DE A&P Chapter 7 Muscular System ANSWERS

Applying Theory To Practice 6. Letisha plays tennis at least twice a week. Lately she has been experiencing pain in her right elbow. The doctor diagnoses the condition as tennis elbow. Describe what occurs in this condition. Name other activities that may cause tennis elbow. What treatment will the doctor prescribe for Letisha?

- The tendon that connects to the arm muscle to the elbow becomes inflamed because of the repetitive use of the arm and under conditioning. - Carrying luggage, swinging a golf club, or pounding a hammer. - Pain relief and ice packs to reduce inflammation.

Applying Theory To Practice 1. In your own words, describe what happens during a skeletal muscle contraction. How fast does it occur?

- When an impulse reaches the muscle fibres of a motor unit, it stimulates a reaction in each sarcomere between the actin and myosin filaments. - may be rapid and foceful

Applying Theory To Practice 5. Alycia is going to participate in a telethon on Labor Day. To prepare for this, she must know the following information to answer the questions of people calling in: - What is muscular dystrophy? - What is the cause of this disease? - What is the treatment of this disease? - What is prognosis?

- a group of diseases in which the muscle cells deteriorate - a genetic defect - medications, therapy, breathing aids, or surgery - expected development of a disease

L. Doing sit-ups can help get the abdomen into shape. Do a sit-up, and feel the muscles tighten. Label the following diagram with the muscles of the trunk.

1. Pectoralis Major 2. Internal Abdominal Oblique 3. Transverse Abdominis 4. Serratus Anterior 5. Diaphragm 6. Rectus Abdominis 7. External Abdominal Oblique

E. Circle the correct word in the following statements about muscle tone. 1. Muscles are (always, sometimes, never) in a state of partial contraction. 2. In an isometric contraction, the tension in a muscle (decreases, increases, stays the same), and the muscle (does, does not) shorten. 3. In an isotonic muscle contraction, the muscle (does, does not) shorten. 4. When muscles are flaccid, they are (weak, strong). 5. In atrophy, the muscle (increases, decreases) in size from disuse. 6. In hypertrophy, the size of the muscle (shrinks, enlarges)

1. always 2. stays the same; does not 3. does 4. weak 5. decreases 6. enlarges

S. List one way to prevent each of the following conditions: 1. excess body fat 2. tetanus 3. muscle atrophy 4. shin splints 5. flaccid muscles

1. cut carbs from your diet 2. control bleeding, keep wound clean, cover wound 3. exercise, sleep, eat protein-rich foods 4. stretch calves and hamstrings, avoid sudden increase of physical activity 5. get vaccinated, stay indoors, wash hands

J. Answer the following riddles by naming the muscle. 1. I sit over the eyebrows and wait and see if you have a surprise in store for me. 2. The movie picture gave me a fright; I responded with horror to the sight. 3. A smiling face is where to begin; then I can help you laugh and grin. 4. I protect a delicate structure and faster than a wink, if anything comes near it, I quickly blink. 5. This muscle structure opens wide so that food and drink can get inside.

1. frontalis 2. platysma 3. zygomaticus 4. orbicularis oculi 5. orbicularis oris

F. Muscles are named by location, size, number of origins, location of origins and insertions, and action. Match the muscles in Column A with the clues given in Column B.

1. frontalis - D (location) 2. gluteus maximus - G (size or shape) 3. triceps brachii - E (number of heads of origin) 4. sternocleidomastoid - F (location of origin and insertion) 5. flexor carpi ulnaris - A (action flexor)

N. Label the following muscles of the lower extremity view. (some may be wrong..) ANTERIOR -

1. iliopsoas 2. tensor fasciae latae 3. quadriceps tendon 4. vastus lateralis 5. tibialis anterior 6. extensor digitorum longus ? 7. pectineus 8. adductor longus 9. sartorius 10. vastus medialis 11. gastrocnemius

Applying Theory To Practice 3 a. As a massage therapist, how would you explain the benefits of massage? 3 b. The following terms are used in the practice of massage: Swedish massage, deep tissue, effleurage, reflexology, acupressure, and sports massage. Explain each term.

