Dev exam 3
The knowledge that things can be arranged in a logical series is:
C. seriation.
An asthmatic child gets shots in the doctor's office during an asthma attack. This is a ______ level of prevention. A. primary
C. tertiary
"Gifted" generally refers to children
C. with IQ scores above 130.
According to Piaget, more mature moral judgments consider:
intent
"Thinking about thinking", or awareness of one's own mental processes is called ___.
metacognition
Which age group has the lowest rates of disease and death?
middle/late childhood
A ___ strategy is a technique used to aid memory.
mnemonic
Children's ___ skills became smoother and more coordinated in middle and late childhood.
motor
___ is the mnemonic strategy that involves making mental associations among items to be remembered.
Elaboration
Siri can solve the following problem: If a<b and b<c, then a<c. Siri is demonstrating Piaget's concept of:
transitive inferences
Most IQ tests do not cover other important aspects of intelligent behavior such as:
-common sense -creative insight -social skills NOT: moral reasoning NOT: giftedness
Overweight children are at risk for:
-heart disease -hypertension -diabetes NOT: sexual abuse
A test that is familiar to children from all socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds and has items that are at least familiar to students taking the test is an example of what type of test?
culture-fair
Ms. Rodriquez teaches children together who speak Spanish and English. The goal is for all the children to learn both languages. She is using the ___ method of bilingual education.
two-way
Innovations in education include:
-alternative schools -homeschooling -charter schools
Which of the following outcomes are associated with social promotion?
-Dropping out of school -Placement in a remedial track
Between the age of ___ and ___, children double their body weight.
6; 11
By age ___ or ___, Chase should be able to count in his head.
6;7
Which of the following is NOT one of the types of intelligence discussed in Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?
Imaginative intelligence
(Inactivity/Decreased access to organized sports) ___ is a major factor in the sharp rise in overweight children.
Inactivity
___ is when children make progress in understanding how to use a language in a culturally sensitive way.
Pragmatics
________ is a branch of psychology involved in the quantitative measurement of psychological variables.
Psychometrics
Which of the following achievements allows children in the stage of concrete operations to work out conservation problems in their heads?
Understanding the principle of reversibility
Language abilities _____ during middle childhood.
increase
Melinda is a very good student. It is most likely that her parents use the ___ style of parenting.
authoritative
Cynthia shows a number of behaviors different from children her age, including deficits in social interaction and communication as well as repetitive behaviors or interests. She is indifferent toward others and prefers to be alone. She is more interested in objects than people. It is most likely that she suffers from ____
autism
Conversations can
avert potential misbehavior establishes temptation
Disgust
avoiding contamination or illness This stimulus may make me ill active rejecting of the cause
theory of mind
awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others
insecure resistant babies
babies who often cling to the caregiver, then resist the caregiver by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away
insecure avoidant babies
babies who show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver
insecure disorganized babies
babies who show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented
securely attached babies
babies who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment
infants can see objects before they can control their torso, and they can use their hands long before they can crawl or walk. This would indicate they have a ______ pattern of growth
cephalocaudal
Typical strategies to avoid negativity
change topic push away run away stop talking (secure attachment helps avoid strategies)
Child maltreatment
child abuse and neglect
slow-to-warm-up child
child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood
difficult child
child who tends to react negatively and cry frequently, engages in irregular daily routines and is slow to accept change
easy child
child who us generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences
self-understanding
child's cognitive representation of self, the substance and content of the child's self conceptions
Self-understanding (Erikson)
child's cognitive representation of self, the substance and content of the child's self-conceptions
Father's role in emotion coaching
child's social competence
In a child, having a BMI above the 95th percentile, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control's 1980 standards for children of a given age.
childhood obesity
Emotion security theory (based on attachment theory)
children appraised marital conflict in terms of their sense of security and safety in the family
Forming a superego
children attempt to reduce anxiety, avoid punishment, and maintain parental affection by identifying with parent and internalizing their standards of right and wrong
Freud and Erikson agree that play helps
children master anxieties and conflicts
When models behave that behave morally are provided
children will adopt their actions
An illness that lasts at least three months is considered to be a(n) ___ medical condition.
chronic
When a child can understand the relationship between a whole and its parts, the child has developed:
class inclusion
If a child can diagram a family tree, then the child is capable of:
classification
attachment
close emotional bond between two people
concepts
cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or ideas
Schema
cognitive structure, a network of associations that guides an individual's perception
Reasons for imaginary playmates
companionship entertainment fantasy deflect blame vent anger convey information comfort
___ intelligence refers to the ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast.
componential
Abe is in school; he is able to _______ longer than his younger brother Alex can.
concentrate
Piaget's ___ operational stage lasts from approximately 7 to 11 years of age.
concrete
In middle childhood, Piaget believed that children are in the period of _____ thought
concrete operational
According to Piaget, around age 7, children enter the _________ stage.
concrete-operations
accommodation
Piagetian concept of adjusting schemes to fit new information and experiences
assimilation
Piagetian concept of using existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences
Types of self-conscious emotions
Pride, shame, embarrassment guilt
Children are rewarded for behavior that is
consistent with the laws of social conventions and will likely repeat the behavior
___ intelligence involves the ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into practice.
contextual
Intelligence test designers have found it virtually impossible to produce _______ tests consisting only of experiences common to people of various cultures.
culture-fair
What are two risk factors for cardiovascular disease that many school-aged children possess?
-Obesity -Hypertension NOT: Diets low in iron NOT: Heart murmurs
Sylvie asks her brother Sam if she can borrow his car. Sam says she can if she will first go to the car and retrieve his Rihanna CD from his giant CD collection. So that she won't forget which CD Sam wants, Sylvie imagines a picture of Rihanna in her head while humming the song "Umbrella" as she walks to the car. Sylvie is relying on which component(s) of working memory to help her out?
-Phonological loop -Visuo-spatial sketchpad
Which of the following is NOT a feature of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder?
-Restlessness -A short attention span -Impulsive, disorganized behavior NOT: The ability to pay close attention to many details
Which of the following abilities contributes to executive functioning?
-Retain information -Plan and monitor behavior -Sustain attention NOT: Moral understanding NOT: Transitive inference
Which of the following are involved in the efficiency of working memory?
-Storage capacity -Processing speed NOT: Novelty preference NOT: Autobiographical recall
A second grade student can find her way to and from school due to what cognitive changes?
-Understanding physical attributes -Use of maps -Understanding distance NOT: Application of abstract problem solving
Joel is in fourth grade and is not well-liked by many of his peers. Joel is at risk for:
-anxiety -poor academic achievement -depression NOT: a learning disability NOT: ADHD
The following are common causes of death in middle and late childhood:
-bicycle accidents -automobile accidents NOT: cardiovascular problems NOT: AIDS
During the stage of concrete operations, children have the ability to understand
-deductive reasoning. -inductive reasoning. -spatial concepts. -Ages 7-10 or 11
Acceleration programs speed up gifted children's education through:
-early school entrance -placement in advanced courses -grade skipping NOT: social promotion
Changes in the functions of the brain in middle childhood create increased brain
-efficiency. -filtering. -speed.
