DE US History Ch.2-5 Quizzes & Tests

In North America during the eighteenth century, the most powerful native group was the A. Iroquois B. Cherokee C. Seminole D. Chickasaw E. Sioux

A. Iroquois

The leading colonial figure in the Boston Massacre was A. Samuel Adams B. Thomas Jefferson C. Patrick Henry D. James Otis E. George Mason

A. Samuel Adams

During the second phase (1776-1778) of the American Revolution, British military efforts were hampered by A. a series of tactical blunders and misfortunes B. a severe shortage of new soldiers coming from England C. an American blockade of British ships D. the American capture of the commanding British general E. American alliances with Native American tribes in the region

A. a series of tactical blunders and misfortunes

In the eighteenth century, the English constitution was A. an unwritten document B. difficult to change C. unpopular in both England and America D. believed to be holding back colonial expansion E. All these answers are correct

A. an unwritten document

The Virginia Company developed the "headright" system to A. attract new settlers to the colony B. discourage poor people from moving to the colony C. require families to migrate together D. raise revenue from the sale of land E. cause conflict among the neighboring Indian tribes

A. attract new settlers to the colony

The Declaration of Independence A. borrowed heavily from previously published colonial documents B. was never formally approved by the Second Continental Congress C. avoided making any direct criticism of the king D. called for the formation of a two-party democracy E. originally recommended that all slaves be freed

A. borrowed heavily from previously published colonial documents

The English colonial settlements in the Caribbean A. concluded it was cheaper to buy new African slaves than to protect those they owned B. developed their settlements along the same lines as those of the Chesapeake C. developed significant economic success through the production of tobacco D. had a smaller percentage of slaves than held by the North American colonies E. were forced to deal with larger native populations than settlements on the mainland

A. concluded it was cheaper to buy new African slaves than to protect those they owned

At the time of the Battles of Lexington and Concord, General Thomas Gage, the commander of the British garrison in Boston, A. considered his army too small to act without reinforcements B. was convinced that Americans would never actually dare to fight C. arrested Sam Adams and John Hancock near Lexington D. offered to resign his command to avoid war E. believed the colonists' calls for independence were justified

A. considered his army too small to act without reinforcements

The Quebec Act A. granted political rights to Roman Catholics B. reduced the boundaries of Quebec C. was approved of by most English colonists D. was passed by England to appease the French government E. made the Roman Catholic Church illegal

A. granted political rights to Roman Catholics

The proprietors who founded the Carolina colony A. guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians B. rejected the headright system C. ruled colony with dictatorial powers D. quickly made it a financial success E. banned the importation of indentured servants

A. guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians

By the 1750s, American colonial assemblies A. had claimed the right to levy taxes B. existed only to implement the policies of the English Parliament C. felt little loyalty to the English government D. consisted of colonists all approved by royal governors E. were petitioning the king to charter new colonies to the west

A. had claimed the right to levy taxes

Financing the Revolution was difficult for the American side because A. hard currency was scarce B. the printing of paper money was illegal C. foreign nations refused to loan money for the war effort D. bonds were not yet in use E. the colonists' wealth had all been kept in London

A. hard currency was scarce

Following the conclusion of the French and Indian War, A. most colonists welcomed England's greater control over their local affairs B. the newly acquired western lands were immediately opened for settlement C. many colonists began to call for full independence from England D. the economy of several American colonies was in ruins E. the Iroquois alliance with the British quickly unraveled

A. most colonists welcomed England's greater control over their local affairs

In colonial North America, the "middle grounds" refers to a region in which A. no one European or Indian group held a clear dominance B. Indian tribes were largely able to keep European colonists out C. English colonists quickly became the dominant power D. Spanish colonists were long the dominant power E. French colonists managed to hold the balance of power

A. no one European or Indian group held a clear dominance

In the aftermath of King George's War A. relations among the English, French, and Iroquois deteriorated B. the French moved out of the Ohio Valley C. the Iroquois decided not to grant any future trade concessions to the English D. military activity west of England's North American colonies steadily declined E. the English abandoned many of their fortresses in the interior

A. relations among the English, French, and Iroquois deteriorated

In the eighteenth century, under the English government's theory of representation, A. the American colonies were represented in Parliament B. each American colony was allowed one non-voting representative in Parliament C. the American colonies had no claim to any political representation D. the king spoke to Parliament on behalf of the American colonies E. the American colonies were represented by the courts

