial resolution, creating a lack of sensation when the skin is stimulated repeatedly d.) High spatial resolution, allowing detection exactly where on skin a stimulation occurs = High spatial resolution, allowing detection exactly where on the skin a stimulation occurs. = High spatial resolution, allowing us to detect exactly where on the skin a stimulation occurs = High spatial resolution, allowing detection right on the skin where the stimulation occurs = High spatial resolution, allowing detection exactly where on the skin stimulation occurs

d.) High spatial resolution, allowing detection exactly where on skin a stimulation occurs. = High spatial resolution, allowing detection exactly where on the skin a stimulation occurs. = High spatial resolution, allowing us to detect exactly where on the skin a stimulation occurs = High spatial resolution, allowing detection right on the skin where the stimulation occurs = High spatial resolution, allowing detection exactly where on the skin stimulation occurs

Glomeruli are associated with a.) Large vague borders on skin b.) Small sharp borders on skin c.) Continued stretching of the skin d.) None of the above

d.) None of the above (bc not somatosensory/touch, but rather, glomeruli = associated with olfaction/nasal/nose)

A subject with one eye could use which of the following in examining a picture a.) fusion /stereopsis b.) retinal disparity/binocular disparity c.) stereopsis/fusion d.) Pragnanz/Second order contours/Second order contour/Second contours/Second contour/Illusory contours/Illusory contour

d.) Pragnanz/Second order contours/Second order contour/Second contours/Second contour/Illusory contours/Illusory contour

In class we viewed an incomplete drawing of a polar bear. Seeing the polar bear head as normal is represented by a.) ganzfeld b.) hyperacuity c.) first order contours d.) Pragnanz/Second order contours/Second order contour/Second contours/Second contour/Illusory contours/Illusory contour

d.) Pragnanz/Second order contours/Second order contour/Second contours/Second contour/Illusory contours/Illusory contour **Closure: An incomplete pattern is seen as whole when the completion occurs **Law of closure = Image of Polar Bear & Kanizsa's triangle = Gestalt Law of Perceptual Organization -Closure = ignore gaps to make a complete figure -Objects grouped together are seen as a whole -We tend to ignore gaps and complete contour lines -In Kanizsa's triangle, there are no triangles or circles, but our minds fill the missing information to create familiar shapes and images

Which of the following would be the strongest cue for depth perception? a.) Accommodation b.) Stereopsis/Fusion c.) Convergence/vergence d.) Retinal or binocular disparity= Retinal disparity = Binocular disparity

d.) Retinal or binocular disparity = Retinal disparity = Binocular disparity Retinal (binocular) Disparity is a very strong cue for depth. Binocular (retinal) Disparity is a very strong cue for depth.

The pathway for the pain and temperature that travels up the spinal column is known as the ______.=The pathway for the nociceptors (pain) and thermoreceptors (temperature) that travels up the contralateral side of the spinal column is known as: = The pathway for the temperature and pain that travels up the spinal column is known as the ______.=The pathway for the thermoreceptors (temperature) and nociceptors (pain) that travels up the contralateral side of the spinal column is known as: a.) Dorsal column medial-lemniscal pathway = Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway b.) Ventral column anterior-spiral pathway = Ventral column-anterior spiral pathway c.) A-delta fiber tract d.) Spinothalamic pathway

d.) Spinothalamic pathway

The experience of tasting 'hotness' from peppers and spices comes from = The experience of tasting hotness from peppers and spices comes from = The experience of tasting spiciness from peppers and spices comes from a.) stimulation of taste receptors b.) stimulation of pain through trigeminal c.) damage to the papilla d.) a and b only e.) all of the above

d.) a and b only -stimulation of taste receptors -stimulation of pain through trigeminal *The experience of tasting 'hotness' from peppers and spices DOES come from -stimulation of taste receptors -stimulation of pain through trigeminal *The experience of tasting 'hotness' from peppers and spices does NOT come from -damage to the papilla --> Microvilli are located inside taste buds, which are arranged along the papillae of the tongue --> If you burn your tongue, don't worry; taste buds regenerate around every 3 days