3 a. It's relaxing, it reduces stress, can help lower blood pressure, promotes muscle relaxation, improves circulation, improves posture, helps strengthen the body's immune system. 3 b. Swedish massage - relaxing; full-body massage Deep Tissue - massage mainly used to treat the musculoskeletal issues Effleurage - massage with a circular stroking movement Reflexology - a form of bodywork that involves applying pressure to the hands and feet to produce changes in pain and other benefits elsewhere in the body Acupressure- based on the theories of the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) that uses finger pressure to mobilize chi at specific spots on the body called acupuncture points Sports massage - focuses on treating soft tissue aches, pain, and injuries associated with recreational activities

Deltoid Location

A thick triangular muscle that covers the shoulder joint

B. Name the four common characteristics of the muscle cells.

Contractibility, excitability, extensibility, elasticity

location- extends from the anterior and posterior forearm to the hand / function- moves the hand

Extensor and flexor carpi muscle group

Biceps Brachii Function

Flexes the lower arm

Pectoralis Major Function

Flexes the upper arm and helps to abduct the upper arm

Applying Theory To Practice 7. Eli is an active 70-year-old who exercises at least 2 hours each day. He relates to his chiropractor that lately he seems to get tired after exercise and has less energy. As the chiropractor, explain to Eli what changes are occuring in the muscle system as he gets older.

His muscles have become rigid, less toned, and has a lower ability to contract because of the changes in the muscle tissue and normal aging changes in the nervous system.

Extensor and Flexor Diagram Location and Function

Location- extends from the anterior and posterior forearm to the fingers Function- moves the fingers

Trapezius Function

Moves the shoulder; extends the head

Triceps Brachii Location

Posterior arm to ulna

Muscles that produce movement in a single direction are a. prime movers b. antagonists c. synergists d. obliques

a. prime movers

The muscles that make up the hamstrings are the a. semitendinosus; biceps femoris, and semimembranosus b. gluteus maximus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris c. semitendinosus, gracilis, and semimembranosus d. semitendinosus, biceps femoris, and adductor magnus

a. semitendinosus; biceps femoris, and semimembranosus

A ______ is a tear in the muscle a. strain b. sprain c. spasm d. fracture

a. strain

A single muscle contraction is called a(n) a. twitch b. spasm c. contraction d. all or none law

a. twitch

The characteristic of a muscle to be stretched is known as a. contractility b. extensibility c. elasticity d. excitabilty

b. extensibility

A motor unit is a motor neuron (nerve cell) plus ______ of the muscle fibers it stimulates. a. one-half b. one-third c. three-fourths d. all

d. all

location- anterior chest / function- moves scapula forward and helps to raise the arm

serratus

Applying Theory To Practice 8. Kieran enjoys sports. A career that seems appealing to him is in sports medicine. On Career Day, he plans to give a presentation on sports medicine/athletic training. What information should he include in the presentation.

Sports medicine includes team physician, certified athletic trainer, coach, athlete, athlete's parents, school administration, community health facilities. Athletic training is a division of sports medicine that focuses on the care and prevention of athletic injuries. They are the first to arrive and last to leave at most practices and games.

Applying Theory To Practice 4. Mr. Che has been a house painter for more than 30 years. He visits his doctor because of the constant pain he gets when he raises his right arm over his head. a. What diagnosis do you think the doctor will make? b. What is the cause of this condition? c. How is the condition treated?

a. Mr. Che has rotator cuff injury. Pain in shoulder. Tear of the rotator cuff. b. Inflammation of a group of tendons that fuse together and surround the shoulder joint c. Rest, physical therapy, and a steroid injection to reduce pain and inflammation

H. List the factors that affect a muscle contraction.

age, sex, fiber type, speed of movement, relative strength, cross-sectional muscle area, joint area

Muscles are named in a variety of ways; the muscles on the sides of the head are named according to their a. size b. location c. action d. location of origin

b. location

During a muscle contraction, the muscle cell membrane becomes temporarily permeable to a. acetylcholine b. sodium c. ATP d. calcium

b. sodium

P. Select the letter of the choice that best completes each statement. If you weigh 160 pounds, about how much weight is muscle? a. 60 pounds b. 70 pounds c. 80 pounds d. 90 pounds

c. 80 pounds

Intercalated disks are found on the ______ muscle. a. striated b. non-striated voluntary c. non-striated involuntary d. cardiac

d. cardiac

Q. List at least effects of training on muscle efficiency.

increase muscle size, improve coordination, eliminate excess fat

Applying Theory To Practice 2. If you want to get into shape, try this exercise routine. Stretch your arms up over your head. What muscles are you using? For the buttocks and thighs, bring you right leg up and stretch it way out. Now do the same with your left leg. What group of muscles are you using? To be physically fit, you must exercise everyday. Take the stairs, climb a hill, or walk a mile or 2.

- rotator cuff muscles, deltoid, trapezius, serratus - quadriceps, hamstrings, calves ?

