Dev psych Chapter 12
Cultural socialization refers to ________ that teach children about their racial or ethnic heritage, promote cultural traditions, and promote ethics and racial pride. All answer choices are correct parental practices school practices community practices
All answer choices are correct
According to Erikson, identity includes a conception of the self. a person's values. the goals one holds. All answer choices are correct.
All answer choices are correct.
In which of the following ways are collectivistic societies different from individualistic societies? Connectedness between teens and parents are higher. Academic success in youth is not valued as highly. The developmental goal during adolescence is more about establishing independence. More value is placed on emotional growth as a person.
Connectedness between teens and parents are higher.
Which is most likely to help prevent and address delinquency among youth? Leave children unsupervised after school for short durations. Encourage participation in sports. Allow limited, unmonitored television viewing. Store firearms in a readily accessible location in the home.
Encourage participation in sports.
A sexually transmitted infection characterized by extreme fatigue, diarrhea, and weight loss is herpes. chlamydia. gonorrhea. HIV/AIDS.
HIV/AIDS.
________ is the search for autonomy and personal identity. Moratorium Individuation Diffusion Acceptance
Individuation
What was a weakness of the original model of studying and assessing parenting styles? It was largely unidirectional. It failed to consider the effect of parenting style on children. It was limited to studying the effect on male children. It failed to consider single-parent households.
It was largely unidirectional.
Which statement regarding teenage pregnancy is FALSE? Thirty-three percent of the teens who carry their pregnancies to term are 17 or younger. Of the teenage girls who become pregnant, 61 percent of them have their babies. Teen pregnancy birthrates have fallen most sharply among white teen girls. Teenage pregnancy rates have declined since 1957.
Teen pregnancy birthrates have fallen most sharply among white teen girls.
Where is an adolescent most likely to draw their first romantic partner from? an other-sex friendship (in the case of heterosexual dating) a different friendship network their own friendship network a same-sex friendship (in cases of same-sex dating)
a different friendship network
Sexual orientation seems to be determined at least partly by cognitive constancy. genetics. early exposure to electromagnetic fields. emotional imitation.
genetics.
To achieve sexual identity, adolescents must achieve all of the following EXCEPT recognizing their sexual orientation. seeing themselves as sexual beings. having a successful sexual encounter. forming romantic or sexual attachments.
having a successful sexual encounter.
Adolescents most at risk of contracting a sexually transmitted infection include all of the following groups EXCEPT adolescents who have inadequate information. young people who start sexual activity early. young people who have multiple partners. those who use a variety of contraceptive methods.
those who use a variety of contraceptive methods.
The median age at which girls in the United States have sex for the first time is 14.9. 15. 17.8. 16.1.
17.8.
Conflict between teenagers and their families and society is All answer choices are correct. found in approximately 20 percent of all adolescent boys, according to studies. involves reckless behaviors. called adolescent rebellion.
All answer choices are correct.
Teenagers generally get their information about sex from parents. All answer choices are correct. media. friends.
All answer choices are correct.
Virginia is not too happy with many of the decisions that her parents make regarding her life, but she has a good relationship with her parents and follows their lead. Virginia is likely to develop good academic engagement. adaptive self-regulation. All answer choices are correct. higher self-esteem.
All answer choices are correct.
When surveyed 20 years later, most teen mothers have secured steady jobs. are not on welfare. have finished high school. All answer choices are correct.
All answer choices are correct.
The leading cause of cervical cancer in women is HPV. gonorrhea. HIV. chlamydia.
HPV.
Why might there be problems with research showing more negative outcomes for children living with cohabiting parents compared to married parents? Cohabiting parents are more likely to have adopted children rather than biological children. It is too difficult to define "cohabitation" among parents for the purposes of longitudinal research studies. Results may be reflecting a response to instability instead of the nature of cohabitation itself. Studies are biased toward married couples and researchers may unconsciously be trying to validate traditional marriage.
Results may be reflecting a response to instability instead of the nature of cohabitation itself.
What is meant by saying that early intervention programs to combat juvenile delinquency operate on Bronfenbrenner's mesosystem? The programs affect interactions between the child and the home. The programs affect interactions between children and the cultural makeup of their neighborhood. The programs affect interactions between children and their parents. The programs affect interactions between the home and the school or child care center.
The programs affect interactions between the home and the school or child care center.
