Cytoplasm

Function of Golgi complex

Accepts proteins from rough ER; forms glycoproteins and lipoproteins; stores, packages, and exports proteins.

Cytoplasm

Cellular contents between the plasma membrane and nucleus, including cytosol and organelles.

Functions of cilia and flagella

Cilia move fluids over a cells surface, for example in lungs and fallopian tubes. A flagellum moves an entire cell, the only flagellum is a sperm cell's tail.

Plasma membrane

Composed of a lipid bilayer consisting of phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids with various proteins inserted; surrounds cytoplasm.

Cytosol

Composed of water, solutes, suspended particles, liquid droplets, and glycogen granules.

Cytoplasm

Consists of all of the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus and includes both cytosol and organelles.

Function of nucleus

Contains genes, which controls cellular structure and direct most cellular activities.

Paired centrioles

Cylindrical structures, each of which is composed of nine clusters of three microtubule [a triplet] arranged in a circular pattern. Surrounded by pericentriolar material.

Function of proteasomes

Degrades Degraded, damaged, or faulty proteins by cutting them into small peptides.

Function of peroxisome

Detoxifies harmful substances, such as hydrogen peroxide and and associated free radicals.

Smooth ER

Extends from the rough ER, lacks ribosomes.

Function of lysosomes

Fuses with and Digests contents of vesicles; digests worn-out organelles [autophagy], entire cells [autolysis], and extracellular materials.

Function of cytosol

Liquid in which many of the cell's chemical reactions occur.

Microtubules

Long, hollow tubes. Help determine cell shape and function in both the movement of organelles and the migration of chromosomes during cell division. Also responsible for movements of cilia and flagella.

Autolysis

Lysosomal enzymes destroy the entire cell.

Function of cytoskeleton

Maintains shape and general organization of cellular contents; responsible for cell movements.

Microvilli

Microscopic, fingerlike projections of the plasma membrane that greatly increase the surface area of the cell. Abundant in cells involved in absorption.

Cytoskeleton

Network in the cytoplasm composed of three protein filaments: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

Golgi complex

Organelle. A stack of 3-20 flattened membranous sacs called cisterns.

Ribosome

Organelle. Composed of two subunits containing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins; may be free inside cytosol or attached to rough ER.

Nucleus

Organelle. Consists of nuclear envelope with pores, nucleoli, and chromatin [or chromosomes].

Mitochondrion

Organelle. Consists of outer and inner membrane, cristae and matrix.

Endoplasmic reticulum [ER]

Organelle. Membranous network of folded membranes. Includes rough ER and smooth ER.

Centrosome

Organelle. Paired centrioles plus pericentriolar material.

Proteasome

Organelle. Tiny barrel-shaped structure that contains proteases, enzymes that cut proteins.

Lysosome

Organelle. Vesicle formed from golgi complex; contains digestive enzymes.

Peroxisome

Organelle. Vesicles containing oxidative enzymes.

Cilia and flagella

Organelles. Motile cell surface projections with inner core of microtubules.

Tubulins

Organizing centers for growth of the mitotic spindle, which plays a critical role in cell division, and for microtubule formation in nondividing cells.

Function of the Centrosome

Pericentriolar material is organizing center for microtubules and mitotic spindle.

Functions of plasma membrane

Protects cellular contents; it makes contact with other cells; contains channels, transporters, receptors, enzymes, and cell-identity markers; mediates the entry and exit of substances.

Function of ribosome

Protein synthesis

general functions of microfilaments

Providing mechanical support and help generate movements. They also anchor the cytoskeleton to integral proteins in the plasma membrane and provide support for microscopic fingerlike projections of the plasma membrane called microvilli.

Cristae

Series of folds arranged on the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Function of cytoplasm

Site of all intracellular activities except those occurring in the nucleus.

Function of smooth ER

Site of fatty acid and steroid synthesis; also releases glucose into the bloodstream, inactivates or detoxifies drugs and potentially harmful substances, and stores and releases calcium ions for muscle contraction.

Function of mitochondrion

Site of reactions that produce most of a cell's ATP.

Organelles

Specialized cellular structures with characteristic shapes and specific functions.

Rough ER

Studded with ribosomes and is attached to the nuclear membrane.

pericentriolar material

Surrounds paired centrioles. Contains hundreds of ring-shaped proteins called tubulins.

Mitochondrial matrix

The large central fluid filled cavity of a mitochondrion, enclosed by the inner membrane and cristae.

Autophagy

The process by which worn-out organelles are digested.

Function of rough ER

The site of synthesis of glycoproteins and phospholipids.

Intermediate filaments

Thicker than microfilaments but thinner than microtubules.found in parts of cells subject to tension such as stretching, help hold organelle such as the nucleus in place, and help attach cells to one another.

Microfilaments

Thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton, which are concentrated at the periphery of a cell and contribute to the cells strength and shape.