Which of the following use a metabotropic receptor? a.) sweet b.) bitter c.) salt d.) a and b only e.) a and c only

d.) a and b only = sweet and bitter (or umami) -NOT SALT *Tastants that use metabotropic receptors/Tastants that use receptors/Tastants that use GPCRs 1.) Sweet 2.) Bitter 3.) Umami *Tastants that use ionotropic receptors/Tastants that use ion channels 1.) Sour 2.) Salt

The ideal stimulus for a visually sensitive parvocellular neuron in the LGN would be a.) a white line with an opposing center and surround b.) a white circle with an opposing center and surround c.) a colored line with an opposing center and surround d.) a colored circle with an opposing center and surround

d.) a colored circle with an opposing center and surround *What is an ideal arrangement for a receptive field? -Usually the round shape at the eye = THe round shape at the geniculate -We like an Opposing center and surround --> Whatever is in the center/middle of the donut, we want the opposite thing around in the surround of the donut --> & vice versa: Whatever is in the surround of the donut, we want the opposite thing in the center/middle of the donut *•P-type - parvo - small (about 90%) - wavelength sensitive (color-opponent cells) -(Medium and long wavelength)

When you look at something and determine what it is, you are relying on this pathway = When you look at something and determine what it is, you are relying on this: a.) ventral stream/what stream/temporal stream b.) dorsal stream/where stream/parietal stream c.) hippocampus d.) temporal lobe e.) parietal lobe f.) a and c only g.) b and c only h.) a, c, and d i.) b and e only

d.) a, c, and d = ventral stream/what stream/temporal stream AND temporal lobe AND hippocampus *When you look at something and determine what it is, you are relying on: -ventral stream and hippocampus -ventral stream = what stream = temporal stream/temporal lobe, specifically inferotemporal lobe (contains hippocampus) *When you look at something and determine what it is, you are relying on: -dorsal stream -dorsal stream = where stream = parietal stream/parietal lobe, specifically posterior parietal cortex

The Ames room a.) is an irregular shaped room b.) is designed to prevent accurate depth information from the viewer c.) makes humans appear as giants or dwarfs when walking across the back wall = makes humans appear as giants when walking across the back wall = makes humans appear as dwarfs when walking across the back wall = makes humans appear as giants when walking across the back wall OR makes humans appear as dwarfs when walking across the back wall = makes humans appear as dwarfs when walking across the back wall OR makes humans appear as giants when walking across the back wall d.) all of the above

d.) all of the above *The Ames room 1.) is an irregular shaped room 2.) is designed to prevent accurate depth information from the viewer 3.) makes humans appear as giants or dwarfs when walking across the back wall

The decibel scale is used to measure ____ a.) frequency b.) pitch c.) phase d.) amplitude e.) timbre/tone color/tone quality = sound quality

d.) amplitude

Loudness is to _______________ as pitch is to ________________. a.) frequency; amplitude b.) decibel; sone c.) sone; decibel d.) amplitude; frequency

d.) amplitude; frequency *Loudness = Amplitude *Pitch = Frequency

People can only smell substances that ______. a.) contain hydrogen compounds b.) have very large molecules c.) are water solubles d.) can float in the air

d.) can float in the air

The cochlea: a.) contains Reissner's membrane which produces a wave-like action auditory input b.) is a structure of the middle ear whose function is phase matching c.) is responsible for the equalization of air pressure between middle and inner ear = is responsible for the equalization of air pressure between middle ear and inner ear d.) contains the hair cells that transduce sound waves into neural activity

d.) contains the hair cells that transduce sound waves into neural activity *The cochlea DOES 1.) DOES contain the hair cells that transduce sound waves into neural activity *The cochlea does NOT/is NOT 1.) does NOT contain Reissner's membrane which produces a wave-like action auditory input 2.) is NOT a structure of the middle ear whose function is phase matching 3.) is NOT responsible for the equalization of air pressure between middle and inner ear = is NOT responsible for the equalization of air pressure between middle ear and inner ear