Erikson holds that adolescence provides a psychosocial moratorium, or "time out" period, which allows adolescents time to search for commitment. often adds identity confusion. can precipitate an identity crisis. allows adolescents to regress into childishness.
allows adolescents time to search for commitment.
What group of adolescents is most likely to persist in violence? girls who are withdrawn girls who had early antisocial influences boys and girls who are living in single-parent homes boys and girls who had early antisocial influences
boys and girls who had early antisocial influences
By early adolescence, peer interactions center on crowds. dyadic relationships. sibling bonds. cliques.
cliques.
Programs that encourage abstinence but also discuss STI prevention and safer sexual practices have been found to ________ sexual initiation. have no effect on increase delay stop
delay
According to Erikson, adolescents are in the crisis of intimacy versus isolation. industry versus inferiority. identity versus identity confusion. autonomy versus shame and doubt.
identity versus identity confusion.
In terms of disclosure, issues such as hairstyles or choice of music fall under which category? conventional prudential moral personal
personal
Teenagers are likely to have positive attitudes toward safe sexual practices if they talk to teachers about sex. talk to parents about sex. talk to peers about sex. talk to counselors about sex.
talk to parents about sex.
Of the 36.9 million people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide in 2017, about ________ were young people aged 10 to 18. 26 million 16.7 million 5.3 million 1.8 million
1.8 million
If Pauline is a typical girl, she is most likely to have her first sexual experience at the age of ________, and her brother is likely to have his first sexual experience at ________. 17.8; 18.1 16.7; 14 14; 13.8 15.3; 14.1
17.8; 18.1
About ________ of late adolescents remain in foreclosure or diffusion identity statuses. 100 percent 25 percent 75 percent 50 percent
50 percent
Which of the following statements is true? U.S. adolescents spend more time with their families than with their peers. African American teenagers maintain less intimate relationships with their families than white teenagers. Adolescents from India are happier with their families than are adolescents from the United States. Adolescents from Korea and Japan have relatively large amounts of free time.
Adolescents from India are happier with their families than are adolescents from the United States.
Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding romantic relationships during adolescence? Early adolescents think primarily about how romantic relationships may affect their status in the peer group. Breakups with romantic partners are poor predictors of depression or suicide. By 13, adolescents think about romantic partners more than their parents. Relationships with parents do not affect romantic relationships among adolescents.
Early adolescents think primarily about how romantic relationships may affect their status in the peer group.
Inferring from the textbook, which of the following adolescents would be most vulnerable to negative peer influence? Stewart, who is unsupervised at a friend's house with his parents' approval Phyllis, who is just "hanging out" with a group, but who calls to tell her mother where she is Francine, whose parents don't know where or with whom she is "hanging out" Della, who is alone at home with regular phone calls from her mother
Francine, whose parents don't know where or with whom she is "hanging out"
What change occurred in the U.S. Congress in 2010 with respect to funding for sexual education programs? Funding was shifted from comprehensive education programs to abstinence-only programs. Funding was shifted from abstinence-only education programs to comprehensive education programs. Congress withdrew funding for education programs targeted at teenage mothers or teenage girls who had already become pregnant. Congress reduced funding for education programs specifically about sexually transmitted infections.
Funding was shifted from abstinence-only education programs to comprehensive education programs.
A program for at-risk teens that has largely been discredited as a helpful influence and has fallen out of favor is the Syracuse Family Development Research Project. Head Start. Boys & Girls Club of America. Scared Straight.
Scared Straight.
Which statement does NOT reflect current research on the origins of sexual orientation? The more older sisters a woman has, the more likely she is to be gay. There is evidence that sexual orientation is at least partly genetic. One researcher reported differences in size of the hypothalamus between gay and heterosexual men. The more older brothers a man has, the more likely he is to be gay.
The more older sisters a woman has, the more likely she is to be gay.
Which of the following is true of transgender youth? Their risk for negative outcomes appears to be higher even than gay or lesbian youth. Transgender youth show a slightly elevated risk of sexually abusing others. Finding and joining a community of individuals like them can increase negative outcomes for transgender youth because it makes them a target. Most transgender children begin to recognize something is different about them at the onset of puberty, averaging at around age 10 or 11.
Their risk for negative outcomes appears to be higher even than gay or lesbian youth.
