CVS+Heart
9. Which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart? A. Pulmonary arteries B. Pulmonary veins C. Pulmonary trunk D. Inferior vena cava E. Superior vena cava
A. Pulmonary arteries
1. The main functions of the cardiovascular system are the transport and exchange of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes throughout the body. True False
True
4. Which can be used to characterize blood flow in the human body? a: There is a unidirectional blood flow. b: Arteries always carry oxygenated blood. c: Veins always carry deoxygenated blood. d: Arteries carry blood away from the heart. e: Veins carry blood toward the heart. a, c, d, e a, b, c, d, e a, d, e b, c, d, e d, e
a, d, e
5. The pulmonary trunk receives blood from the right ventricle and conducts it toward the lung. The pulmonary trunk is a(n) _________. artery capillary vein
artery
11. Which of the cardiovascular system's circuits has deoxygenated blood in its arteries? A. Pulmonary circuit B. Innards circuit C. Antithesis circuit D. Systemic circuit E. Vanguard circuit
A. Pulmonary circuit
38. Sympathetic innervation of the heart arises from the ________ segments of the spinal cord. A. T1-T5 B. T3-T8 C. T5-T10 D. T6-T11 E. T11-L2
A. T1-T5
16. An autorhythmic heart cell is one in which: A. action potentials fire spontaneoulsy. B. action potentials are stimulated by internal stores of acetylcholine. C. action potentials always occur at exactly the same frequency. D. all filaments contract and relax with a high degree of synchrony. E. action potentials are initiated by the autonomic nervous system.
A. action potentials fire spontaneoulsy.
51. Just prior to atrial systole: A. all four chambers are at rest and AV valves are open. B. all four chambers are contracting and all valves are open. C. both ventricles are contracting and blood is being ejected into the major arteries. D. both atria are contracting and blood is being ejected into the major arteries. E. all four chambers are at rest and AV valves are closed.
A. all four chambers are at rest and AV valves are open.
47. Remember that the veins are reserves for blood volume. As soon as exercise begins the reserves are brought in, the preload increases, stroke volume increases and we go from 5 to 15 liters of cardiac output per minute. That is why it is a reserve. We do not engage the process unless needed for exercise. Norepinephrine is considered a positive chronotropic agent since it causes: A. an increase in the firing rate of SA node cells. B. less calcium to enter heart cells, which leads to lower risk of heart attack. C. heart cell membrane potentials to become more positive during action potentials. D. more forceful contractions during each heart rate. E. thyroid hormone to have a steadying effect on heart activity.
A. an increase in the firing rate of SA node cells.
19. Vagal tone refers to the: A. decreasing of the heart rate below its inherent rhythm by parasympathetic stimulation. B. decreasing of the heart rate below its inherent rhythm by sympathetic stimulation. C. increasing of the heart rate above its inherent rhythm by sympathetic stimulation. D. increasing of the heart rate above its inherent rhythm by parasympathetic stimulation.
A. decreasing of the heart rate below its inherent rhythm by parasympathetic stimulation.
24. During the plateau phase of a cardiac muscle cell's action potential, the membrane stays: A. depolarized as potassium exits and calcium enters. B. depolarized as potassium enters and calcium exits. C. repolarized as sodium enters and calcium exits. D. hyperpolarized as sodium and calcium exit. E. hyperpolarized as potassium enters and calcium exits.
A. depolarized as potassium exits and calcium enters.
21. At the AV node of the conduction system, the action potential is: A. rapidly advanced due to the cells being large and well connected by gap junctions. B. rapidly advanced due to the cells being small and well insulated by myelin. C. delayed due to the cells being small and having few gap junctions. D. delayed due to the cells being large and having many leakage channels.
A. rapidly advanced due to the cells being large and well connected by gap junctions.
52. During a cardiac cycle, how many of the four chambers contract at any one time? A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. Highly variable, depending on the heart beat rate E. None of these answers is correct
B. 2
8. Which analogy fits the human heart? A. It is like a single pump. B. It is like a double pump, each working side by side with the other. C. It is like four pumps, with each working at its own separate time. D. It is like a double pump, each working at its own rate determined by the needs of the body served. E. It is like a single pump whose various chambers all work together at once.
B. It is like a double pump, each working side by side with the other.
35. Which segment of the ECG reflects the plateau phase of ventricular muscle cells' action potentials? A. P-T segment B. S-T segment C. Q-R segment D. P-R interval E. T-P interval
B. S-T segment
34. In an EKG, the P wave is generated when the: A. ventricles depolarize. B. atria depolarize. C. atria repolarize. D. ventricles repolarize. E. Purkinje fibers initiate an impulse.