The most common use of mnemonic strategies among both children and adults is in
-elaboration. -rehearsal. -organization.
In a longitudinal study, it was found that first-graders at risk of school failure were helped by teachers who
-gave evaluative feedback. -encouraged their responsibility. -offered strong instructional support.
Possible causes of asthma include:
-genetic factors -increased allergens -increased air pollutants NOT: lack of medical attention
Compared with boys, girls tend to:
-have fewer school problems -outperform in national reading tests -make better grades NOT: repeat grades more frequently
Conservation appears to be the combination of which of the following processes?
-identity -reversibility -decentering NOT: transductive reasoning
In middle to late childhood, increased pathways and circuitry in the prefrontal cortex are related to:
-improved reasoning ability -improved attention -improved cognitive control NOT: improved sensory perception NOT: improved visual perception
ADHD symptoms can interfere with a person's ability to function effectively
-in their home life. -at school. -at work.
Piaget developed a progression of moral development. His progressive steps include
-increased flexibility. -ideals of equality. -rigid obedience.
A criticism of IQ tests is that they do not measure native ability but:
-infer intelligence from what the child displays
A cause of obesity in middle childhood is
-lack of exercise. -genetic inheritance. -eating the wrong kinds of food.
Positive outcomes associated with children's computer use include:
-literacy and ability to use computers -global communication NOT: new methods of instruction NOT: better social skills
Overweight children tend to become overweight adults, which puts them at risk for:
-orthopedic problems -diabetes -hypertension NOT: all forms of dementia
Social capital includes:
-strong community support of schools -accessible libraries -subsidized child care NOT: No Child Left Behind Program
Criticisms for IQ tests include:
-tests underestimate intelligence for children who are ill -tests may not be accurate for children who work slowly and carefully NOT: IQ is thought to be totally genetic so there is no value in testing NOT: IQ tests should not be used since they provide little information
Research has shown that the reason(s) for the higher scholastic abilities of Asian American children is/are
-the importance of education to them. -their greater respect for elders. -their devotion to homework.
Luke, age 12, is able to use equity in making moral judgments. According to Piaget, Luke is in the ___ stage of moral development.
-third -called the "formal reasoning" stage of development
The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children measures ______ abilities in children six to sixteen years old.
-verbal -performance
Rought-and-tumble play consists of:
-wrestling -chasing -kicking
The information-processing theory was inspired by the knowledge of how _____ function.
. computers
Children can focus without becoming distracted, persist at tasks, and exhibit quick, efficient memory due the development of
. control processes.
An obvious manifestation of the hidden curriculum is
. the school's physical condition.
A main criterion for giftedness is a high general intelligence, which is proven by an IQ score of ____ or greater.
130
People who are gifted have high general intelligence, or an IQ of ___ or higher.
130
Self-awareness appears to develop around
15 -18 months
In the United States today, about ____ percent of children between the ages of 2 and 19 are overweight.
16.5
In the United States today, about _____ percent of children ages two to nineteen are obese.
17
Children grow about ___ inches per year between 6 and 11 years of age.
2 to 3
Children in middle childhood grow about _____ inches annually.
2 to 3
What is the average growth in inches per year for children in elementary school?
2 to 3 inches
Children increase the number of terms they use to describe emotions at age
2 to 4 years of age
In classroom observations of first graders, classes with ___ students or less tended to be more social and interactive and to enable higher-quality instruction and emotional support.
25
On a typical day, more than _____ percent of children in the United States are eating fast food that is high in fats, carbohydrates, and sugar additives.
30
In a national survey of U.S. children nine to thirteen years of age, _____ percent participated in some form of organized athletics outside of school hours.
38.5
In a nationally representative study of children who entered kindergarten in 1998, achievement gaps between advantaged and disadvantaged children widened during the first ___ years of schooling.
4
What age do children have the ability to reflect on emotions
4 to 5 years of age
Perceiving others in psychological traits
4 to 5 years old "my teacher is nice"
Metamemory appears to begin to develop at about what age?
5 to 7
At age ____, Dontae has entered Piaget's stage of concrete operations.
7
Transition Moral reasoning
7 -10 years old shows some features of first stage and some of second stage rules can be constructed by group through increased peer interaction Children increasingly learn to take one another's perspective
amount of children found to be victims of abuse in one year
702,000
equifinality
A basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one symptom can have many causes.
knowledge base
A body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area.
individual education plan (IEP)
A document that specifies educational goals and plans for a child with special needs
least restrictive environment (LRE)
A legal requirement that children with special needs be assigned to the most general educational context in which they can be expected to learn.
achievement test
A measure of mastery or proficiency in reading, mathematics, writing, science, or some other subject.
immersion
A strategy in which instruction in all school subjects occurs in the second (usually the majority) language that a child is learning.
bilingual schooling
A strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner's original language and the second (majority) language.
IQ (intelligence quotient) test:
A test designed to measure intellectual aptitude, or ability to learn in school. Originally, intelligence was defined as mental age divided by chronological age, times 100—hence the term intelligence quotient, or
Which of the following statements about religion and adolescents has research shown to be true? A. Adolescent girls are more religious than are adolescent boys B. Generally, 18 year olds are more religious than 14 year olds in the US C. A majority of American college freshmen reported that they had never attended religious services during their senior year of high school D. There has been a resurgence of religious interest among adolescents
A. Adolescent girls are more religious than are adolescent boys
Which of the following BEST describes scaffolding? A. Parents time interactions in such a way that the infant experiences turn taking with the parents B. The child is presented with a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver. C. The caregiver and infant focus on the same object or event
A. Parents time interactions in such a way that the infant experiences turn taking with the parents
A child who is learning English as a second language is referred to as a(n):
B. English-language learner
Intelligence tests that would draw on and adjust for culturally-related content are considered to be ___-___ tests.
culture-fair
An IQ test designed to have no culture-linked content is called a ____ test.
culture-free
Though controversial, studies indicate that self-esteem:
declines in adolescent girls
Trends in play
declining time for free play limited time in play at home Play = learning
When six-year-old Jordan is sounding out a word, translating it from print to speech, and retrieving it from his long-term memory, Jordan is using
decoding.
Throughout middle childhood, sleep needs tend to ______ in time.
decrease
habituation
decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus
They type of reasoning that moves from a general premise about a class to a conclusion about a particular member of the class is called ___ reasoning.
deductive
An important maturation change in middle childhood is the loss of density in the gray matter of the cerebral cortex, which reflects the pruning of unused
dendrites.
Emotion-dismissing parents
deny, ignore, or fail to change negative emotions
Self-control is closely tied to
development of behavior delay of gratification is learned first
proximodistal pattern
developmental sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities
cephalocaudal pattern
developmental sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top (head) with physical growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually working from top to bottom
Gabriel is 8-years-old and after several months of troubling symptoms, including increased thirst and urination, weight loss, blurred vision, and fatigue, his pediatrician diagnosed him with ______, one of the most common diseases in school-aged children.
diabetes
A disease characterized by a high level of glucose in the blood as a result of defective insulin production is diagnosed as
diabetes.