A. the American colonies were represented in Parliament

William Penn A. was a man of great wealth who converted to Quakerism B. established a moderately successful but never cosmopolitan colony C. suppressed the local Indians in Pennsylvania with a strong military presence D. never visited Pennsylvania E. used unscrupulous and deceptive advertising to attract settlers

A. was a man of great wealth who converted to Quakerism

The Boston Massacre A. was transformed by some colonists into a symbol of British oppression B. resulted in the death of several British soldiers C. led to Paul Revere's midnight ride of warning D. included a trial in which British soldiers were convicted of murder E. turned Paul Revere into a martyr for the cause of colonial independence

A. was transformed by some colonists into a symbol of British oppression

The first blacks imported to Virginia in 1619 A. were most likely indentured servants B. began a rapid stream of African slaves to the British colonies C. were preferred to European indentured servants D. followed Indians into slavery E. arrived as independent landowners

A. were most likely indentured servants

Seventeenth-century English colonial settlements A. were mostly business enterprises B. were tightly controlled by the English government C. were effectively isolated from contact with other nations D. were well-planned and generally quite successful from the start E. maintained the political and social institutions of England

A. were mostly business enterprises

The British military campaigns of 1777 saw A. General William Howe stay in camp when he was supposed to have moved south B. General John Burgoyne suffer a major defeat at Saratoga C. a major American victory at Philadelphia D. the British surround and lay siege to George Washington's army at Valley Forge E. the British retake Boston and set it afire

B. General John Burgoyne suffer a major defeat at Saratoga

Which New England Puritan could LEAST accurately be described as a religious dissenter? A. Anne Hutchinson B. John Winthrop C. Roger Williams D. John Wheelwright E. Thomas Hooker

B. John Winthrop

The beginning of the end of the American phase of the French and Indian War was marked by the French defeat at A. Montreal B. Quebec C. Ottawa D. Louisborg E. Fort Necessity

B. Quebec

In the final phase (1778-81) of the American Revolution, the British A. mounted their largest military assault against the Continental army B. badly overestimated the support of American Loyalists C. made a focused effort to win public support in the northern colonies D. concentrated their efforts on capturing individual Patriots E. began a policy of "total war" that resulted in several cities being burned to the ground

B. badly overestimated the support of American Loyalists

The "internal rebellions" involving tenant farmers of the British colonies had their roots in the A. presumption that taxation without representation was intolerable B. class system of New England and New York C. French and Indian War D. expansion into western lands E. writings of Ethan Allen

B. class system of New England and New York

During the first half of the eighteenth century, royal officials in America A. began to increase the presence of British troops in the colonies B. contributed to England's overall lax control of the colonies C. had no significant influence on colonial finances D. were generally able and honest administrators E. chose Philadelphia as the capital of the colonies

B. contributed to England's overall lax control of the colonies

King Charles I's treatment of Puritans could be characterized as A. relatively tolerant B. extremely hostile C. governed by economic motives D. more likely to advance Puritan thought in England E. unlikely to involve imprisonment for religious beliefs

B. extremely hostile

Many colonists believed the legislation passed by the Grenville ministry in 1764-1765 A. showed the British were committed to the long-term success of the colonies B. meant the British were trying to take away their tradition of self-government C. signified that the British finally understood the desires of the colonists D. would have little long-term effect on the economy of the colonies E. would lead to renewed hostilities with Indians in the west

B. meant the British were trying to take away their tradition of self-government

Parliament responded to the Boston Tea Party by A. withdrawing its military protection of Massachusetts B. reducing the powers of self-government in Massachusetts C. reducing the geographic size of the colony D. threatening to launch a war against the Massachusetts militia E. repealing the Tea Act

B. reducing the powers of self-government in Massachusetts

Unlike Puritans, the Quakers A. accepted the concept of predestination B. rejected the doctrine of original sin C. were not persecuted by the English government D. paid their clergy handsomely E. All these answers are correct

B. rejected the doctrine of original sin

In the 1640s, during the English Civil War, the Cavaliers were A. the forces of Parliament, who were largely Puritans B. supporters of King Charles I C. Scottish and Irish gentry desiring to secede from England D. both the forces of Parliament and supporters of King Charles I E. neither the forces of Parliament nor supporters of King Charles I