All the following statements about teenage pregnancies are accurate, EXCEPT that 75 percent of pregnant teenagers describe their pregnancies as unintended. Black and Hispanic girls are more likely to have babies than American Indian girls. Black and Hispanic girls are more likely to have babies than are Asian American girls. U.S. teenagers are less likely to become pregnant and give birth than teenagers in most other industrialized countries.
U.S. teenagers are less likely to become pregnant and give birth than teenagers in most other industrialized countries.
The desirable outcome of the crisis of adolescence, according to Erikson, is being able to love, marry, and start a family. learning to get along with others. seeing oneself as productive. achieving the virtue of fidelity.
achieving the virtue of fidelity.
The intensity and importance of friendships, as well as time spent with friends, are probably greater in ________ than at any other time in the life span. middle childhood early childhood adolescence young adulthood
adolescence
Sexual orientation generally becomes a pressing issue during adulthood. early childhood. middle childhood. adolescence.
adolescence.
Individuation refers to adolescents' struggles for autonomy and personal identity. a process of egocentrism. self-esteem. family conflict.
adolescents' struggles for autonomy and personal identity.
The following are predictors of early juvenile delinquency EXCEPT community structure. ineffective parental supervision and discipline. socioeconomic status. age and gender.
age and gender.
At 12 years of age, Alex now spends considerable time with his friends. Generalizing from the text, the most important bonding will be with friends of his same age. race. sex. religion.
age.
Friendships are likely to be more intimate, loyal, and supportive in adolescence than in middle childhood, probably because teenagers spend so much time talking with each other on the telephone. are more egocentric and therefore better able to understand their friends' feelings and point of view. are better able to express their feelings and share them with friends. find in their friends the intimacy they lack at home.
are better able to express their feelings and share them with friends.
Adolescents who have close friends do poorly in school due to socializing too much. feel needy and less competent. are less likely to be depressed. have abrasive personalities.
are less likely to be depressed.
When teenagers get their sex education from the media they believe that the programs have no effect on viewers' ideas about recreational sex. believe that portrayals are unrealistic and are critical of fictional characters' views on recreational sex. tend to be overly judgmental about others' recreational attitudes toward sexual behavior. are less likely to guard against the risks of unprotected sex.
are less likely to guard against the risks of unprotected sex.
The most common curable STIs are chlamydia and gonorrhea. HIV and HPV. syphilis and chlamydia. herpes and gonorrhea.
chlamydia and gonorrhea.
Jake is 15 and sees his parents as highly intrusive. We can expect that Jake will seek out fewer friends. come under negative peer influence. change his behaviors with parents or peers when he is much older. spend more time at school activities.
come under negative peer influence.
The best safeguard for teens who are sexually active is the consistent use of morning-after pills. condoms. jellies or creams. birth-control pills.
condoms.
In terms of disclosure, issues such as talking back or using bad manners fall under which category? personal prudential conventional moral
conventional
James Marcia identifies four identity states or statuses according to the presence or absence of crisis and foreclosure. crisis and commitment. foreclosure and moratorium. moratorium and commitment.
crisis and commitment.
James Marcia refers to a period of conscious decision making as a foreclosure stage. crisis. investigative commitment. ego defense.
crisis.
Greg celebrates Thanksgiving each year with his family. A part of his family's tradition is to play a game of touch football before dinner. According to your text, Greg's Thanksgiving tradition is a part of his cultural background. cultural revolution. cultural reciprocation. cultural socialization.
cultural socialization.
According to Erikson, cliquishness and intolerance of differences in adolescence are personality problems. defenses against identity confusion. due to adolescent egocentrism. a form of adolescent rebellion.
defenses against identity confusion.
Involvement in cliques is most prominent in ________ adolescence. early late None of the answer choices are correct. middle
early
The frequency of conflict between adolescents and their parents increases during late adolescence. middle adolescence. middle childhood. early adolescence.
early adolescence.
One method of reducing juvenile delinquency is to have the children involved in activities where their parents are unaware of their whereabouts. early intervention programs. alone-time activities. peer groups.
early intervention programs.
Researchers have identified two types of antisocial behavior of adolescents: early-criminal and postcriminal. violent and nonviolent. chronic offenders and nonchronic offenders. early-onset and late-onset.
early-onset and late-onset.