Which learning disability is characterized by unusual difficulty with reading?
dyslexia
Which of the following disorders is characterized by reading achievement that is substantially lower than predicted by IQ or age?
dyslexia
A developmental language disorder in which reading achievement is substantially below the level predicted by IQ or age is identified as
dyslexia.
Which of the following is one of the largest factors of intelligence according to Dr. Ceci?
individual motivation
A child understands that a chicken egg breaks, a robin's egg breaks and assumes that all eggs breaks. This is an example of ___ reasoning.
inductive
separation protest
infant's distressed crying when the caregiver leaves
Sensimotor play
infants derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemes 9 months begin to select objects to explore and play
Growth of selective attention may hinge on the executive skill of ___ ___, the voluntary suppression of unwanted responses.
inhibitory control
Blanca rarely holds her baby and tends to respond to his needs in an angry, irritable fashion; it is most likely the baby will develop a(n) ___ with his mother
insecure avoidant attachment
Gender schema
organizes the world in terms of female and male
If a child has a BMI above the 85th percentile of children the same age, he or she is considered
overweight.
Coping skills are developed by
parental involvement
Children in Erikson's 3rd developmental stage children identify with
parents Appear to be powerful, beautiful, although disagreable and unreasonable
Parental influences on gender social cognitive theory
parents foster culture behaviors of gender sterotyping
Emotions play a strong role in the success of
peer relationships
Peer influences on gender
peers extensively reward and punish gender behavior
neuroconstructivist view
perspective holding that biological processes and environmental conditions influence the brain's development; the brain has plasticity and is context dependent; and development of the brain and cognitive development are closely linked
The approach to reading instruction that emphasizes the importance of teaching the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds is called the ___ approach.
phonics
Emotion regulations
play a key role in the ability to manage the demands and conflicts of interacting with others
Regulating emotions are as important as
self-regulation executive function
Cody has a new Lego kit to put together; he is working very hard to accomplish this and asks his grandmother for help when he is stuck. Cody is demonstrating
self-regulation.
Felipe loves to line up all of his cars and trucks by size; Felipe has accomplished understanding of the concept of
seriation
Shiloh knows that he is heavier than his younger sister, Tanesha. Shiloh is demonstrating an understanding of
seriation.
Self-concept
set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is
Sibling relationships teach
sharing teaching fighting playing support rivials communication
By the age of ____, most children can count in their heads.
six to seven
social smile
smile in response to an external stimulus, which in early development is typically a face
reflexive smile
smile that doesn't occur in response to external stimuli; happens during the first month after birth, usually during sleep
Family and community resources on which a person can draw is called:
social capital
reciprocal socialization
socialization that is bidirectional; children socialize parents just as parents socialize children
Corporal punishment
spanking favorable in the US linked to antisocial behavior out of control models aggressive behavior instills fear, rage, avoidance does not explain directions abusive (injures)
Scotty is skilled at finding his way around an environment and does well judging relationships between objects in space. According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, Scotty scores high in ____ intelligence.
spatial
Compared with girls, boys tend to perform better on:
spatial tasks
lateralization
specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other
core knowledge approach
states that infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems
Growing awareness of self is linked to
the ability to feel an expanding range of emotions
Influences of successful peer relationship
the ability to modulate one's emotion positivity, less moody
Self-awareness (Erikson)
the ability to observe our abilities and actions from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on our inner state
infinite generativity
the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules
intermodal perception
the ability to relate and integrate information from two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing
Which information is most likely to be in your current working memory?
the answer to this question
pragmatics
the appropriate use of language in different contexts
animism
the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action
Immanent justice
the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be mete out immediately
attention
the focusing of mental resources on select information
The infant's inability to regulate emotions is tied to
the gradual maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex
semantics
the meaning of words and sentences
dynamic systems theory
the perspective on motor development that seeks to explain how motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting
sensation
the product of the interaction between information and the sensory receptors--eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin
Social role theory suggests that:
the social hierarchy and division of labor are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing
phonology
the sound system of the language, including the sounds that are used and how they may be combined
telegraphic speech
the use of short and precise words without grammatical markers such as articles, auxiliary verbs, and other connectives
syntax
the ways words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences
Children are more psychologically aware of
themselves and others
social role theory
theory that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of men and women
When children are punished for immoral behavior
they likly reduce or eliminate the behavior
Many of today's children grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance. What could be a possible consequence of this practice?
they may have difficulty handling competition and criticism
Emotional expression is linked
to their parent's expressive behavior
The AAP Committee on Injury and Poison Prevention & Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness recommend that parents not buy ___ and that children not use them on playgrounds or at school.
trampolines
executive function
umbrella-like concept that consists of a number of higher level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain's prefrontal cortex; involves managing one's thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and self control
Theory of mind
understanding that other people have emotions and desires
Neglectful Parenting Style
uninvolved associated with lace of self-control and social incompetence
morphology
units of meaning involved in word formation
anger cry
variation of the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal cords
ecological view
view that perception functions to bring organisms in contact with the environment and to increase adaptation
Paul is driving to his friend Peter's house for the first time. Paul has a map, but because he is on a busy highway, he can glance at the map only every few minutes. Between these glances, Paul keeps a picture of the map in his head by using the __________ component of working memory.
visuo-spatial sketchpad
metacognition
"Thinking about thinking," or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task
Playground
"gender school"
social referencing
"reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation
Psychoanalytic Theory of Gender
(freud) the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite sex parent, renounces this, identifies with same sex Oedipus = males Electra = females
Which of the following are included in Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?
-8 intelligences -linguistic -logical-mathematical -spatial -musical -bodily-kinesthetic -interpersonal -intrapersonal -naturalistic
Which of the following are physical changes that occur during middle and late childhood?
-An increase in the size of skeletal and muscular systems -Slow and consistent growth
Acute medical conditions include which of the following?
-Flu -Colds -Viruses NOT: Cancer
Mark is very intelligent. Which of the following is NOT an important factor in his high IQ?
-Genetic factors -Social factors -Environmental factors NOT: Emotional factors
Regular physical activity is related to what benefits?
-Improved self-esteem -Weight control
Which of the following would help to reduce childhood obesity?
-Increase activity at home and school -provide effective weight-management programs -promote healthy life-style changes NOT: Allow the child to select his or her own snacks to help regulate appetite NOT: Avoid focusing on food and exercise in front of younger children
Which of the following statements is NOT true about The U.S. Project for Talented Youth?
-It is teaching students advanced courses in math, science, and literature. -It contains students who are among the top 1% of the country's students. -Its goal is to groom America's brightest children to reach their full potential. NOT: It only admits students who want to be scientists, engineers, and stock brokers.
Nine year old Allison needs a little more than ___ hours of sleep per night.
10
2 - 4 year olds siblings have a conflict every
10 mins
Which of the following is an example of secondary prevention of asthma?
A. breast-feeding for a year
The ability to switch from formal code to informal code is called
A. code-switching
Which is one of the types of intelligence identified by Sternberg?
