DC IDLA PSYCH Final

Introspection was the basic research tool used by ________ in order to study people's inner sensations and mental images.

Edward Titchener

Who was the American philosopher-psychologist who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology?

William James

A gender role refers to:

a set of expected behaviors for males or for females.

Identical twins originate from the fertilization of:

a single egg cell by a single sperm cell.

During a hearing test, many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that Mr. Antall could hardly detect them. These sounds were below Mr. Antall's:

absolute threshold

The minimum amount of stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time is called the:

absolute threshold.

The depolarization of a neural membrane can create a(n):

action potential

According to Piaget, accommodation refers to:

adjusting current schemas in order to make sense of new experiences

Which part of the limbic system is involved in emotion and aggression?

amygdala

A human egg contains ________ chromosome and a human sperm contains ________ chromosome.

an X; either an X or a Y

Incorporating new information into existing theories is to ________ as modifying existing theories in light of new information is to ________.

assimilation; accommodation

Sensory receptors in your vestibular sacs enable you to maintain your sense of:

balance

Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science of:

behavior and mental processes

Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?

behavioral

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies observable human activity without reference to mental processes is known as:

behaviorism

If the correlation between the physical weight and reading ability of children is +0.85, this would indicate that:

better reading ability is associated with greater physical weight among children.

Our sense of taste was once thought to involve only the following four sensations:

bitter, sweet, sour, and salty

When cocaine is snorted, injected, or smoked, it produces a rush of euphoria by:

blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters

The reticular formation is located in the:

brainstem

While a man provided directions to a construction worker, two experimenters rudely interrupted by passing between them carrying a door. The man's failure to notice that the construction worker was replaced by a different person during this interruption illustrates:

change blindness

Alex was paid $100 for eight hours of work. The money was a(n):

conditioned (secondary) reinforcer

If participants in the experiment group of a drug treatment study are much younger than participants in the control group, the age of the research participants is a:

confounding variable

Mrs. Pearson cut Judy's hot dog into eight pieces and Sylvia's into six pieces. Sylvia cried because she felt she wasn't getting as much hot dog as Judy. Piaget would say that Sylvia doesn't understand the principle of:

conservation

Regis thinks it's wrong to drive over the speed limit simply because he might get punished for doing so. He is demonstrating Kohlberg's ________ stage of morality.

preconventionalThis

The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a:

psychiatrist

Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is looking at her husband's behavior from a(n) ________ perspective.

psychodynamic

Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of:

punishment

Reuptake refers to the:

reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron

The two divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the:

somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

The primary function of the parietal lobe is to process:

somatosensory information

What are drugs that increase central nervous system activity called?

stimulants

Amphetamines are to ________ as barbiturates are to ________.

stimulants; depressants

At about 8 months, children become increasingly likely to react to newcomers with tears and distress. This best illustrates:

stranger anxiety

The circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger signals to the:

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Object permanence is the understanding that:

things continue to exist even when they are not perceived

The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an indication of:

tolerance

The process by which our sensory systems transform stimulus energies into neural impulses is called:

transduction

When Celeste was unable to obtain her regular supply of heroin, she began to develop pain and an intense craving for the drug. Celeste was experiencing symptoms of:

withdrawal

Surveys indicate that people are less likely to support "welfare" than "aid to the needy." These somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of:

wording effects

One research team randomly assigned some newborns and their mothers either to a breast-feeding promotion group or to a normal pediatric care group. Which research method did they use?

experimentation

A critical period is a phase during which:

exposure to certain experiences is needed for proper development.

Edward Titchener is to structuralism as William James is to ________.

functionalism

The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the:

iris

Our sense of the position and movement of individual body parts is called:

kinesthesis

The same people are retested over a long period in a ________ study.

longitudinal

Central tendency is to variation as ________ is to ________

mean; standard deviation

The part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing is called the:

medulla

Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people's:

potential for healthy growth

Who are likely to show the greatest similarity in temperament?

Ruth and Ramona, identical twins

A negative correlation between degree of wealth and likelihood of suffering from a psychological disorder would indicate that:

people who are poor are more likely to have a psychological disorder than are wealthy people.

After hearing rumors about the outbreak of an infectious disease, Alyosha began to perceive his normal aches and pains as disease-related symptoms. His reaction best illustrates the impact of:

perceptual set

The hypothalamus influences the ________ to send messages to the ________.

pituitary; endocrine glands

In a study of the effects of drinking alcohol, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a:

placebo

Approximately 95 percent of the cases represented by the normal curve fall within ________ standard deviation(s) from the mean.