B. supporters of King Charles I

During the first stage (1754-1756) of the French and Indian War, A. only the Iroquois Indians were allied with the French B. the Iroquois were allied with the English but remained largely passive C. English colonists fought with the support of the Iroquois D. the colonists fought with the French against the English E. the colonists fought primarily against the Iroquois

B. the Iroquois were allied with the English but remained largely passive

The development of the Carolina colony was notable in that A. the colony was able to attract large numbers of settlers from nearby colonies B. the northern and southern regions were economically and socially distinct from each other C. its economy was grounded in tobacco production D. its founders had discouraged the use of slaves E. it advocated independence from England well before any other mainland colony

B. the northern and southern regions were economically and socially distinct from each other

Taverns were important in the growth of revolutionary sentiment because A. they were the only public places where one could legally speak without fear of arrest B. they became central meeting places to discuss ideas about resistance C. the tavern was one of the few places where men and women gathered together to speak D. colonists increasingly resented the heavy British duties on alcohol E. All these answers are correct

B. they became central meeting places to discuss ideas about resistance

Georgia was founded A. to provide a refuge for Catholics B. to create a military barrier against the Spanish C. to quickly make money for its investors D. by Quaker missionaries E. as a haven for religious dissenters

B. to create a military barrier against the Spanish

The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 A. ended King William's War B. transferred territory from the French to the English in North America C. was a considerable victory for Spain in North America D. slowed England's western expansion of its American colonies E. transferred territory from the English to the French in the Caribbean

B. transferred territory from the French to the English in North America

The Fundamental Constitution for the Carolina colony A. sought to create a society of general equality among Englishmen B. was influenced by the English philosopher John Locke C. initially did not include slavery D. made no provisions for a colonial parliament E. All these answers are correct

B. was influenced by the English philosopher John Locke

When George III assumed the throne of England, he A. was considered to have a brilliant mind for politics B. was painfully immature C. faced a full rebellion in the colonies D. feared using the authority of his monarchy E. mandated official recognition of the Church of England in all colonies

B. was painfully immature

In 1775, as conflicts with England intensified, American colonists A. made extensive efforts to prepare themselves for war B. were deeply divided about what they were fighting for C. believed England was not willing to engage in military operations against them D. saw their larger population as a key advantage over England E. considered arming slaves to help build up the colonial army

B. were deeply divided about what they were fighting for

Over time in the seventeenth century, an increasing number of New England Puritans came to view Indian society A. with condescending admiration B. with fear and contempt C. as worth preserving D. as part of the godly community E. as helpful neighbors and partners in commerce

B. with fear and contempt

The colony established by people seeking to separate from Pennsylvania was A. Maryland B. New Jersey C. Delaware D. New York E. Kentucky

C. Delaware

The major participants in the Seven Years' War in North America were the A. colonists, the English, and the Spanish B. French, the colonists, and the Spanish C. Iroquois, the English, and the French D. French, the Spanish, and the English E. English, the Iroquois, and the Spanish

C. Iroquois, the English, and the French

Which of the following statements regarding the Coercive Acts is true? A. Massachusetts became politically isolated from the other colonies B. Colonial boycotts decreased C. Massachusetts became a martyr in the cause of resistance D. The acts had little practical effect on the Massachusetts colony E. The acts were basically ignored by other colonial legislatures

C. Massachusetts became a martyr in the cause of resistance

By 1700, the Spanish colonies north of Mexico A. had attracted considerable interest from the Spanish government B. were being developed through a string of Catholic missions C. added little economic value to the Spanish Empire D. contained more than one million Spanish citizens E. included the largest Spanish city in the Americas

C. added little economic value to the Spanish Empire

The "starving time" in Jamestown during the winter of 1609-1610 was partly the result of A. major fires that ravaged surrounding crop lands B. the extermination of the Indians who used to grow crops C. an influx of rats from settlers' ships that ate much of the stored grains D. a drought that led to crop failures E. the sinking of the colonists' supply ship in the Atlantic