A. creative
Which of the following is the most frequently cited factor associated with adolescent suicide? A. depression B. drug use C. suicidal behavior in friends D. use of alcohol
A. depression
Vygotsky's emphasis on the importance of culture teaching children:
A. has been supported by research conducted throughout the world
The rate of autism is:
A. increasing.
Issues surrounding teaching values include:
A. multiculturalism. B. religious instruction. C. sex education. D. All of these answers are correct.
The ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others is:
A. selective attention
Damon's teachers frequently complain that he disrupts his kindergarten class by fidgeting and moving about all the time. He doesn't pay attention and behaves impulsively. Considering the presence of tell-tale characteristics of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, Damon's pediatrician diagnosed him with ____ and put him on a combo of Ritalin and behavior therapy
ADHD
The most common mental disorder in childhood today is
ADHD.
Culturally, _______ American children tend to grow faster than children in other groups.
African
response to intervention (RTI)
An educational strategy that uses early intervention to help children who demonstrate below-average achievement. Only children who are not helped are designated for more intense measures
Trends in Math and Science Study (TIMSS):
An international assessment of the math and science skills of fourthand eighth-graders. Although the TIMSS is very useful, different countries' scores are not always comparable because sample selection, test administration, and content validity are hard to keep uniform.
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP):
An ongoing and nationally representative measure of U.S. children's achievement in reading, mathematics, and other subjects over time; nicknamed "the Nation's Report Card
Negative feelings
Anger outrage shame guilt
autism spectrum disorder
Any of several disorders characterized by inadequate social skills, impaired communication, and unusual play
which of the following statements is true about brain development? A. The brain grows exponentially from conception to birth causing the brain to be completely developed at birth B. Extensive brain development continues after birth, through infancy, and later C. The process of brain development continues though the first year after birth and then stops D. Brain development continues after birth only among premature babies
B. Extensive brain development continues after brith, through infancy, and later.
Some cultures have a positive outcome (high academic achievement or family value) with what style of parenting
Authoritarian
Types of parenting styles
Authoritarian Authoritative Neglectful Indulgent
which of the following is a key criticism of Jean Piaget;s theory of cognitive development? A. Jean Piaget failed to conduct observations in a controlled setting B. infants are more competent than Piaget thought C. Piaget failed to conduct observations in an infant's everyday environment D. infants are less competent than Piaget thought
B
What percentage of U.S. children aged six to 11 are obese?
B. 18
A condition in which a child has great difficulty concentrating and is overactive and impulsive is:
B. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
When Piaget referred to concrete operations, he meant logic applied in situations that:
B. deal with visible, tangible, real things.
One core symptom of autism includes which of the following?
B. delayed language
Research on information processing suggests that the ________ code is better for teachers.
B. formal
The health habits that children develop during the middle childhood years are:
B. related to their health in adolescence and adulthood.
Intellectual aptitude is measured with
C. IQ tests
Which of the following educational strategies would Vygotsky say should be incorporated in classrooms? A. Making each child responsible for his or her work without relying on peers or teachers for support B. Formal, standardized tests to assess children's learning C. Offering just enough assistance to a child to accomplish a task D. Discouraging distractions like self-talk or private talk
C. Offering just enough assistance to a child to accomplish a task
3 year old Sharon can solve 4 piece puzzles alone but needs her parents help to solve 6 piece puzzles. Which of the following represents the upper limit of her zone of proximal development for solving such puzzles A. Sharon mastering 4 piece puzzles B. Sharon helping her 2 year old brother with 4 piece puzzles C. Sharon solving a 6 piece puzzle on her own D. Sharon moving on to 10 piece puzzles
C. Sharon solving a 6 piece puzzle on her own
One treatment for ADHD is _________ combined with psychotherapy
C. medication
language acquisition device (LAD)
Chomsky's term that describes a biological endowment enabling the child to detect the features and rules of language, including phonology, syntax and semantics
Desmond must enter a long string of numbers (1 4 9 2 1 6 2 0 1 7 7 6) into an old computer every two hours or the computer will mysteriously shut down. Desmond finds that combining the numbers into three meaningful years (1492, 1620, 1776) makes it easier for him to remember the string. Desmond is relying on which memory aid to help him recall the numbers?
Chunking
Active play benefits children in which of the following ways?
D. All of these answers are correct. - better overall health appreciation of fair play improved problem-solving ability
Middle childhood is a good time for learning a second language because children
D. All of these answers are correct. -are eager to communicate and talk. are logical. have an ear for nuances of code and pronunciation
According to Sandra Bem, which of the following is correct? A. In close relationships, androgynous orientations are not desirable B. Gender-role classification is context-neutral C. Androgynous individuals are less flexible than their masculine or feminine counterparts D. Androgynous individuals are more mentally healthy than their masculine or feminine counterparts
D. Androgynous individuals are more mentally healthy than their masculine or feminine counterparts
Which of the following is NOT an effective memory strategy? A. Encourage elaboration, or more extensive processing B. Encourage the use of mental imagery C. Repeat with the variation and link information early and often D. Encourage memorization rather than understanding of information
D. Encourage memorization rather than understanding of information
According to a recent study, which of the following is NOT true regarding observations on bullying? A. Overweight and obese children are often bullied B. Those who did the bullying were more likely to have low grades C. Anxious, socially withdrawn, and aggressive children are often the victims of bullying D. Girls and younger high school students were most likely to be affected by bullying
D. Girls and younger high school students were most likely to be affected by bullying
Which of the following statements about gender stereotyping is NOT true? A. Until about 7 to 8 years of age, gender stereotyping is extensive B. Across the elementary school years, children become more flexible in their gender attitudes C. Girls' gender stereotypes are more rigid than boys' gender stereotypes D. Gender stereotypes still exist for both children and adults
D. Girls' gender stereotypes are more rigid than boys' gender stereotypes
Which of the following is a criticism related to the Montessori approach? A. It doesn't employ self-corrective materials B. It lays too much emphasis on imaginative play C. It lays too much emphasis on social interaction D. It neglects children's socioemotional development
D. It neglects children's socioemotional development
By what age can most children classify objects they see?
D. eight years
A diagnosis of ADHD indicates that a child not only has problems concentrating but also
D. is inattentive, impulsive, and overactive.
A diagnosis of ADHD indicates that a child not only has problems concentrating but also:
D. is inattentive, impulsive, and overactive.
Most fatal childhood diseases
D. occur before age 7.
If a child has a BMI above the 85th percentile of children the same age, he or she is considered:
D. overweight.
Reaction time:
D. refers to the time it takes to respond either cognitively or physically to a stimulus.
Mary, age 10, has asthma. Her parents bought a HEPA filter for her bedroom. This represents which level of prevention?
D. secondary
Research on class size indicates that:
D. the results are inconclusive.
In general conservation involves the ability to understand that changes in physical arrangement:
Do not change an object's basic properties
Mr. Zettler is a fourth grade teacher. He notices that several of his students have difficulty understanding what they read. Which of the following strategies can Mr. Zettler use to enhance his students' metacognitive abilities?
Encourage students to recall, summarize, and ask questions about what they read.
Initiative vs. Guilt
Erikson's 3rd developmental stage Children know they are a person, not discover what kind of person governed by conscience Want to move into the social world
Biological influences on gender Hormones
Estrogen - females Androgens: testosterone - males
Sarah claims that most people are happy; she knows this because she read it on Wikipedia. Jake concludes that Sarah does not have enough evidence to make the claim that most people are happy. What two elements of critical thinking is Jake demonstrating?