Adolescents living with their continuously married parents tend to have ________ behavioral problems than do adolescents living in single-parent homes. about the same amount of fewer slightly more many more
fewer
According to Erikson's theory, the virtue that arises from resolution of the identity crisis in adolescence is fidelity. love. trust. hope.
fidelity.
Betty is 18 years old. For the past five years she has been very committed to working with a group of her friends as a volunteer at a local hospital. She has also diligently studied the piano during this time and sees herself as a committed artist. According to Erikson, Betty is developing the virtue of achievement. identity. foreclosure. fidelity.
fidelity.
Carolina was brought up in a Catholic household. As a teenager she has struggled to come to terms with what she really believes but has resolved that she does indeed see herself as a Catholic. According to Erikson, Carolina has attained the virtue of will. fidelity. love. hope.
fidelity.
Research on identity development among African American adolescents identifies them as predominantly in foreclosed or achieved status groups. finds them in all four identity status groups. identifies them as predominantly in identity achieved or moratorium status groups. identifies them as predominantly in identity diffused or moratorium status groups.
finds them in all four identity status groups.
Generalizing from research cited in the text, parents of adolescents should keep adolescents close to the nest as long as possible. require independence as early as possible. keep a tight rein on adolescents to protect them from peer pressures. grant gradually increasing independence, but protect adolescents against immature lapses in judgment.
grant gradually increasing independence, but protect adolescents against immature lapses in judgment.
Most pregnant teenagers are likely to have greater medical risks than women in their twenties, regardless of prenatal care. relatively large babies. few complications during pregnancy, since they are young and strong. better outcomes than any other age group, with good medical care.
greater medical risks than women in their twenties, regardless of prenatal care.
Which of the following is an STI that primarily affects the liver, causing both acute and chronic issues? hepatitis A HSV-2 hepatitis B trichomoniasis
hepatitis B
According to research on sexual orientation, the fact that Gerald has four older brothers increases the likelihood that he will be heterosexual. bisexual. homosexual. None of the answer choices are correct.
homosexual.
Recent research has identified certain types of behavior adolescents are expected to disclose to parents. Which type is considered (by parents) LEAST subject to disclosure? seeing "R" rated movies how teens spend money moral issues behavior related to health and safety
how teens spend money
The most prevalent sexually transmitted infection is gonorrhea. human papillomavirus. syphilis. chlamydia.
human papillomavirus.
According to James Marcia, which identity status is characterized by both crisis and commitment? identity diffusion foreclosure moratorium identity achievement
identity achievement
Sabrina has thought about entering the field of medicine for several years. She went through a period of crisis before settling on this occupation. According to Marcia, what is her identity status? foreclosure moratorium identity achievement identity diffusio
identity achievement
Although it took a while, going back and forth between majors, Carlos finally decided that he wanted to go to law school. According to Marcia, Carlos has reached identity foreclosure. identity moratorium. identity diffusion. identity achievement.
identity achievement.
Danielle does not know what she wants to do after high school and does not appear to be worried about it. According to Marcia, what is Danielle's identity status? foreclosure identity diffusion achievement moratorium
identity diffusion
Mark has not seriously considered his options and has avoided making commitments. What is his identity status? foreclosure moratorium achievement identity diffusion
identity diffusion
When his psychology teacher asks Gabe what his plans after high school are, Gabe just shrugs his shoulders and says, "I have not really thought about it much." Marcia would place Gabe in a state of identity foreclosure. identity moratorium. identity diffusion. identity achievement.
identity diffusion.
When asked what she plans to become when she gets older, Sierra replies, "I am going into nursing just like my mother told me to." Marcia would suggest that Sierra is in a state of identity moratorium. identity foreclosure. identity achievement. identity diffusion.
identity foreclosure.
Diane is 13 years old and is trying to see herself as a unique adult with a coherent sense of self and a valued role in society. According to Erikson, this struggle represents the crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt. identity versus identity confusion. industry versus inferiority. intimacy versus isolation.
identity versus identity confusion.
The chief reasons for the high incidence of STIs in adolescence include all of the following EXCEPT multiple partners. the tendency to have sex with older partners. increased sex education in the public schools. failure to use condoms.
increased sex education in the public schools.