2

During the last few years, 75-year-old Mrs. Yamaguchi has gradually become so mentally disoriented that she can't find her way around her own house and often fails to recognize her husband. It is most likely that Mrs. Yamaguchi is suffering the effects of:

Alzheimer's disease

Who highlighted the reproductive advantages of environmentally adaptive traits?

Charles Darwin

Which psychologist was most influential in shaping our understanding of cognitive development?

Jean Piaget

To study the potential effects of social interaction on problem solving, some research participants were instructed to solve problems by working together; other participants were told to solve problems by working alone. Those who worked alone were assigned to the ________ group.

control

Sensation is to ________ as perception is to ________.

detection; interpretation

The simultaneous processing of information at both conscious and unconscious levels is called:

dual processing.

The bones of the middle ear relay vibrations received from the:

eardrum

Four-year-old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a Christmas present. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of:

egocentrism

Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us, is an aspect of our:

environment

Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference promoted the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ________ perspective.

evolutionary

Looking inward and reporting your immediate sensations, images, and feelings is called:

introspection

Sleep deprivation increases levels of the hunger-arousing hormone _______ and decreases levels of the hunger-suppressing hormone ________.

ghrelin; leptin

Environmental influences on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing:

identical twins raised together with identical twins raised apart

Which variable does the experimenter manipulate?

independent

A recurring difficulty in falling or staying asleep is called:

insomnia

Abner, a 70-year-old retired teacher, feels that his life has not been of any real value or significance. According to Erikson, Abner has failed to achieve a sense of:

integrity

To assess the influence of self-esteem on interpersonal attraction, researchers either insulted or complimented students about their physical appearance just before they went on a blind date. In this research, the dependent variable was:

interpersonal attraction

During a heated argument with his teenage daughter, Mr. Reid suddenly lapsed into a state of REM sleep. Mr. Reid apparently suffers from:

narcolepsy

The survival of organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as:

natural selection

Innate ability is to learned skill as ________ is to ________.

nature; nurture

Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n):

negative reinforcer

Sensory receptors that detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals are called:

nociceptors

From the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of:

observable behavior

John B. Watson is to Edward Titchener as ________ is to ________.

observable behavior; inner sensations

Consciousness is:

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

Norms are best described as:

rules for socially acceptable behavior.

Vygotsky suggested that new words provide a temporary ________ from which children can step to higher levels of thinking.

scaffold

One-year-old Eunice is not overly fearful of strangers but she clearly prefers being held by her mother than by anyone else. Her behavior best illustrates:

secure attachment

Drivers are slower to detect traffic signals if they are talking on a cell phone. This best illustrates the impact of:

selective attention

Which of the following play the biggest role in our feeling dizzy and unbalanced after a thrilling roller coaster ride?

semicircular canals

During which of Piaget's stages does a person develop an awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not perceived?

sensorimotor

Which of the following represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

After listening to your high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, you fail to realize how loudly the music is blasting. This best illustrates:

sensory adaptation

The first stage of memory that information passes through to enter the memory system is called:

sensory memory

A periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness that involves distinct stages is known as:

sleep

An air pump that keeps the sleeper's airway open and breathing regular is often prescribed for serious cases of:

sleep apnea

An accelerated heartbeat is to a slowed heartbeat as the ________ nervous system is to the ________ nervous system.

sympathetic; parasympathetic

The sense of ________ is a chemical sense.

taste

Which brain structure receives information from all the senses except smell?

thalamus

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into:

the bloodstream

The fovea refers to:

the central focal point in the retina.

The cerebral hemispheres communicate by means of:

the corpus callosum

To minimize the extent to which outcome differences between experimental and control groups can be attributed to placebo effects, researchers make use of:

the double-blind procedure.

Associating carrots with a mental image of a bun, milk with a mental image of a shoe, and paper towels with a mental image of a tree best illustrates:

the peg-word system

The relief of pain following the taking of an inactive substance that is perceived to have medicinal benefits illustrates:

the placebo effect.

Five-year-olds who were surprised to discover that a Band-Aids box contained pencils were able to anticipate their friend's false belief about the contents of the box. This best illustrates that the children had developed a:

theory of mind