Evaluating the argument and forming a conclusion based on the evidence
children understand certain situations evoke particular emotions
Facial expressions effect - Specific emotions that effect - behavior that - can influence someones emotions
Birth order predicts
First born - more intelligent, achieveing, conscientious Later born - rebellious, liberal, and agreeable
Research on information processing suggests that the ________ code is better for teachers
Formal
Which theorist would go along with Dr. Ceci's assertion that people are intelligent in different ways?
Gardner
Gender molding groups
Gender composition (same sex groups) Group size (boy have larger clusters) (girls group in 2 or 3's) Interactions in same sex groups (boys - rough and tumble play) (girls - collaborative discourse: talk and act)
According to Erik Erikson, during the _______ stage, adolescents are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life.
Identity versus identity confusion
_____ tend to receive higher grades, are less likely to repeat grades, and have fewer school problems.
Girls
childhood overweight
In a child, having a BMI above the 85th percentile, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control's 1980 standards for children of a given age
childhood obesity
In a child, having a BMI above the 95th percentile, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control's 1980 standards for children of a given age.
Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS
Inaugurated in 2001, a planned five-year cycle of international trend studies in the reading ability of fourth-graders
Children vulnerable to negative self conception
Insecurely attached Parental dysfunction or stress
Which of the following reasons helps explain why sleep problems are common among American school-age children?
Many children have televisions in their bedrooms.
Why is ADHD considered to be a controversial diagnosis?
Many mental health providers believe that the disorder is over-diagnosed and is misapplied to individuals who are unwilling or unmotivated to focus on difficult or unpleasant tasks.
control processes
Mechanisms (including selective attention, metacognition, and emotional regulation) that combine memory, processing speed, and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the information processing system. (Also called executive processes.)
Guilt
Meeting ones own internalized values i have done something contrary to my values someone has been injured by my actions movement to make reparations to inform others, or to punish self
How many genes are involved in having a high IQ?
More than one
Jim loves the outdoors. He is interested in different types of plants and flowers and also likes digging for fossils and old artifacts. Jim is most likely strong in which type of intelligence?
Naturalist
Components of emotional development
Neural responses physiological factors subjective feelings emotional expressions desire to take action
Children are completely good or completely bad?
Niether, Children are both good and bad One situation's behavior will not relate to another situations behavior
parochial school
Non-public schools organized by a religious group, often Roman Catholic but sometimes Jewish, Muslim, and so on. The curriculum, discipline, and many instructors in parochial schools reflect the beliefs of the religious body, which often provides substantial financial support.
The most widely used group intelligence test for children is the
OHs Lennon.
Pretense/Symbolic play
Occurs when the child transforms the physical environment into a symbol (a block is a car) Most important advances cognitive development
Indulgent Parenting
Over involved parents few demands or controls lack self control social incompetence
Mutual obligations between parents and children
Parents - engaging in positive care giving and guidence Children - responding appropriately to parent initiatives and maintain a positive relationship
Peer Relationships
Peers - people the same age or status Friends - intimate, reciprocated positive relationship between two people
False beliefs
People don't always give accurate reports of their beliefs
Which of the following statements about ADHD is TRUE?
People with ADHD have intelligence scores similar to the population at large.
When Rose meets a new person, she repeats the person's name over and over in her head in an attempt to remember that name at a later time. Which part of working memory is activated by this activity?
Phonological loop
organization
Piaget's concept of grouping isolated behaviors and thought's into a higher-order, more smoothly functioning cognitive system
sensorimotor stage
Piaget's first stage; birth-2; infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor actions
preoperational stage
Piaget's second stage; ages 2-7; children begin to represent the world with words, images and drawings;
concrete operational thought
Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions.
Parental aspects that contribute to a child's moral development
Relationship quality parental discipline proactive strategies Conversational dialogue
Autonomous morality
Second stage of moral development aware that rules are created by people and consider intentions as well as consequences punished if witnessed (11 years old)
Types of Play
Senorimotor Practice play Pretense/symbolic social constructive Games
Constructive Play
Sensorimotor/practice with symbolic representation self regulated creation of a product or a solution
Core Qualities of peer relationships
Similarity trust emotional support provide learning experiences
Anthea is people smart. She is good at reading the feelings and emotions of others and can predict other people's intentions. According to Gardner, for which occupation is Anthea well suited?
Social worker
The primary second language most American children speak is
Spanish.
Terry often gets lost when driving places. It seems he just can't understand maps and often confuses north with south. Terry is probably weak in which type of intelligence?
Spatial
selective attention Card 4 of 10 PREVIOUS NEXT
The ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others.
Mary Carskadon and her colleagues concluded from their research of the sleep patterns of US adolescents that:
early school starting times may be linked to negative outcomes for adolescents
working memory
The component of the information processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs. (Formerly called short-term memory.)
sensory memory
The component of the information processing system in which incoming stimulus information is stored for a split second to allow it to be processed. (Also called the sensory register.) Card 5 of 10 PREVIOUS NEXT
long-term memory Card 6 of 10 PREVIOUS NEXT
The component of the information processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely.
classification
The logical principle that things can be organized into groups (or categories or classes) according to some characteristic they have in common.
aptitude
The potential to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge.
pragmatics
The practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context
Flynn effect
The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations
reaction time
The time it takes to respond to a stimulus, either physically (with a reflexive movement such as an eyeblink) or cognitively (with a thought). Card 3 of 10 PREVIOUS NEXT
hidden curriculum
The unofficial, unstated, or implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic curriculum and every other aspect of learning in a school.
What is one theory about what these "genius genes" do?
They help make nerve cells and transmit signals from one part of the brain to another.
metacognition
Thinking about thinking" or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task.
dyscalculia:
Unusual difficulty with math, probably originating from a distinct part of the brain.
Gender identity
a sense of one's own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female
Gender roles
a set of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel
zone of proximal development (ZPD)
Vygotsky's term for tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but can be mastered with the assistance of adults ore more skilled children
The most widely used individual intelligence test for children is the
Wechsler.
Biological influence on gender Chromosomes:
XX chromosomes = female XY chromosomes = male determined at 12 weeks gestation
Melissa and Kristin are arguing about the right answer to a question on their practice quiz. Melissa says that the right answer requires them to consider all of the facts before making a conclusion. Kristin says the correct answer is on page 74 and they should just copy it. Is Melissa using critical thinking to support her position?
Yes, because she is considering the facts before drawing a conclusion.
memory
a central feature of cognitive development, pertaining to all situations in which an individual retains information over time
Piaget and vygotsky concluded play is
a child's work
kwashiorkor
a condition caused by severe protein deficiency in which the child's abdomen and feet become swollen with water; usually appears between 1 and 3 years of age
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
a condition that occurs when an infant stops breathing, usually during the night, and suddenly dies without an apparent cause
Early regulation of frustration and distress can lead to
a decline in externalizing problem behaviors with peers
Analyzing the facts is
a first step in critical thinking.
language
a form of communication, whether spoken, written, or signed, that is based on a system of symbols. Language consists of the words used by a community and the rules fore varying and combining them
aphasia
a loss or impairment of language ability caused by brain damage
equilibration
a mechanism that Piaget proposed to explain how children shift from one stage of thought to the next
A figure of speech in which a word or phrase designates one thing and is compared or applied to another is called
a metaphor.