D. Using the following words, complete the story about the steps in muscle contraction. Words may be used once. (some may be wrong..) For muscles to work, they need a stimulus from a __________ nerve and a source of energy that is __________ __________, also known __________. The muscle cell also requires oxygen and __________. Between the nerve cell's fiber, the axon, and the muscle cell is a neuromuscular junction called the __________ __________. When the nerve impulse reaches the end of the axon, it releases a chemical called __________. This chemical diffuses across the junction and attaches to the cell membrane, the __________. This action makes the membrane temporarily permeable to __________. The muscle cell now has excessive positive ions, which upset the electrical condition; this electrical upset causes a(n) __________ __________. Skeletal muscle contraction begins with the action potential that travels along the __________ of the muscle fiber, from one end of the cell to the other. This energy source results in the __________ of the muscle cells. When the action potential is ended, the muscle cell relaxes and returns to it __________ length. Lactic acid is a product of muscle contraction that is changed back to __________ and other substances with the help of oxygen. Sometimes when there is too much muscle activity and not enough of an oxygen supply (anaerobic), a buildup of __________ __________ will occur in the blood. This condition results in muscle __________ and __________. A person needs to stop, rest, and take in enough oxygen to complete the catabolism of lactic acid and relieve the muscle __________.

motor adenosine triphosphate ATP glucose synaptic cleft neurotransmitter sarcolemma sodium action potential length contraction original positive lactic acid fatigue cramps pain

O. Match the muscle function in Column B with the correct lower extremity in Column A.

1. Gluteus Maximus - D (extends the femur) 2. Gluteus Medius - E (abducts and rotates the thigh) 3. Tensor Fasciae - H (medially rotates the thigh) 4. Rectus Femoris - F (extends the lower leg) 5. Sartorius - G (flexes and rotates the thigh and leg) 6. Tibialis Anterior - B (dorsiflexes the foot) 7. Gastrocnemius - I (points toe and flexes the lower leg) 8. Soleus - A (extends the foot) 9. Peroneus - C (supports the arches)

A. Label the diagrams of the muscle tissue. List three structural features of each type of muscle tissue and the location in the body where each type is found.

1. Name of tissue: Skeletal Muscle Features: Voluntary, Striated, Packed close together Location: Virtually all bones of the skeleton 2. Name of tissue: Smooth Muscle Features: Involuntary, nonstriated, greater amount of actin Location: Walls of hollow internal structures (blood vessels, airways, abdominopelvic organs) 3. Name of tissue: Cardiac Muscle Features: Involuntary, Striated, Joined at intercalated disks Location: Only in the heart

M. Mark each statement as either true or false.

1. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and pelvic cavities. - FALSE Correction: The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. 2. The intercostals are found between the ribs and help us breathe. - TRUE 3. The external oblique flexes the spinal column and compresses the abdominal cavity. - TRUE 4. The rectus abdominis is used when doing sit-ups. It compresses the abdomen. - TRUE 5. The internal oblique extends the spinal column and compresses the abdomen. - FALSE

C. Place the correct word or words next to the following statements; make a selection from the list provided. 1. A characteristic shared with nerve cells; the ability to respond to a stimulus. _____________ 2. This structure contains membranes fused at places called intercalated disks; a communication system at the fused area will not permit the cells to act independently. _____________ 3. The ability of a muscle to return to its original length after stretching. _____________ 4. The ability of muscles to be stretched. _____________ 5. Muscles only pull and never push; they are attached to the bones of the skeleton by nonelastic cords. _____________ 6. The part of the muscle attached to a fixed point on the bones; the least movable part during a contraction. _____________ 7. This muscle has the ability to cause the diameter of blood vessels to decrease on contraction. _____________ 8. Muscles that open and close to control the passage of substances. _____________ 9. The ability of the muscle to shorten, which reduces the distance between the parts of its contents. _____________ 10. The part of the muscle attached to the movable part of the bone; it is the most movable during a contraction. _____________

1. excitability 2. cardiac muscle 3. elasticity 4. extensibility 5. tendons 6. origin 7. smooth muscle 8. dilator 9. contractility 10. insertion

G. Label the following two diagrams of the principal skeletal muscles, both anterior and posterior views. ANTERIOR -

1. frontalis 2. masseter 3. sternocleidomastoid 4. deltoid 5. pectoralis major 6. serratus anterior 7. external oblique 8. flexors of hand and fingers 9. sartorius 10. quadriceps tendon 11. patella 12. patellar ligament 13. tibialis anterior 14. peroneus longus 15. temporalis 16. orbicularis oculi 17. orbicularis oris 18. trapezius 19. biceps brachii 20. rectus abdominis 21. extensors of hand 22. tensor fasciae latae 23. adductors of thigh 24. rectus femoris 25. vastus medialis 26. gastrocnemius 27. soleus