B. atria depolarize.
27. To initiate a cardiac muscle cell contraction, calcium: A. binds to calmodulin. B. binds to troponin. C. binds to actin. D. binds to the Z-disc. E. binds to tropomyosin.
B. binds to troponin.
17. Once an SA nodal cell reaches threshold, the depolarization phase occurs during which: A. potassium comes in through fast voltage-gated channels. B. calcium comes in through fast voltage-gated channels. C. potassium moves out through fast voltage-gated channels. D. sodium moves out through slow voltage-gated channels. E. calcium moves out through slow voltage-gated channels.
B. calcium comes in through fast voltage-gated channels.
23. The membrane of a contractile cardiac muscle cell contains: A. no calcium pumps. B. calcium pumps that move calcium out of the cell. C. calcium pumps that move calcium into the cell. D. calcium pumps that open and allow calcium to diffuse down its concentration gradient to reach equilibrium.
B. calcium pumps that move calcium out of the cell.
25. As with action potentials in other types of cells, the repolarization of cardiac muscle cells involve the: A. entrance of calcium through voltage-gated channels. B. exit of potassium through voltage-gated channels. C. entrance of sodium through voltage-gated channels. binding of Ach to Ach receptor. D. simultaneous closure of sodium channels and opening of calcium channels.
B. exit of potassium through voltage-gated channels.
22. The membrane of a contractile cardiac muscle cell contains: A. fast voltage-gated sodium channels and fast voltage-gated calcium channels. B. fast voltage-gated sodium channels and slow voltage-gated calcium channels. C. slow voltage-gated sodium channels and slow voltage-gated calcium channels. D. slow voltage-gated sodium channels and fast voltage-gated calcium channels.
B. fast voltage-gated sodium channels and slow voltage-gated calcium channels.
32. The atrioventricular (AV) node is located in the: A. floor of the left atrium. B. floor of the right atrium. C. roof of the left ventricle. D. back wall of the right ventricle. E. back wall of the left ventricle.
B. floor of the right atrium.
2. The units for perfusion of blood are typically: A. grams per minute. B. milliliters per minute per gram. C. millimiters per hour per kilogram. D. liters per gram. E. beats per minute per gram.
B. milliliters per minute per gram.
43. The opening and closing of the heart valves is caused by: A. contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the great vessels leaving the heart. B. pressure changes of alternating contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle. C. action potentials within the cusps of the valves. D. contraction and relaxation of papillary muscles that pull on heart strings.
B. pressure changes of alternating contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
36. During the S-T segment, what is occurring within cardiac muscle cells? A. Sodium is rapidly diffusing out of atrial muscle cells. B. Sodium channels are beginning to open in ventricular cells and calcium is entering through slow channels in atrial cells. C. Calcium is entering and potassium is leaving ventricular cells. D. Potassium is entering atrial cells and sodium is leaving ventricular cells.
C. Calcium is entering and potassium is leaving ventricular cells.
33. In an ECG, what does the T wave denote? A. Depolarization of the atria B. Depolarization of the right ventricle C. Repolarization of the ventricles D. Closure of the AV valves E. Depolarization of the left ventricle
C. Repolarization of the ventricles
13. Which heart chambers would contain deoxygenated blood? A. Left atrium and right atrium B. Left ventricle and right ventricle C. Right atrium and right ventricle D. Left atrium and left ventricle E. Right atrium and left ventricle
C. Right atrium and right ventricle
30. The plateau phase of an action potential: A. occurs only in skeletal muscle and makes those fibers' contractions most forceful. B. leads to tetanic contractions in smooth and skeletal muscle. C. allows cardiac muscle cells to contract and then relax without locking up. D. allows cardiac muscle cells to exhibit synchronous fibrillation.
C. allows cardiac muscle cells to contract and then relax without locking up.
50. Cardiac output is the amount of blood that is pumped: A. by both ventricles in one hour. B. by a single ventricle in one hour. C. by a single ventricle in one minute. D. by the left ventricle into the aorta in one beat. E. by both ventricles in one minute.
C. by a single ventricle in one minute.
26. Most of the calcium that triggers contraction of cardiac muscle comes: A. into the cell through leakage channels in the sarcolemma. B. into the cell through voltage-gated channels in the sarcolemma. C. from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the cell. D. from the Golgi apparatus of the cell.