If a person saw a group of children they would likely see:
a mixture of tall, short, husky, and slender kids
grasping reflex
a neonatal reflex that occurs when something touches the infant's palms; the infant responds by grasping tightly
rooting reflex
a newborn's built in reaction that occurs when the infant's cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched. In response, the infant turns its head toward the side that was touched, in an apparent effort to find something to suck
sucking reflex
a newborn's built in reaction to automatically suck an object placed in its mouth. Reflex enables the infant to get nourishment before he or she has associated a nipple with food and also serves as a self-soothing or self-regulating mechanism
basic cry
a rhythmic pattern usually consisting of a cry, a briefer silence, a shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry
primary circular reaction
a scheme based on the attempt to reproduce an event that initially occurred by chance
Types of moral feelings
anxiety and guilt
marasmus
a wasting away of body tissues in the infant's first year caused by severe protein-calorie deficiency
growth hormone deficiency
absence or deficiency of growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate the body to grow
The leading cause of death in school-age children is
accidents.
3 year old Jesse used to call all moving vehicles "car"; he now accurately categorizes moving vehicles into trucks, cars, motorcycles and buses; Jesse has _____ to fit new info into his existing scheme
accommodated
Interest, attention, and active participation are positively associated with
achievement test scores.
Gender typing
acquisition of traditional masculine or feminine roles
Games
activities that children engage in for pleasure and that have rules involves competition
An occasional short-term condition like a cold, flu, or virus is called a(n) _____ medical condition.
acute
An early understanding of emotions can lead to
advance understanding of other's perspective Theory of mind
Effects of TV
aggression attention problems educational problems
Regulation emotion
allows children to become socially competent people
Secondary prevention decreases
among high-risk children. If asthma or obesity runs in the family, then breast-feeding for a year, regular and sufficient sleep, and lowfat diets would prevent some illness. Annual check-ups by the same pediatrician—who tests vision, hearing, weight, posture, blood pressure and more—can spot potential problems while secondary prevention is still possible.
Broca's area
an area in the brain's left frontal lobe that is involved in speech production
Wernicke's area
an area in the brain's left hemisphere that is involved in language comprehension
stranger anxiety
an infant's fear and wariness of strangers; tends to appear during the second half of the first year of life
Mr. Bakshi works in a classroom in which his students have IQ scores below 70 and have deficiencies in age-appropriate adaptive behaviors. Mr. Bakshi works with children diagnosed with
an intellectual disability.
Sympathy
an other-oriented emotional response in which an observer experiences emotions that are similar or identical to what the other person is feeling
developmental quotient (DQ)
an overall score that combines subscores in motor, language, adaptive, and personal-social domains in the Gesell assessment of infants
social construct approach
approach that emphasizes the social contexts of learning and asserts that knowledge is mutually built and constructed; Vygotky's theory reflects this approach
Research on language indicates that understanding and interpreting oral and written communication:
are challenging tasks for children who are not native-language speakers
A number of leading experts of adolescent sexuality conclude that abstinence-only programs:
are less effective at reducing the risk of adolescent pregnancy than sex-education programs
Twice each month, Gini helps to serve dinner at an assisted homeless program. She brings her two children and talks to them about the need to share time, food, and kindness with others who are less fortunate. Social cognitive theorists would say that Gini's children:
are likely to develop moral behavior that includes helping others
Being starts calling his father "dad," but he also calls all men that he sees "dad." According to Piaget, this error is due to _____.
assimilation
Children are emotionally positive witch makes _________ difficult
associating with negativity (this is why they dont want to talk about it)
___ is a chronic illness characterized by difficulty in breathing, coughing fits, and wheezing.
asthma
A chronic respiratory disease with an allergy base and symptoms of coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing is identified as
asthma.
In the United States, more than 13 percent of children as old as seventeen have been diagnosed with
asthma.
Anger
attaining the end state that the individual currently is invested there is an obstacle to my obtaining my goal forward movement, especially to eliminate obstacles
Sadness
attaining the end state that the individual currently is invested in my goal is unattainable disengagement and withdrawal
3 year old Suzie has to eat everything on her plate at dinner. If she doesn't, her dad punishes her by sending her to bed without dinner the next day. She also has strict rules for playing, tv watching, and studying, and any disobedience leads to spanking and punishment. Suzie's dad is most likely a(n):
authoritarian parent
Research has shown that utilizing a combination of medication and ___ can improve the behavior of children with ADHD better than just medication alone.
behavior management
According to Piaget, physical activities such as sucking, grasping, and walking are examples of
behavioral schemes
Irene, age 16, is a first generation immigrant whose parents came to the US from Ukraine when she was a baby. She enjoys many of the same things that her American friends do, but respects her culture's traditions and speaks to her parents in their native language. Irene seems to have formed a ______ identity.
bicultural
Maria is able to speak both English and Spanish fluently. She is:
bilingual
Alejandro and Jenny's children can speak both English and Spanish fluently, which means they are
bilingual.
A person's weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters.
body mass index
The voluntary suppression of unwanted responses is the skill of inhibitory
control.
Boys/Girls ___ engage in higher levels of rough-and-tumble play.
boys
One of the explanations for the gender difference in the identification of learning disabilities is that:
boys have a greater biological vulnerability for learning disabilities
reflexes
built-in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn's movements, which are automatic and beyond the newborn's control
A child's concern about how he/she looks is:
called body image
When capable of concrete operational thought, children
can apply their reasoning to real, tangible situations.
According to The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, children in schools that fail to meet state standards
can transfer to another school.
The component of working memory that plans and controls its various subsystems is called the
central executive.
___ thinking is aimed at finding the one right answer to a problem.
convergent
Mothers knowledge of what distresses/comforts a child can predict
coping, empathy, and prosocial behavior
The ______, where fibers connect the brain's left and right hemispheres, thickens in adolescence, and this improves adolescents' ability to process information.
corpus callosum
___ is the ability to see situations in a new way and find novel solutions.
creativity
Bronfenbrenner's Theory
culture, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are classified as part of the Macrosystem because they represent broader social context
Same event can elicit
different emotions from different people (4-5 year olds)
The Individuals with ___ Education Act (IDEA) ensures free appropriate public education for all children with disabilities.
disabilities
A disorder that interferes with specific areas of school achievement like listening, speaking, reading, writing, or mathematics is seen as a learning
disability.
A significantly subnormal cognitive function is called an intellectual
disability.
Thinking that produces a variety of fresh and diverse possibilities is called ___ thinking.
divergent
In middle childhood, a child will ____ his weight from ages six to eleven.
double
Researchers have found that IQ scores tend to
drop during summer vacation.