C. an influx of rats from settlers' ships that ate much of the stored grains

The "Virginia Resolves" stated that A. Virginians should not be required to pay taxes B. the English government had no authority over the economic activities of Virginians C. anyone who supported the right of Parliament to tax was an enemy of the colony D. independence from England was the only solution to the tax crisis E. Virginia must do its part to reimburse England for the cost of colonial defense

C. anyone who supported the right of Parliament to tax was an enemy of the colony

Through the first half of the eighteenth century, the Iroquois Confederacy formed agreements and traded with A. England only B. England, and then France C. both France and England at the same time D. France only E. no European powers

C. both France and England at the same time

In 1638, Anne Hutchinson was deported from Massachusetts colony because she A. was accused of practicing witchcraft B. argued that only the "elect" were entitled to any religious or political authority C. challenged the prevailing assumptions of the proper role of women in society D. was a single mother who refused to marry E. preached against what she called the "Antinomian heresy"

C. challenged the prevailing assumptions of the proper role of women in society

When the House of Burgesses was created in Virginia in 1619, A. it gave settlers the full political control of their colony B. landowning women colonists were allowed to vote C. colonists were given a share of local political representation D. it put an end to a violent uprising by disgruntled colonists E. it recommended that Virginia declare independence from England

C. colonists were given a share of local political representation

The Massachusetts Bay Puritans A. lived as grim and joyless people B. took vows of poverty as evidence of their commitment to their faith C. created a colonial "theocracy" D. fought with the surrounding Indians almost immediately E. introduced freedom of worship to the New World

C. created a colonial "theocracy"

The Powhatan Indian Pocahontas A. married Englishman John Smith B. was kidnapped by John Rolfe C. created an interest in England in "civilizing" Indians D. was the cause of a war between the Powhatan Indians and Virginian colonists E. refused to convert to Christianity

C. created an interest in England in "civilizing" Indians

The New York colony A. had its founding proprietors from the Carolina colony B. made a commitment to representative assemblies C. emerged after a struggle between the English and the Dutch D. saw its population grow slowly for its first fifty years E. banned slavery from its inception

C. emerged after a struggle between the English and the Dutch

During the French and Indian War, British leader William Pitt A. ignored the complaints of colonists B. gave more authority to conduct the war over to the colonists C. gradually loosened his tight control over the colonists D. barred the colonists from military service E. allowed Indian tribal leaders to dictate British battle strategy

C. gradually loosened his tight control over the colonists

By 1670, political representation for colonists in Virginia A. saw elections take place every two years B. was open to all white men over the age of twenty-one C. had grown more restrictive D. favored western counties over eastern counties E. expanded to include landholding black men

C. had grown more restrictive

The Stamp Act of 1765 A. was consistent with traditional parliamentary efforts to regulate commerce B. placed a heavy financial burden on American colonists C. helped to unite the colonies in opposition to the English government D. required the consent of the colonial assemblies before going into effect E. actually affected only a few New England merchants

C. helped to unite the colonies in opposition to the English government

Captain John Smith helped the Jamestown settlement survive by A. waging all-out war with the local Indians B. dividing decision-making authority among the colonists to improve morale C. imposing work and order on the colonists D. introducing tobacco to the colonists E. importing African slaves to rebuild the fort

C. imposing work and order on the colonists

Which of the following was NOT an agricultural technique used for improving the soil? A. burning B. planting beans C. planting tobacco D. planting corn and beans together E. All these answers are correct

C. planting tobacco

When George Washington crossed the Delaware River on Christmas night, 1776, he was intent on surprising A. American Loyalists B. Indians C. the Hessians D. British regulars E. William How

C. the Hessians

In its beginning, the Maryland colony A. experienced tremendous warfare with local Indians B. allowed no Protestant settlers C. was a refuge for English Catholics D. was led by Captain John Smith E. experienced considerable conflict with nearby French settlers

C. was a refuge for English Catholics

The colonial boycott of tea in 1773 A. was based on colonists' anger at having to pay a new tax B. involved relatively small numbers of people C. was led by women, who were the primary consumers of tea D. had little financial effect on England E. resulted in the arrest of the Daughters of Liberty

C. was led by women, who were the primary consumers of tea

The Proclamation of 1763 A. disrupted England's western trade in the colonies B. was generally effective C. was supported by many Indian tribes D. encouraged settlement of the western edge of the colonies E. led to renewed conflict with the remaining French colonists in the west