Yolanda grew up in a family full of big football fans. Her dad would dress her in their favorite team's colors and they would watch games together each Sunday. Yolanda, now a teenager, informs her dad that she has a new favorite team. This change for Yolanda represents the concept of rebellion. obstinance. social affiliation. individuation.
individuation.
In terms of screen-based media usage, which of the following shows the correct linkage between type of media use and its demonstrated effect? video game usage and obesity instant messaging and depression instant messaging and poor relationship quality in adolescence television watching and addiction
instant messaging and depression
Adolescents begin to rely on friends more than parents for their protection and safety. intimacy and finances. intimacy and emotional support. room and board.
intimacy and emotional support.
Which of the following is most strongly associated with decreased risk of early sexual activity? religiosity involved and engaged relationship with parents early entrance into puberty being educated about safe sex practices
involved and engaged relationship with parents
Research on the effects of maternal employment on adolescents suggests that the mother's age. it depends on whether there are two parents in the home. the mother's role satisfaction and the warmth of the parental relationship. the mother's work status.
it depends on whether there are two parents in the home.
All the following factors have been cited as playing a part in an adolescent's decision to engage in early sexual activity EXCEPT history of sexual abuse. lack of academic and career goals. family patterns of sexual activity. late entrance into puberty.
late entrance into puberty.
Taylor has a warm and supportive relationship with her parents and is a regular churchgoer. These factors will make her less likely to engage in early sexual activity. put added pressure on her to follow her peers and become sexually active. increase her sexual desire. provide her with more opportunity for early sexual activity.
make her less likely to engage in early sexual activity.
According to Marcia's model, adolescents who experience crisis with no commitment are in the ________ status of identity development. foreclosure identity achievement identity diffusion moratorium
moratorium
Kendrick is thinking about becoming an engineer but is not sure and is agonizing over the decision. Meanwhile, Kendrick is also trying to get information about several other careers. According to Marcia, what is his identity status? achievement moratorium identity diffusion foreclosure
moratorium
In terms of disclosure, issues such as household chores fall under which category? conventional personal multifaceted prudential
multifaceted
Longitudinal research in the late 1990s to early 2000s on German young adults found that ego identity at age 15 strongly predicted intimacy in romantic relationships for boys but not for girls. no gender differences in identity status. a stronger link between adolescent romantic attachment and identity exploration in girls than in boys. that ego identity at age 15 strongly predicted intimacy in romantic relationships for girls but not for boys.
no gender differences in identity status.
Genital herpes is curable with injection of antiviral drugs. associated with increased incidence of testicular cancer. not curable once acquired. only mildly contagious.
not curable once acquired.
Research suggests that most juvenile offenders will commit crimes as adults. outgrow their delinquent tendencies. repeat the behaviors throughout their life span. become hardcore criminals.
outgrow their delinquent tendencies.
In terms of disclosure, issues such as smoking and drinking fall under which category? conventional moral prudential personal
prudential
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major issues Erikson believed young people must resolve in search of an identity? values relationships sexual identity occupation
relationships
Which of the following factors or combination of factors most strongly influences adolescents in choosing antisocial peers? economics, such as being poor and wanting to have increased income school, family, and neighborhood in combination with genetics their own actions and choices genetics alone
school, family, and neighborhood in combination with genetics
According to the text, which adolescents are more intimate? mixed pair (brother and sister) All of these pairs are equally intimate. brothers sisters
sisters
According to the text, approximately what percentage of adolescent girls reported using a condom during the first time they had sex? slightly less than 70 percent about 90 percent about 60 percent slightly over 80 percent
slightly over 80 percent
Collective efficacy refers to strength of peer relations. None of the answer choices are correct. strength of social connections within the neighborhood. family background.
strength of social connections within the neighborhood.
As a child, it is important to learn to trust one's parents; in adolescence, a person learns fidelity, which Erikson described as the ability to guard other people's secrets. loyalty to friends. the desire to find a partner to share one's private thoughts with. sustained loyalty, faith, or a sense of belonging to a loved one, friends, or companions.
sustained loyalty, faith, or a sense of belonging to a loved one, friends, or companions.
Transgender is a term that refers to individuals who seek medical assistance to permanently transition to their preferred gender. who find themselves attracted to both males and females. whose biological sex at birth and gender identity are not the same. who transition across a wide range of variable identities that may be neither fully male nor fully female.
whose biological sex at birth and gender identity are not the same.