Intelligence-testing scores tend to drop in children
during summer vacation.
developmentally appropriate practice
education that focuses on the typical development patterns of children and the uniqueness of each child
child-centered kindergarten
education that involves the whole child by considering both the child's physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development and the child's needs, interests and learning styles
montessori approach
educational philosophy in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities and are allowed to move from one activity to another as they desire
The knowledge that one can master school work is an example of self-___.
efficacy
Howard Gardner has identified in his research with Harvard University that there are ____ independent kinds of intelligence.
eight
primary emotions
emotions that are present in humans and other animals and emerge early in life; examples are joy, anger, sadness, fear and disgust
self-conscious emotions
emotions that require self-awareness, especially consciousness and a sense of "me"; examples include jealousy, empathy, and embarrassment
When her mother asks Selena why she feels so sad, Selena says it is because her best friend just lost her puppy. Selena is exhibiting:
empathy
Positive feelings:
empathy sympathy admiration self-esteem
Kohlberg's theory of Gender Development
emphasizes changes in thinking patterns underlie development of gender identity Gender identity Gender stability Gender constancy
Authoritative Parenting Styles
encourages independent but has limits and controls extensive verbal give/takes warm and nurturing associated with social competence
A school program for gifted children that deepens the learned knowledge and skills with extra classroom activities is called a(n) _____ program.
enrichment
Shannon participates in a program that allows her to take field trips and listen to experts. Her gifted program is a(n) ___ program.
enrichment
A-not-B error
error that occurs when infants make the mistake of selecting the familiar hiding place (A) rather than the new hiding place (B) of an object as they progress into substage 4 in Piaget's sensorimotor stage
Self-esteem
evaluation oneself as either "good" or "bad" as a result of comparing the self to other people
A person who can consciously control his thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems is displaying ___ function.
executive
The conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish a goal or solve a problem is ______ function.
executive
Jeremiah knows that it is important for him to study his spelling words carefully if he wants to do well on his weekly spelling tests. He also understands that it's important to spend extra time reviewing words that he previously missed. Jeremiah's understanding is an example of gains in
executive functioning.
Two month old Trey is crying loudly. It is a sudden long initial cry followed by breath holding. This type of cry indicates that Trey is:
experiencing pain
___ intelligence consists of the ability to create, design, invent, originate, and imagine.
experiential
Children forget
failures quickly
Father socialization strategies
father shows more attention to the sons than daughters
A growing girl will typically retain more _____ tissue than a boy, and it will stay with her throughout life.
fatty
Favoritism
favoring one child over another linked to low self esteem depression
emotion
feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to him or her; characterized by behavior that reflects the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state a person is in or the transactions being experienced
Homeschooling is legal in ____ states today.
fifty
Gage is telling his mom a story of what another child did to him in school today. Gage's ability to do this tells you he is probably in at least the _____ grade.
first
Children who likely create imaginary playmates
first born or only child watch little tv verbally skillful advanced theories of mind
Heteronomous morality
first stage of moral development justice and rules are unchangeable that people do not control focuses on consequences rather than intentions immanent justice (4-7 year olds)
sustained attention
focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment
centration
focusing attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others
in the cerebral cortex, the _______ lobe is involved in voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose
frontal
A single general ability that influences all areas of intellectual functioning is called the
g-factor.
Social Cognitive Theory of Gender
gender developments occur through the observation and imitation of gender behavior and through the rewards and punishments children experience for gender appropriate and gender inappropriate behavior
Social Role Theory
gender differences result from the contrasting roles of men and women pay, work, domestic roles, status, power
Gender Schema Theory
gender typing emerges as children develop gender schema of their culture's gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is largely influenced by
genetic factors.
project head start
government funded program that is designed to provide children from low income families with the opportunity to acquire the skills and experiences important for school success
Socially competent children have
healthy growth of emotion regulation
Six year old Shirley, a witness to a robbery, was asked to testify at the trial. The defense argued that her testimony would be invalid because:
her memories are highly susceptible to suggestion
According to a study of 547 urban second- and third-graders, boys had an advantage over girls in spatial skills when they were associated with
higher socioeconomic status.
A child who seems to constantly be in motion and shows high levels of physical activity is illustrating what characteristic of ADHD?
hyperactivity
Juan feels good about his overall physical appearance. Juan has favorable body
image.
deferred imitation
imitation that occurs after a delay of hours or days
schemes
in Piaget's theory, actions or mental representations that organize knowledge
conservation
in Piaget's theory, awareness that altering an object's or substance's appearance does not change its basic properties
operations
in Piaget's theory, these are reversible mental actions that allow children to do mentally what they formerly did physically
egocentrism
inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's
Third grader Jacob has a disability that has caused him to be separated from his peers during the school day. Recently Jacob has been moved to the regular third grade classroom. This is an instance of ____
inclusion
Which of the following terms is defined as educating children with special education needs full-time in the regular classroom?
inclusion
Alejandro is able to recognize he can take a group of blocks and build a tower, but that each block still maintains the original shape in his head. This is an example of Alejandro acquiring
inclusion.
The number of children diagnosed with ADHD has ___ in recent decades.
increased
According to Gardner,
intelligence is a complex set of abilities made up of several distinct but related domains.
Social Play
interaction with peers increases during preschool years
perception
interpretation of what is sensed
Marjorie Taylor
interviewed children and their imaginary friends creation of characters is normal
executive attention
involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances
developmental cascade model
involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes
temperament
involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding
moral development
involves thoughts, feelings and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people
Moral Development
involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what to do in their interactions with other people
Vygotsly beleived play
is symbolic and make believe aspect of play are real and should be encouraged to advance cognitive development and creative thought
Pretending
is the heart of play
child-directed speech
language spoken in a higher pitch than normal, with simple words and sentences
Parents of high-achieving children create an environment for
learning.
Mother's role in emotion coaching
less oppositional behavior
You need to design a new test that will score children's intelligence accurately. You know that the age group you are testing does not have a long attention span, but that they are fans of certain cartoons. What could you do that would go along with Dr. Ceci's thoughts?
model the questions around the cartoons
Metacognition contributes to the development of
literacy.
The ability to read and write is called
literacy.
Fear
maintaining one's own physical and psychological integrity this stimulus is threatening to me fight, flight, or freeze
Shame
maintaining others respect and affection; preserving self-esteem i am bad (self-esteem damage) Others see how bad I am Withdrawal; avoiding others, hiding oneself
Children are aware they need to manage their emotions to
meet social standards (4-5 year olds)
short-term memory
memory component in which individuals retain information for up to 30 seconds, assuming there is no rehearsal of the information
explicit memory
memory if facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state
implicit memory
memory without conscious recollection; involves skills and routine procedures that are automatically performed
According to Piaget, solving a puzzle is an example of a:
mental scheme
Robyn is writing a research paper and she is frustrated because she can't find some of the information she needs to finish writing it. Her awareness that she is missing some information is an example of
metacognition
Mario recognizes his brain has the capacity to allow him to memorize his multiplication tables. Mario is demonstrating the use of his
metamemory.
visual preference method
method used to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring length of time they attend to different stimuli
The period between early childhood and early adolescence, approximately from ages 6 to 11.