C. was supported by many Indian tribes

In North America during the eighteenth century, the French differed from the English in Indian relations, in that the French A. offered the Indians more and better trading goods B. largely isolated themselves from Indian tribes C. were more tolerant of Indian cultures D. made little effort to convert Indians to Christianity E. forced Indians to adjust to European ways

C. were more tolerant of Indian cultures

Thomas Hooker is associated with establishing the colony of A. Rhode Island B. Vermont C. New Hampshire D. Connecticut E. Maine

D. Connecticut

Which of the following statements regarding Sir William Berkeley is FALSE? A. He was a dominant political figure in Virginia for more than three decades B. He encouraged Virginia to develop westward C. His relations with Indians were violent and bloody D. He extended political representation for frontier settlers E. He sent explorers across the Blue Ridge Mountains

D. He extended political representation for frontier settlers

Originally, the Georgia colony excluded A. free Africans B. slaves C. indentured servants D. both free Africans and slaves E. neither free Africans nor slaves

D. both free Africans and slaves

Colonial protests directly against the Townshend Duties took the form of A. the Boston Massacre B. colonial governments increasing taxes on British merchants C. the banning of British merchant ships from some colonial ports D. colonial nonimportation agreements E. the Boston Tea Party

D. colonial nonimportation agreements

In North America, as a result of the Seven Years' War, England A. lost some of its global commercial supremacy B. granted more political autonomy to the American colonies C. shifted its interest away from the Caribbean colonies D. confirmed its commercial supremacy and increased its political control of the settled regions E. confirmed its commercial supremacy and shifted its interest away from the Caribbean colonies

D. confirmed its commercial supremacy and increased its political control of the settled regions

Like New York, the New Jersey colony A. quickly developed a strong local government B. had few slaves during its early existence C. was characterized by a unified and generally peaceful society D. had great ethnic and religious diversity E. developed an important class of large landowners

D. had great ethnic and religious diversity

British official Thomas Hutchinson A. was an early and outspoken supporter of the Stamp Act B. called for suppression of colonial demonstrations C. was murdered during colonial protests against the Stamp Act D. had his home ransacked by anti-Stamp Act demonstrators E. signed his name to the "Virginia Resolves" to support the colonists' position

D. had his home ransacked by anti-Stamp Act demonstrators

The Virginia Company A. never sanctioned military action against the Native Americans of Virginia B. deeply opposed the importation of Africans to the colonies C. was absorbed by the crown because it was becoming too powerful D. had its charter revoked by James I E. found most of its Virginia ventures to be very profitable

D. had its charter revoked by James I

In 1620, the Puritan Pilgrims who came to North America A. intended to settle at Cape Cod B. came over the objections of the Virginia colony C. were seeking to escape military service in England D. hoped to create their ideal close-knit Christian community E. enjoyed a particularly mild winter their first year

D. hoped to create their ideal close-knit Christian community

The cultivation of tobacco around Jamestown resulted in all of the following EXCEPT A. the rapid wearing out of the soil B. the search for new sources of labor C. rising prosperity for the colony D. improved relations with the local Indians E. the expansion of European settlement into the interior

D. improved relations with the local Indians

Throughout the French and Indian War, the Iroquois A. fought on the side of the French B. allied themselves with the other tribes of the Ohio Valley C. viciously fought the French D. resented having to do more of the fighting than did the British regulars E. saw French requisition and impressment policies as necessary

D. resented having to do more of the fighting than did the British regulars

The proposed Albany Plan of 1754 A. was intended to give the colonies greater independence from royal authority B. recognized the land rights of Indian tribes living within the colonies C. was approved by the colonial assemblies but was vetoed by Parliament D. revealed the difficulties colonies had in cooperating with each other E. attempted to create a united front with New France against Indian attacks

D. revealed the difficulties colonies had in cooperating with each other

The initial Jamestown colonists focused primarily on A. the long-term success of the settlement B. building a family-centered community C. developing peaceful relations with the Indians in the area D. the search for gold E. converting the local Indians to Christianity

