Data & Info mgmt - Exam 1 (ch. 1,2,3,4 terms and concepts)

Data Inconsistency

Conflicting versions of data across locations.

Islands of information

Disconnected data silos eliminated by DBMS.

Logical Data Format

How data is perceived by humans.

Data warehouse

Stores data for strategic decision-making.

Operational database

Supports daily operations of a company.

Attribute

A characteristic of an entity.

Many-to-many relationship

A relationship where multiple instances of one entity are associated with multiple instances of another entity.

One-to-one relationship

A relationship where one entity is associated with exactly one instance of another entity.

One-to-many relationship

A relationship where one entity is associated with multiple instances of another entity.

Constraint

A restriction placed on the data.

Data Dependence

Access changes with data storage characteristics.

Structural Dependence

Access relies on file structure changes.

Performance tuning

Activities enhancing database efficiency.

User Interface

Allows interaction with data and generates SQL.

Database access languages

Allows interaction with databases via query languages.

Entity

Anything about which data are to be collected and stored.

Common Attributes

Attributes used to relate different tables.

Insertion Anomalies

Cannot add data without related entries.

Management complexity

Challenges from integrating various technologies.

Structural Independence

Change file structure without affecting access.

Data integration

Combining data from different sources for consistency.

Sources of Business Rules

Company managers, policy makers, department managers, written documentation, and direct interviews with end users.

Data inconsistency

Conflicting data across different database instances.

Network Model

Created to represent complex data relationships more effectively than the hierarchical model.

Predefined reports

DBMS publishes reports automatically on websites.

Distributed database

Data spread across multiple physical sites.

Centralized database

Data stored at a single physical location.

Islands of Information

Data stored separately, leading to redundancy.

Metadata

Data that describes characteristics of other data.

DBMS

Database Management System for managing databases.

Structured Query Language (SQL)

De facto query language for database management.

Database design

Defines structure for effective data management.

Data Management Language (DML)

Defines the environment in which data can be managed.

Relationship

Describes an association among entities.

Business Rules

Descriptions of policies, procedures, or principles within a specific organization.

Relational Model

Developed by E.F. Codd (IBM) in 1970, consisting of tables (relations) with rows and columns.

Hierarchical Model

Developed in the 1960s to manage large amounts of data for manufacturing projects.

Tuple

Each row in a relation.

Data Management

Efficient handling and organization of data.

Data sharing

Enables multiple users to access data concurrently.

Data Definition Language (DDL)

Enables the administrator to define the schema components.

Web browser forms

End users fill forms to generate query answers.

Data integrity management

Enforces rules to minimize redundancy and maximize consistency.

Security management

Enforces user access rules and data privacy.

Multiuser access control

Ensures concurrent access maintains data integrity.

Member (in Network Model)

Equivalent to the hierarchical model's child.

Owner (in Network Model)

Equivalent to the hierarchical model's parent.

Data Anomalies

Errors occurring from redundant data updates.

Data-modeling skills

Essential skills for effective database design.

SQL Engine

Executes all database queries.

Database communication interfaces

Facilitates user requests across various network environments.

Transaction-oriented database systems

Focus on maintaining data integrity during transactions.

Translating Business Rules

Generally, nouns translate into entities and verbs translate into relationships among entities.

Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)

Graphical model of database components.

Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

Hides complexity from the user by managing all the physical details.

Physical Data Format

How data is stored and accessed by computers.

Software

Includes operating systems and DBMS applications.

File system limitations

Independent files require complex management and programming.

SQL-based Application

Involves user interface, tables, and SQL engine.

Update Anomalies

Issues when updating redundant data incorrectly.

Database system

Logically related data in a single repository.

Deletion anomalies

Loss of related data upon deleting records.

Cumbersome Systems

Manual systems difficult for large data collections.

Naming Conventions

Names should make the object unique and distinguishable from other objects.

Maintaining currency

Need for updates and training in database systems.

Database

Organized collection of structured data.

Hardware

Physical devices of the database system.

File Folder

Physical storage unit for organizing data files.

Database Design

Process of defining database structure and relationships.

Decision Making

Process reliant on accurate and timely information.

Information

Processed data that reveals meaning.

Database Management System (DBMS)

Programs managing data structure and access.

Data security

Protection of data from unauthorized access.

Security Features

Protective measures often lacking in file systems.

End-user data

Raw facts of interest to the database user.

Data

Raw facts that have no context.

Data Modeling

Reduces complexities of database design.

Frequent upgrade cycles

Regular updates required for database software.

Data Model

Relatively simple representations of complex real-world data structures.

Vendor dependence

Reliance on specific vendors for database solutions.

Procedures

Rules governing database design and usage.

Backup and recovery management

Safeguards data through recovery after failures.

Ad Hoc Queries

Spontaneous queries not supported by file systems.

Entity Relationship Model

Standard for data modeling introduced by Chen.

Importance of documenting Business Rules

Standardizes company's view of data and serves as a communications tool between users and designers.

Data Independence

Storage characteristics do not affect access.

Relational Table

Stores a collection of related entities.

Data dictionary

Stores data relationships for integrity enforcement.

Data dictionary management

Stores definitions and relationships of data elements.

Multiuser database

Supports multiple users simultaneously.

Single-user database

Supports only one user at a time.

File System

Traditional method for organizing data files.

Evolution of Databases

Transition from manual to computerized data management.

Connectivity

Type of relationship between entities.

Redundant data

Unnecessary duplication of data in independent files.

Data Redundancy

Unnecessary duplication of data in multiple locations.

People

Users including administrators and end users.

Chen Notation

Uses diamonds for relationships in ERD.

Crow's Foot Notation

Uses symbols to represent connectivity in ERD.

Relational Diagram

Visual representation of entities and relationships.