Which of the following depth cues would be least effective as we increased distance from the stimulus? a.) interposition/occlusion b.) retinal disparity/binocular disparity c.) height in the field (??relative height?) d.) convergence/vergence

d.) convergence/vergence

As we decrease the volume of music, the frequency range (the difference between the apparent lowest and highest frequencies of sound) would appear to ________=As we decrease the volume of music, the frequency range (the difference between the apparent highest and lowest frequencies of sound) would appear to ________ a.) produce a Volley effect b.) produce a sharpening effect c.) increase d.) decrease

d.) decrease 1.) BUT music sounds better when turn it up 2.) Bc remember the graph, the dynamic range appears to increase with more volume/increased volume --> base/low frequency range is LOWER (Or base/low frequency is EVEN LOWER) --> treble/high frequency range is HIGHER (or trebles/high frequency is EVEN HIGHER) **OVERALL -When music is turned up higher/increased loudness --> Whole frequency range of sound ur hearing is WIDER --> Frequency range of sound perceived as a wider range (lows are lower, highs are higher) -BUT: when music is turned lower/decreased loudness --> Whole frequency range of sound ur hearing is NARROWER --> Frequency range of sound perceived as not as wide of a range = Frequency range of sound perceived as a narrower range (lows are not lower and highs are not higher)

Which of the following do we NOT have a constancy for a.) size b.) shape (form) = form (shape) c.) brightness d.) depth (distance) = distance (depth) e.) color

d.) depth (distance) *DO NOT have constancy for 1.) depth perception (no depth constancy) = distance perception (no distance constancy) *DO have constancy for 1.) size perception 2.) form perception = shape perception 3.) color perception 3) brightness perception

Time and _________ differences are used to locate a sound source. a.) frequency b.) phase c.) timbre/tone color/tone quality = sound quality d.) intensity

d.) intensity *TO locate a sound source, use: 1.) Time differences 2.) Intensity differences

During the rarefaction phase of a sound wave in air, air pressure is a.) out of phase b.) in phase c.) greater than normal d.) less than normal

d.) less than normal

Which of the following senses would have the biggest difference between humans and non-human animals in terms of controlling behavior? a.) vision/sight b.) audition/hearing c.) olfaction/smell d.) somatosensory/sensory/touch

d.) olfaction/smell (non-human animals, ie dogs, have much stronger senses of smell than humans)

Negative color afterimages are taken for support of = Negative afterimages are taken for support of a.) trichromatic theory /trichromatic theory of color vision b.) lateral inhibition c.) additive color mixing d.) opponent process theory e.) simultaneous brightness contrast f.) non-spectral colors

d.) opponent process theory

The continued but illusory sensory reception in a missing appendage is known as ______. a.) Poggendorf syndrome b.) the amputee syndrome c.) the Garcia illusion d.) phantom limb syndrome

d.) phantom limb syndrome

The area in the anterior portion of the temporal lobe that receives input from the olfactory bulb and is often considered to be the primary olfactory cortex is the ______. a.) cerebral cortex b.) entorhinal cortex c.) parietal cortex d.) piriform cortex/pyriform cortex

d.) piriform cortex = pyriform cortex = primary olfactory cortex = olfactory cortex

The tendency to interpret a visual scene in the simplest form possible is = When we interpret a visual scene in the simplest form possible this is a.) fusion/stereopsis b.) retinal disparity/binocular disparity c.) stereopsis/fusion d.) pragnanz/Second order contours/Second order contour/Second contours/Second contour/Illusory contours/Illusory contour

d.) pragnanz/Second order contours/Second order contour/Second contours/Second contour/Illusory contours/Illusory contour

