Dev psych 2

Myelination

Process by which axons become coated with myelin , a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron

Centration

A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child focuses on one idea excluding all others

Irreversibility

A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks nothing can be undone. A thing cannot be restored to the way it was before a change occurred

multiginality

a basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one cause can have many final manifestations

equifinality

a basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one symptom can have many causes

knowledge base

a body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new info in that area

Extrinsic motivation

a drive or reason to pursue a goal that arises from the need to have ones achievements rewarded from outside perhaps by receiving material possessions or another persons esteem

Intrinsic motivation

a drive or reason to pursue a goal that comes from inside a person such as the desire to feel smart or competent

least restructive environment

a legal requirement that children with special needs be assigned o the most general educational context in which they can be expected to learn

instrumental aggression

behavior that hurts somone else because the aggressor wants to get or keep a possession or a privlege

industry vs inferiority

children attempt to master many skills developing a sense of themselves

initiative vs guilt

children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed

latency

childrens emotional drives and psychosexual needs are quiet

seriation

concept that things can be arranged n a logical series such as the number sequence or the alphabet

Internalizing problems

difficulty with emotional regulation that involves turning ones emotional distress inward as by feeling excessively guilty, ashamed or worthless

externalizing problemsa

difficulty with emotional regulations hat involves expressing powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outburts as by lashing out at other people or breaking things

acceleration

educating gifted children alongside other children of the same mental ages

fast mapping

speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by tentatively placing them in mental categories according to their perceived meaning

Electra complex

the unconcious desure f firls to replace their mother and win their fathers romantic love

Theory of mind

persons theory of what oter people might be thinking. children must realize that other people are not nexessarily thinking the same thought that they themselves are. Occurs after age 4

self concept

persons understanding of who he or she is in relations to self esteem, appearance, and personailty and various traits

aptitude

potential to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge

comorbid

refers to the presence of two or more unrelated disease conditions at the same time in the same person

Corpus callosum

A long, thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain and allows communication between them

Impulse control

Ability to postpone or deny the immediate response to an idea or behavior

Tertiary prevention

Actions such as immediate and effective medical treatment that are taken after an adverse event and that are aimed at reducing harm or preventing disability

Secondary prevention

Actions that avert harm in a high risk situation such as stopping a car before hitting a pedestrian

Primary prevention

Actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstances such as injury disease or abuse

Permanency planning

An effort by child welfare authorities to find a long term living situation that will provide stability and support for a maltreated child. A goal is to avoid repeated changes of caregiver or school which can be particularly harmful to the child

Hypothalamus

Area of brain that produces hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body

Focus on appearance

Characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child ignores all attributes that are not appArent

Static reasoning

Characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing changes. Whatever is now has always been and always will be

Lateralization

Literally, sidedness, referring, to the specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain with one side dominant for each activity. The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body and vice versa

Symbolic thought

Major accomplishment of preoperational intelligence that allows a child to think symbolically. Including that understanding words can refer to things not seen and that an item such as a flag can symbolize something else

Preoperatiomal intelligence

Piagets term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6. It includes language and imagination but logical operational thinking is not yet possible at this stage

Egocentrism

Piagets terms for children's tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective

Scaffolding

Temporary support that is tailored to a learners needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process

Perseveration

Tendency to persevere in or stick to one thought or action for a long time

Conservation

The principle that the amount of a substance remains the same even when it's appearance changes

Over imitation

When a person imitates an action that is not a relevant part of the behavior to be learned. Over imitation is common among 2-6 year olds when they imitate adult actions that are irrelevant and inefficient

automatization

a process in which repetition of a sequence of thoughts and actions makes the sequence routine so that it no longer requires conscious thought

selective attenton

ability to concentrate on some stimuli when ignoring others

metacognition

ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how vest to accomplish it and then to monitor and adjust ones performance on that task

effortful control

ability to regulate ones emotions and actions through effort not simply through natural inclination

empathy

ability to understand the emotions and concerns of another person especially when they differe from ones own

prosocial behavior

actions that are helpful and kind but are of no obvious beneft to oneself

authoritative parenting

an approach to child rearing in which the parents set limits but listen to the child and are flexible

authoritarian parenting

an approach to child rearing that is characterized by high behavioral standards, strict punichment for misconduct and little communication from child to parent

permissive parenting

an approach to child rearing that is characterized by high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidence or control

reactive aggression

an impulsive retalation for another persons intentional or accidental action verbal or physical

response to intervention

educational strategy intended to help children who demonstrate below average achievement in early grads using special intervention

postconventional moral reasoning

emphasizing moral principles

preconventional moral reasoning

emphasizing rewards and punishements

concentional moreal reasoning

emphasizing social rules

antipathy

feeling of dislike or even hatred for another person

psychological control

involves threatening to withdraw love and support and that relies on a childs feeling of guilt and gratitude to the parents

control processes

mechanisms including selective attention, metacognition and emotional regulation, that combine memory processing speed and knowledge to regulate he analysis flow of info within the info processing system

relational aggression

nonphysical acts such as isults or social rejection aimed at harming the socal connection between the victim and other people

emotional regulation

the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed

Concrete operational thought

the ability to reasion logically about direct experiences and perceptions

overregularization

the application of rules of grammer even when exeptions occr makingthe language seem more regular than it actually is

long term memory

the component of the info processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of info can be stored indefinitely

working memory

the component of the information processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs

sensory memory

the component of the information processing system in which incoming stimulus inforation is stored for a split second to allow it to be processed

theory-theory

the idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories

multiple intelligences

the idea that human intelligence is composed of a caried set of abilities rather than a single all encompassing one

superego

the judgemental part of the personality that internalizes the moral standards of parents

pragmatics

the practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context

flynn effect

the ride in average iq scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations

oedipus complex

the unconcious desire of young boys to replave their father and win their mothers romantic love

gender schema

understanding sex differences

hidden circulum

unofficial, unstated or implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic curriculum and every other aspect of learning in a school

bullying aggression

unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attacks especially on victis who are unlikely to defend themselves

dyacalculia

unusual difficulty with math, probably originating from a distinct part of the brain

phallic stage

when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure