Dev. Psych

Place the steps of the scientific method in order, with the first step at the top.

1. Conceptualize a problem or process that needs to be studied. 2. Collect data. 3. Analyze data. 4. Draw conclusions

The upper boundary of the human life span (based on the oldest age documented) is _____ years.

122

Which of the following are examples of normative age-graded influences?

A 90-year-old finds that her physical health is declining. A 16-year-old learns to drive.

Which of these would be an example of a cross-cultural study?

A U.S. researcher compares the labor and delivery experiences of women in the United States versus Nigeria.

Which of the following best describes Erikson's theory of development?

A multistage theory in which a developmental task in each stage confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved.

What are the four ways of measuring age?

Biological Chronological Social Psychological

______ age refers to the number of years that one has lived since birth.

Chronological

What do both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories emphasize?

Continuity in development

_________cultural studies compare aspects of two or more cultures.

Cross cultural

Dr. Xiong is comparing aspects of Uganda and Denmark. Her research is best described as

Cross-cultural

Which of the following statements about ethnicity are true?

Cultural heritage and language are aspects of ethnicity. Ethnicity can include race and religion. There can be diversity within ethnic groups.

_________encompasses the behavior patterns and beliefs that are passed from generation to generation.

Culture

What do both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories of development assume?

Development does not occur in a stage-like fashion.

Joey is 21 years old. He is looking at his career options and who and what he wants to be. These choices are typical of an individual in the stage of ______ adulthood.

Emerging

According to ______, eight stages of development unfold as an individual goes through life, and a unique developmental task confronts the individual at each stage.

Erikson

______ theory states that behavior is tied to evolution, is strongly affected by biological influence, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.

Ethological

Chronological age is the only true way to measure age.

False

True or false: Life-span development focuses mostly on the rapid growth and development that occurs during childhood.

False

True or false: The life-span perspective involves sociocultural and individual factors, but not biological factors.

False

______ refers to the characteristics of people as males and females.

Gender

Which of the following statements about gender is true?

Gender refers to the characteristics of being male or female.

Which of the following are characteristics of the life-span perspective of development? (Choose every correct answer.)

It is multidimensional. It is lifelong. It is multidirectional.

According to life-span experts, which of the following is true of chronological age?

It is not relevant to the understanding of a person's psychological development.

Which of the following correctly describes the life span in the study of human development?

It occurs throughout life. It involves growth and change.

In the life-span perspective, no age period dominates development. This highlights the view that development is considered to be

Life long

According to the life-span perspective, which age dominates development?

No age dominates development.

A ______ life event is an unusual occurrence that has a major influence on a person's life and may not occur for other people at the same time.

Nonnormative

______ theories view development as being primarily the result of unconscious processes.

Psychoanalytic

The father of psychoanalytic theory is

Sigmund Freud

________ policy is a government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens.

Social

______ status refers to a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.

Socioeconomic

Which statement about the human life span is TRUE?

The maximum human life span has not changed since the beginning of recorded history.

What are the five stages of psychosexual development, according to Freud?

anal phallic oral genital latency

When does the prenatal period of development begin?

at conception

The ______ processes refer to the changes in an individual's physical nature.

biological

Which aspects listed are part of the multidimensional characteristic of life-span development?

biological socioemotional cognitive

Ethological theory stresses ______ factors, and ecological theory emphasizes ______ factors.

biological; environmental

Which of the following are components of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory? (Choose every correct answer.)

chronosystem microsystem macrosystem mesosystem exosystem

One thing that the information-processing theory, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, and Piaget's developmental theory have in common is that they are all ______ theories.

cognitive

Normative history-graded influences are

common to members of a particular generation

If a study is "cross-cultural," this means that it

compares multiple cultures

As compared to Freud, today's psychoanalytic theorists place more emphasis on ______ as determinants of an individual's development.

cultural experiences

Which of the following are factors in which ethnicity is rooted?

cultural heritage nationality race

What term describes the beliefs, customs, and general behavior patterns of a group of people?

culture

Which four of the following concepts are particularly useful when studying the sociocultural context?

culture ethnicity socioeconomic status gender

Life-span ______ is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span.

development

The pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span is known as

development

The ______ period refers to a time frame in a person's life that is characterized by certain features.

developmental

The perspective that does not rigidly believe in any one theoretical perspective but considers multiple theories and selects the best features from each is known as a(n) ______ theoretical orientation.

eclectic

Aysha does not believe any one theory can account for all real-life phenomena. She would most likely adopt a(n) ______ approach to life-span development.

eclectic theoretical orientation

The transition from adolescence to adulthood, lasting from about age 18 to 25 and characterized by exploration and experimentation, is referred to as ________ adulthood.

emerging

According to ______, the presence or absence of certain experiences is especially important during specific time frames called critical periods.

ethologists

Life _________ is the average number of years a person born in a particular year can expect to live

expectancy

The traditional approach to the study of development emphasizes the

extensive changes that occur from birth to adolescence.

Which of the following are examples of biological processes that affect development?

genes inherited from parents hormonal changes of puberty weight gain brain development cardiovascular decline

The roles that each of the following play in development are debated, EXCEPT

good-evil.

Which theoretical approach believes that individuals develop a gradually increasing capacity for sensing, storing, and remembering information that allows them to acquire increasingly complex knowledge and skills?

information-processing

What theory of development emphasizes individuals manipulating, monitoring, and strategizing about information?

information-processing theory

Which of the following are cognitive theories of development? (Choose every correct answer.)

information-processing theory Piaget's developmental theory Vygotsky's sociocultural theory

Melissa is intrigued by how people change from infancy through late adulthood. She would learn about this subject by studying the field of human development called development.

life-span

Development involves the interaction of age, body, mind, emotion, and relationships. These are continually changing and affecting each other. The best way to characterize this is that development is

multidimensional.

Events or trends (such as social or economic trends) that are common to members of a particular generation are known as ______ influences.

normative history-graded

Life expectancy in the United States has increased as a result of which of the following?

nutrition improved sanitation medicine

What two processes underlie Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

organization and adaptation

The _________ period of development is the time from conception to birth.

prenatal

The periods of development in the human life span are

produced by an interplay of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes.

A government's social policy is the course of action taken by the government to

promote the welfare of the country's citizens.

Age has been conceptualized in which of the following ways?

psychologically socially chronologically biologically

According to Erikson, humans develop in ______ stages.

psychosocial

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, a child's cognition is ______ different in one stage compared with another.

qualitatively

The ________ _________ consists of the following steps: conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, collect research data, analyze the data, and draw conclusions.

scientific method

Freud believed that the primary motivation for human behavior is ______ in nature, whereas Erikson believed that is was ______.

sexual; social

Which of the following are key characteristics of Vygotsky's theory?

social interaction culture

According to Vygotsky, which of the following is crucial to children's cognitive development?

social interaction with more-skilled adults and peers

Culture, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are ______ components of life-span development.

sociocultural

If two people earn similar incomes and have about the same educational background, they share the same

socioeconomic status.

Select the issues of development among the following.

stability and change nature and nurture continuity and discontinuity

The term __________ describes someone whose gender identity is different from the one they were assigned at birth.

transgender

What term describes someone whose gender identity differs from the gender assigned to them at birth?

transgender

Which of Erikson's stages of development occurs during the first year of life?

trust versus mistrust

By studying life-span development we learn information about ourselves, including which of the following?

who we are how we came to be this way how we will age