middle childhood
Emotion-coaching Parents
monitor their children's emotions teaches coping skills for negative emotions assist in labeling emotions coaches them on coping techneques
Guilt motivates
moral behavior
Three components of moral development:
moral though moral feelings moral behavior
Ethan is a gifted 14 year old who excels academically and has an IQ of 140. In the light of the findings from Lewis Terman's study of high IQ children, it is likely that Ethan is:
more mature than others his own age
Mother's socialization strategies
mothers socialize their daughters to be obedient and responsible than their sons restrictions on daughters autonomy
gross motor skills
motor skills that involve large-muscle activities such as walking
fine motor skills
motor skills that involve more finely tuned movements, such as finger dexterity
Self-Conscious emotions
must be able to refer to themselves and be aware of themselves as distinct from others
A mnemonic strategy for categorizing material to be remembered is called:
organization
According to Baumrind parents should be
neither punitive nor aloof develop rules and be affectionate
moro reflex
neonatal startle response that occurs in reaction to a sudden, intense noise or movement; when startled the newborn arches its back, throws its head back and flings out its arms and legs; then the newborn rapidly pulls its arms and legs closer to the center of the body
Free play
non-sport-oriented rough and tumble play involves friendly shoving wrestling and hitting
Childhood ___ may be a stronger predictor of some diseases than adult hypertension.
obesity
strange situation
observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to more through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order
Media screen time
one hour per day
affordances
opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform functional activities
Play
pleasurable activity in which children engage for its own sake; various functions and forms
Aptitude tests are designed to measure one's
potential for learning.
scaffolding
practice in which parents time interactions so that infants experience turn taking with the parents
Five year old Donna speaks in shorter, simpler sentences to her baby brother, informal with her friends, and formal with her father's friends. She is demonstrating her grasp of:
pragmatics
The practical use of language to communicate is called
pragmatics.
Megan bases her moral decisions on fear of punishment. According to Kohlberg, Megan is currently in which of the following levels of moral development?
preconventional reasoning
Gains in executive functioning take place most notably in the brain's ______.
prefrontal cortex
Typical emotional development
preschool - positive and less intense early school - other's motives and intentions, control anger Middle school - acceptance by peers, goal driven school-age- fears are real life, not imaginary creatures
Fantasy play
pretending that involves making up and acting out a scenario
tertiary prevention
problems after they appear. For child overweight, that means more exercise and less junk food (not a strict diet). For asthma, prompt use of injections and inhalers prevents hospitalization. Hypoallergenic materials (e.g., for mattress covers) also reduce asthma attacks—but not by much, probably because such measures begin too late (MMWR, January 14, 2005). But even if tertiary prevention does not halt a condition, it can reduce the burden, as the following illustrates.
myelination
process by which the nerve cells are covered and insulated by a layer of fat cells which increases the speed at which information travels through the nervous system
fast mapping
process that helps to explain how young children learn the connection between a word and its referent so quickly
joint attention
process that occurs when individuals focus on the same object and are able to track another's behavior, one individual directs another's attention, and reciprocal interaction takes place
Sympathy motivates
prosocial behavior
Functions of Friends
protect and enhance the developing self friends teach us to manage our emotions and handle conflicts
Margie is a high-performing student. It is likely that her parents:
provide a supportive environment
Total immersion refers to:
providing all instruction in the language that the child is learning.
infants control the muscles of their trunk and arms before they control their hands and fingers, and they use their whole hands before they can control several fingers. This indicates a _____ pattern of growth
proximodistal
Which child is less likely to receive high-quality medical care for asthma? A child whose parents:
qualify for public insurance such as Medicaid.
Self-understanding
rational underpinnings to identity representation of self substance and content of self-conceptions physical and material attributes unrealistic and positive emotional descriptions
Approximately 80% of children with a learning disability have ___ problems.
reading
size constancy
recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move toward or away from the object
shape constancy
recognition that an object's shape remains the same even though its orientation to us changes
dishabituation
recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation
Conscience
refers to an internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves an integration of all three components of moral development
A child with a learning disorder must be educated in the "least restrictive environment" possible, which means she should receive most of her academic instruction in a
regular classroom.
Juanita, a Latino girl, is entering adolescence and her mother wants to keep her from risky sexual behavior. According to research, her mother should:
regularly talk to Juanita about sex and the risk factors associated with it
___ is a mnemonic strategy to keep an in working memory through conscious repetition.
rehearsal
Moral Behavior is the processes of
reinforcement, punishment, and imitation
Practice play
repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination skill are required
Primary prevention
requires changes in the entire society. Better ventilation of schools and homes, less pollution, fewer cockroaches, fewer anti biotics, and more outdoor play would benefit everyone. Michelle Obama's "Let's Move" initiative is an example of primary prevention if it makes everyone more likely to be active.
How can parents influence self-awareness
respond to a child's behavior
Empathy
responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes their emotions
Authoritarian Parenting Styles
restrictive, punitive style child must follow directions and respect work and effort Firm limits and control little verbal exchange associated with social incompetence and aggression
A form of social interaction that includes kicking, rolling around, and chasing, often accompanied by laughing and screaming, is called _____ play.
rough-and-tumble.
Emotion-coaching parents use tools such as
scaffolding praise nurturing behavior
Bayley scales of infant development
scales developed by Nancy Bayley that are widely used to assess infant development; the current version has 3 components: a mental scale, a motor scale, and an infant behavior profile
Ten-year-old Jason shows greater flexibility in making moral decisions. He is likely to be in Piaget's ___ stage of moral reasoning.
second
Shoko responds positively to being picked up by others and when put back down freely moves away to play. She would most likely be classifies as being:
securely attached
When completing homework, Carlos is able to deliberately focus on the assignment while shutting out distractions. Carlos is demonstrating the concept of
selective attention.
________ refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self, while ____ refers to global evaluations of the self
self-concept; self-esteem
Brenden believes that studying hard will result in good grades. He also has confidence that he can regulate his own learning. Brenden is demonstrating
self-efficacy.
Tilley believes she can master her schoolwork and enjoys her learning; she demonstrates high self
self-efficacy.
Separate subtest scores on intelligence pinpoint a child's ___ and help diagnose specific problems.
strengths
pain cry
sudden appearance of long, initial loud cry without preliminary moaning, following by breath holding
Co-parenting
supports parents provide for each other in jointly raising their children
Abby is very good at forming complex sentences. She is showing improved use of:
syntax
The rules of language are called
syntax.
According to Sternberg, ___ knowledge is information that is not formally taught or openly expressed but is necessary to get ahead.
tacit
Good parenting
takes time and effort
Among school-age children, _____ is/are the predominant media influence.
television
The predominant media influence on children at home is:
television
object permanence
the Piagetian term for understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched
The loss of gray matter in the cerebral cortex of the brain is balanced by a steady increase in _____ matter.
white
Play therapy allows children to
work off frustrations analyze conflicts develop coping skills feel less threatened cognitive development
Improvements in the processing speed and storage capacity of information are found to aid in the development of ______ memory in middle childhood.
working
Tony came to walk with José to school. When José saw Tony's notebook in his backpack, José rushed back into his house to retrieve his own notebook, which contained his homework. José's sensation upon seeing Tony's notebook became a perception, which triggered José's
working memory