D. the search for gold

The Boston Tea Party of December 1773 A. frightened both sides in the conflict and triggered a year of relative peace B. took place in response to Boston's turning away of several British merchant ships from the harbor C. shocked the other colonies into isolating Massachusetts D. triggered acts of resistance in other colonial cities and took place after Bostonians failed to turn away ships laden with tea E. took place after Bostonians failed to turn away ships laden with tea and shocked the other colonies into isolating Massachusetts

D. triggered acts of resistance in other colonial cities and took place after Bostonians failed to turn away ships laden with tea

When it was established in 1644, the colony of Rhode Island A. had strong ties to the church in the Massachusetts colony B. organized the first fully democratic government in North America C. had no ties to the Massachusetts colony D. was notable for its religious toleration E. banned Jews from immigrating

D. was notable for its religious toleration

In the seventeenth century, English Quakers A. granted women a position within the church generally equal to that of men B. had no paid clergy C. were pacifists D. believed all could attain salvation E. All these answers are correct

E. All these answers are correct

The French and Indian War was fought in A. India B. the West Indies C. the North American interior D. Europe E. All these answers are correct

E. All these answers are correct

The Sugar Act of 1764 was designed to A. damage the market for sugar grown in the colonies B. eliminate the illegal sugar trade among the colonies, the French, and the West Indies C. establish new vice-admiralty courts in America to try accused smugglers D. lower the colonial duty on molasses E. All these answers are correct

E. All these answers are correct

The Tea Act of 1773 A. followed a few years of relative calm between England and the American colonies B. lowered the price of tea for American colonists C. was intended to benefit a private British company D. provided no new tax on tea E. All these answers are correct

E. All these answers are correct

Which of the following statements regarding Benedict Arnold is FALSE? A. Arnold was an American military hero early in the war B. During the war, Arnold grew convinced the American cause was hopeless C. Arnold conspired with the British to betray a Patriot stronghold at West Point, New York D. Arnold had previously foiled the advance of Barry St. Leger into the Mohawk Valley E. Arnold spent the last years of the Revolution as a prisoner of war

E. Arnold spent the last years of the Revolution as a prisoner of war

The principal Americans who negotiated the peace terms with the British were A. Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson B. Thomas Jefferson, Samuel Adams, and John Adams C. John Hancock, Benjamin Franklin, and Samuel Huntington D. Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin E. Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay

E. Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay

When he became British prime minister, George Grenville A. believed the colonial economies could not weather the cost of the recent war B. criticized William Pitt for being too harsh in dealing with the American colonies C. began a cost-cutting effort by reducing the number of British officials in America D. initially sought to further decentralize government authority in the American colonies E. believed the American colonists had been indulged for far too long

E. believed the American colonists had been indulged for far too long

The Puritan merchants who founded the Massachusetts Bay colony A. established their capital in Salem B. took over what had been a royal colony C. were led by Miles Standish D. were given their colonial charter by Charles II E. carried out the legal single migration in the seventeenth century

E. carried out the legal single migration in the seventeenth century

Warfare between Englishmen and Powhatan Indians in Virginia A. continued without interruption until the early eighteenth century B. was first triggered by the kidnapping of Pocahontas C. was primarily a result of religious tensions between natives and settlers D. was uncommon until the early eighteenth century E. included an Indian attack on Jamestown that killed hundreds of colonists

E. included an Indian attack on Jamestown that killed hundreds of colonists

In 1766, in response to colonial protests against the Stamp Act, the British government A. closed the port of Boston B. attempted to arrest the authors of the "Virginia Resolves" C. created the Currency Act D. sent additional troops to the colonies E. rescinded the Stamp Act

E. rescinded the Stamp Act

In 1637, hostilities broke out between English settlers in the Connecticut Valley and which local Native American tribe? A. the Seminoles B. the Powhatans C. the Sioux D. the Wampanoags E. the Pequots

E. the Pequots

As commander of the Continental army, George Washington A. had no shortage of Americans willing to volunteer to fight the British B. had no previous actual military experience C. was an early critic of independence D. saw Congress leave all important military decisions up to his judgment E. was admired, respected, and trusted by nearly all Patriots

E. was admired, respected, and trusted by nearly all Patriots

The Townshend Duties of 1767 A. constituted a form of taxation quite similar to the Stamp Act B. were ultimately ratified by the New York Assembly C. drew no immediate objection from the colonists D. were withdrawn before they took effect E. were taxes on what were called external transactions

E. were taxes on what were called external transactions