C. from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the cell.
3. Occlusion of blood vessels tends to lead to: A. increases in perfusion. B. increases in capillary exchange. C. inadequate blood supply and damage to body tissues. D. defibrillation of cardic muscle cell contraction.
C. inadequate blood supply and damage to body tissues.
49. Think about stretching your muscles before beginning a jog. You will pull the actin as far possible to generate a greater power stroke and result in greater tension in the muscle. Since cardiac muscle also has sarcomere the law will apply. A drug that decreased calcium levels in a muscle cell and thereby lowered the number of crossbridges formed during the heart's contractions would be a: A. negative chronotropic agent. B. positive inotropic agent. C. negative inotropic agent. D. positive chronotropic agent.
C. negative inotropic agent.
29. Which type of muscle cell exhibits a longer refractory period? Cardiac muscle cell Skeletal muscle cell
Cardiac muscle cell
44. Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing stroke volume? A. Venous return B. Inotropic agents C. Afterload D. Chronotropic agents
D. Chronotropic agents
10. Which circuit of the cardiovascular system is responsible for sending blood to the kidneys, stomach, and pelvic regions? A. Pulmonary circuit B. Innards circuit C. Vagus circuit D. Systemic circuit E. Vanguard circuit
D. Systemic circuit
12. The left ventricle and aorta are part of which circuit of the cardiovascular system? A. Pulmonary circuit B. Cardio circuit C. Coronary circuit D. Systemic circuit E. Schwann circuit
D. Systemic circuit
48. According to the Frank-Starling law: A. the more calcium available to the heart cell, the more forceful it will contract. B. the faster the heart rate the larger the stroke volume. C. the greater the resistance from the arteries the higher the blood pressure. D. as the volume of blood entering the heart increases, ventricular contractions become more forceful.
D. as the volume of blood entering the heart increases, ventricular contractions become more forceful.
18. For the repolarization phase of an SA nodal cell action potential: A. sodium and potassium channels open. B. calcium channels open and sodium channels close. C. calcium and potassium channels close. D. calcium channels close and potassium channels open. E. sodium and chloride channels open.
D. calcium channels close and potassium channels open.
37. Parasympathetic innervation of the heart occurs via: A. CN IV. B. CN VI. C. CN VIII. D.CN X. E. CN XII.
D.CN X.
31. adjacent to the entrance of the superior vena cava? A. AV bundle B. Bundle branches C. Purkinje fibers D. AV node E. SA node
E. SA node
15. The hearts nodal cells have a more negative resting potential than neurons do, because nodal cells lack leak channels for sodium and potassium ions. True False
False
42. Purkinje fibers are small fibers within the atria that conduct impulses rapidly. True False
False
46. Cardiac reserve is greater in a nonathletic individual than in a highly trained athlete. True False
False
6. Arteries carry blood toward the heart, while veins carry blood away from the heart. True False
False
14. Nodal cells contain fast voltage-gated calcium channels. True False
True
28. Like skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells have an absolute refractory period prior to repolarization. True False
True
39. Parasympathetic innervation influences the heart rate, but generally tends to have no direct effect on the force of contractions. True False
True
41. Though the autonomic innervation by autonomic centers in the brainstem cannot initiate a heartbeat, it can increase or decrease the heart rate. True False
True
45. Ionotropic means affecting the force of the contraction of the cardiac muscle. Think about the calcium ions entering the cardiac muscle cell and enhancing the cross bridge formation in the sarcomeres. This results in a greater force of contraction. Immediately prior to atrial systole, blood continues to enter the atria from the venae cavae and pulmonary veins. True False
True
53. About 70% of the ventricle filling is achieved passively without the contraction of the atria. True False
True
7. The receiving chambers of the heart are the atria, and the forcefully pumping chambers of the heart are the ventricles. True False
True
40. Sympathetic innervation of the heart: a: increases the heart rate b: decreases the heart rate c: increases the force of contractions d: decreases the force of contractions e: has no effect on contraction force a, c b, d a, d b, e a, e
a, c
20. What is the sequence of events in the transmission of an impulse through the heart muscle? a: AV node b: AV bundle c: SA node d: Through the atria e: Through the ventricles f: Bundle branches g: Purkinje fibers c, d, a, b, f, g, e d, b, a, c, f, g, e b, a, d, c, f, g, e f, g, d, c, b, a, e c, d, a, f, b, g, e
c, d, a, b, f, g, e