U. Circle the correctly spelled word in each of the following statements. 1. Chiropractors' approach to health care is (holistic, wholistic) 2. The term used to describe muscle pain is (mylagia, myalgia) 3. Plantar fasciitis is an (inflammation, inflamation) of the plantar fascia on the (sole, soul) of the foot 4. A hiatal hernia occurs when the stomach is pushed through the (diaphram, diaphragm) 5. Tetanus is an (infectious, infectous) disease characterized by continuous spasms os (voluntery, voluntary) muscle 6. Muscular (dystrophy, distrophy) is a group of diseases in which the muscle cells deteriorate 7. Lateral epicondylitis also referred to as tennis elbow, occurs at the bony (prominince, prominence) on the sides of the elbow 8. Progressive muscular weakness and (paralysis, paralyses) are symptoms of myasthenia gravis 9. Rapid blinking of the eyes is a type of (distonia, dystonia) 10. The most common (compliant, complaint) in rotator cuff injury is an (aching, acking) in the top and front of the shoulder

1. holistic 2. myalgia 3. inflammation; sole 4. diaphragm 5. infectious 6. dystrophy 7. prominence 8. paralysis 9. dystonia 10. complaint; aching

V. Match the muscle system interactions in Column A with the correct body system in Column B.

1. is the intercostal muscle that assists breathing - G (respiratory) 2. is the skeletal muscle that creates pressure on the vessels to return fluid to heart - F (lymphatic) 3. moves eggs from ovary to oviduct - J (reproductive) 4. muscles that show emotion - C (nervous) 5. moves blood into capillaries - E (circulatory) 6. aids in control of body temperature - A (integumentary) 7. is responsible for taking in and chewing food - H (digestive) 8. stores calcium necessary for muscle contraction - B (skeletal) 9. is a growth hormone that affects skeletal growth - D (endocrine) 10. forms voluntary sphincter to eliminate waste products - I (urinary)

G. Label the following two diagrams of the principal skeletal muscles, both anterior and posterior views. POSTERIOR -

1. occipitalis 2. sternocleidomastoid 3. trapezoid 4. teres minor 5. teres major 6. triceps brachii 7. latissimus dorsi 8. gluteus maximus 9. adductor magnus 10. gracilis 11. gastrocnemius 12. peroneus longus 13. peroneus brevis 14. deltoid 15. infraspinatus 16. rhomboideus major 17. extensors of the hands and fingers 18. iliotibial tract 19. biceps femoris 20. semitendinosus 21. semimembranosus 22. hamstrings 23. calcaneal (achilles) tendon 24. soleus

T. Describe a treatment for the following: 1. headache 2. fibromyalgia 3. tennis elbow 4. dystonia 5. rotator cuff injury 6. muscle fatigue

1. pain relief, sleep 2. pain relief, sleep, exercise regularly, massage 3. pain relief, sleep, physical therapy 4. drugs, injections, physical therapy 5. rest, ice, physical therapy 6. hot and cold therapy, rest

I. Label the muscles of the head and neck.

1. temporalis 2. masseter 3. sternocleidomastoid 4. trapezius 5. deltoid 6. frontalis 7. orbicularis oculi 8. nasalis 9. zygomaticus major 10. orbicularis oris 11. depressor anguli oris 12. platysma 13. pectoralis major

K. Label the following diagram and complete the table. ANTERIOR - (these are prob all wrong..)

1. trapezius 2. deltoid 3. brachioradialis 4. caracobrachilis ? 5. triceps 6. biceps brachii ? 7. biceps 8. brachialis 9. flexor carpi radialis 10. plamoris longus 11. flexor digitorum superficialis

R. Name the major muscle that would probably be worked in massage therapy for the following areas: 1. upper back 2. lower back 3. shoulder 4. forearm 5. chest 6. buttock 7. anterior thigh 8. posterior thigh 9. lateral and proximal thigh 10. posterior leg 11. medical thigh 12. lateral leg

1. trapezius 2. latissimus dorsi 3. deltoid 4. brachioradialis 5. pectoralis major 6. gluteus maximus 7. satorius, quadricep femoris group 8. hamstring groups 9. tensor fascia latae 10. gastrocnemius 11. gracillis 12. peroneus longus

K. Label the following diagram and complete the table. POSTERIOR - (these are prob all wrong..)

12. flexor pollicis longus 13. trapezius 14. deltoid 15. triceps 16. brachioradialis 17. extensor carpi radialis longus 18. flexor carpi ulnaris 19. extensor carpi ulnaris 20. extensor carpi radialis brevis 21. extensor digitorum

N. Label the following muscles of the lower extremity view. (some may be wrong..) POSTERIOR -

12. soleus 13. gluteus maximus 14. adductor magnus 15. semitendinosus 16. gracilis 17. soleus 18. biceps femoris 19. iliotibial tract 20. plantaris 21. gastrocnemius