The taste of umami tasting substances relies directly on ____ and the tasting standard is _______ a.) ion channels; NaCl = ion channels; sodium chloride = ion channels; table salt b.) ion channels; HCl = ion channels; Hydrogen chloride = ion channels; Hydrochloric acid c.) receptors; sugar = receptors; sucrose = receptors; fructose = receptors; glucose d.) receptors; glutamate = receptors; monosodium glutamate = receptors; MSG = receptors; polypeptides = receptors; proteins = receptors; amino acids e.) receptors; quinine = receptors; poison

d.) receptors; glutamate = receptors; monosodium glutamate = receptors; MSG = receptors; polypeptides = receptors; proteins = receptors; amino acids *ALL Tastants 1.) Salt (ie NaCl = sodium chloride = Table salt) = Amiloride sensitive Na+ channel = Amiloride sensitive Sodium channel = Na+ sensitive channel = Ion channel = Ionotropic receptor -ion channels; NaCl = ion channels; sodium chloride = ion channels; table salt 2.) Sour (acids, ie HCl = Hydrogen chloride = Hydrochloric acid) = H+ sensitive TRP channel = Proton sensitive TRP channel (PKD variant) = Ion channel = Ionotropic receptor -ion channels; HCl = ion channels; Hydrogen chloride = ion channels; Hydrochloric acid 3.) Sweet (ie a sugar, such as sucrose, fructose, glucose) = 2 subunits of GPCR = T1R1 + T1R3 = Metabotropic Receptor/GPCR: -receptors; sugar = receptors; sucrose = receptors; fructose = receptors; glucose 4.) Umami (ie broths + cooked meals, glutamate, monosodium glutamate = MSG, polypeptides/Proteins/amino acids) = 2 subunits of GPCR = T1R1 + T1R3 = Metabotropic Receptor/GPCR: -receptors; glutamate = receptors; monosodium glutamate = receptors; MSG = receptors; polypeptides = receptors; proteins = receptors; amino acids 5.) Bitter (ie quinine, poison) = 1 subunit of GPCR = T2R = Metabotropic Receptor/GPCR: -receptors; quinine = receptors; poison

The parahippocampal place area is critical for -parahippocampal place area (PPA) a.) recognizing any human face b.) recognizing a particular face c.) recognizing faces we have never seen d.) recognizing places and visual landscapes e.) recognizing body parts

d.) recognizing places and visual landscapes recognizing a landscape = recognizing a landmark = recognizing a scene = recognizing places and visual landscapes

The cell layers of the retina are arranged as follows: a.) ganglion cells; horizontal cells; rods and cones; amacrine cells; bipolar cells b.) rods and cones; amacrine cells; bipolar cells; horizontal cells; ganglion cells c.) rods and cones; horizontal cells; ganglion cells; amacrine cells; bipolar cells d.) rods and cones; horizontal cells; bipolar cells; amacrine cells; ganglion cells

d.) rods and cones; horizontal cells; bipolar cells; amacrine cells; ganglion cells *QUESTION: Flip bipolar cels & Horizontal cells? rods and cones; bipolar cells; horizontal cells; amacrine cells; ganglion cells 1.) Rods & Cones (Photoreceptors) = Outer nuclear layer 2/3.) Bipolar cells = Outer plexiform layer 2/3.) Horizontal cells = Inner nuclear layers 4.) Amacrine cells = Inner plexiform layer 5.) Ganglion cells = Ganglion cell layer

Merkel discs are __________ adapting and have a __________ receptive field = Merkel's discs are __________ adapting and have a __________ receptive field = Merkel disks are __________ adapting and have a __________ receptive field = Merkel's disks are __________ adapting and have a __________ receptive field = SAI mechanoreceptors are __________ adapting and have a __________ receptive field = SA1 mechanoreceptors are __________ adapting and have a __________ receptive field a.) fast; small b.) fast; large c.) slow; large d.) slow; small

d.) slow; small -D for disk & E for ending come after C for corpuscle, S for slower comes after F for fast -S for small = SM in Meissner'S

An equal loudness contour describes a.) the frequencies at which tones of varying phase appear equally loud= the frequencies at which tones of varying phases appear equally loud =the frequencies at which tones of varying phase appear to be equally loud= the frequencies at which tones of varying phases appear to be equally loud b.) the frequencies at which tones of varying intensity appear equally loud = the frequencies at which tones of varying intensities appear equally loud = the frequencies at which tones of varying intensity appear to be equally loud = the frequencies at which tones of varying intensities appear to be equally loud c.) the intensities at which tones of varying loudness appear to have the same pitch = the intensities at which tones of varying loudness appear to be equally pitched d.) the intensities at which tones of varying frequencies appear to be equally loud=the intensities at which tones of varying frequency appear to be equally loud=the intensities at which tones of varying frequencies appear equally loud=the intensities at which tones of varying frequency appear equally loud

d.) the intensities at which tones of varying frequencies appear to be equally loud=the intensities at which tones of varying frequency appear to be equally loud=the intensities at which tones of varying frequencies appear equally loud=the intensities at which tones of varying frequency appear equally loud

Which seems to be the best current theory of pitch perception? a.) the place theory b.) the frequency theory c.) the volley principle/the volley theory/the volley effect d.) the place-frequency compromise (both place and frequency theories are correct) = the place-frequency compromise (both place theory and frequency theory are correct)

d.) the place-frequency compromise (both place and frequency theories are correct) = the place-frequency compromise (both place theory and frequency theory are correct)

The clear front surface of the eye that allows light in, which is also a major focusing element of the eye, is known as the ______. a.retina b.macular loop c.iris d.cornea

d.cornea

Karwan is a participant in a psychophysical experiment on visual detection. He is shown a mix of near-threshold stimuli with stimulus-absent catch trials. When Karwan indicates that he saw a light in a stimulus-absent catch trial, he is making a ______. a.hit b.correct rejection c.miss d.false alarm

d.false alarm

The innermost layer of the skins is called the: -epidermis -dermis

dermis

Area MT (V5) is associated with the ______ pathway.

dorsal

There are many more photoreceptors than there are retinal ganglion neurons. This indicates that there is convergence in the visual system. Where is the convergence the greatest? = There are many more photoreceptors than there are retinal ganglion neurons. This indicates there is convergence in the visual system. Where is the convergence the greatest?=There are many more photoreceptors than there are retinal ganglion cells. This indicates that there is convergence in the visual system. Where is the convergence the greatest? = There are many more photoreceptors than there are retinal ganglion cells. This indicates there is convergence in the visual system. Where is the convergence the greatest?=There are many fewer retinal ganglion neurons than there are photoreceptors. This indicates that there is convergence in the visual system. Where is the convergence the greatest? = There are many fewer retinal ganglion neurons than there are photoreceptors. This indicates there is convergence in the visual system. Where is the convergence the greatest?=There are many fewer retinal ganglion neurons than there are photoreceptors. This indicates that there is convergence in the visual system. Where is the convergence the greatest? = There are many fewer retinal ganglion neurons than there are photoreceptors. This indicates there is convergence in the visual system. Where is the convergence the greatest?=Where is the convergence the greatest in the visual system? a. Fovea b. Macula = Macula lutea c. Retina d. Optic disk = Optic disc = Blind Spot e. Periphery

e. Periphery *Convergence = the GREATEST in periphery *Convergence = the LEAST in Macula = Macula lutea

The area along the retina that is highest in acuity and the most dense in cones is the ______.

fovea

The greatest density of cones can be found in the ______. a. iris b. hypocratus c. fovea d. optic disc

fovea

Higher frequencies present in a complex sound that are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency (main frequency) are known as ______.

harmonies

The 6-layered, bilateral structure in the thalamus that relays information from the optic nerve to the visual cortex is known as the __________.

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

The bilateral structure in the thalamus that relays information from the optic nerve to the visual cortex is known as the ______.

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

What principle of perceptual organization is illustrated by the pattern in the brackets ( oo oo oo )?

proximity

The bilateral structure in the thalamus that relays information form the optic nerve to the visual cortex is known as the ______.

pulvinar

An Orienting tuning curve refers to a graph of V1 neurons that respond to stimuli with particular orientations to objects within their receptive field are known as ________ in contrast to neurons that respond to stimuli that end within the cell's receptive field that are __________.

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