Development Unit

Which is true of social relations during the teen years? a. As teens distance themselves from parents, peer relationships become more important. b. High school girls who have the poorest relationships with their mothers have the most intense friendships with peers. c. Parental influence peaks during mid to late adolescence. d. Most adolescents have serious disagreements with parents, leading to great social stress. e. Teens are generally more concerned with family relationships than peer relationships.

a. As teens distance themselves from parents, peer relationships become more important.

According to research, which of the following is more common among males than females? a. Physical aggression b. Smiling c. Relational aggression d. Averting one's eyes e. Apologizing

a. Physical aggression

Compared with rats raised in an enriched environment, which of the following is true of rats raised in isolation? a. Their brain cortex is less developed. b. Though neurologically similar, they fear other rats. c. Their brains have more connections. d. They have a thicker brain cortex. e. The differences between the two groups are not statistically significant.

a. Their brain cortex is less developed.

Brain scans of older adults show that the _ a neural processing center for emotions, responds to negative events (but not to positive events), and it interacts less with the hippocampus, a brain memory-processing center. a. amygdale b. hypothalamus c. pineal gland d. thyroid gland e. thalamus

a. amygdale

Maturation explains why a. we stand before we walk. b. we like familiar people. c. we learn the language accents of our peers. d. infants become attracted to scents associated with their mother's nursing. e. the brain shuts down unused connections.

a. we stand before we walk.

What do we call an optimal window of opportunity for proper development? a. Attachment b. A critical period c. A social period d. Imprinting e. A parenting style

b. A critical period

Which of the following identifies the parenting style most likely to harshly punish a teen who has been accused of wrongdoing without first hearing form the teen? a. Authoritative b. Authoritarian c. Permissive d. Detached e. Negligent

b. Authoritarian

Infantile amnesia best explains why a. Justina, age 25, cannot remember hearing Japanese when she was 10. b. Ella, age 10, has no memories of her third birthday party. c. Karla, age 3, can't understand why her new brother is crying. d. Becka, age 2, is unable to remember where she left her doll. e. Hannah, age 6, can't remember the gymnastics routine she just learned.

b. Ella, age 10, has no memories of her third birthday party.

Peer influence would have the strongest effect on a. JS who, at age 30, is deciding whether to propose to his girlfriend. b. Frank, who, at age 10, is deciding whether to play baseball or hockey. c. Arman, who, at age 18, is choosing between two highly rated colleges. d. Linda, who, at age 45, is deciding which church group to join. e. Johann, who at age 7, is choosing a project for art class.

b. Frank, who, at age 10, is deciding whether to play baseball or hockey.

Diego like to play sports and video games, whereas Sara likes to sing, dance, and play "house." This example best depicts which of the following? a. Gender identity b. Gender typing c. Gender schema d. Social learning theory e. Gender expression

b. Gender typing

In which of the following examples would parents have the highest degree of influence? a. In homes where children are severely neglected or abused b. In determining a child's personality c. When a child is trying to fit in at a new school d. When a young child is learning the language spoken at a new school e. When a young person develops schizophrenia

b. In determining a child's personality

Which of the following is a current belief of researchers that differs from Piaget's original theories? a. Infants simply have less information about the world than older children and adults. b. Object permanence develops earlier than Piaget believed. c. Infants learn more by verbal explanations than Piaget believed. d. Accommodation is a process that doesn't occur in young children. e. Schemas don't form until later than Piaget believed.

b. Object permanence develops earlier than Piaget believed.

Studies done by Harry and Margaret Harlow found that a. nutrition was the most important factor in attachment. b. contact comfort was the most important factor in attachment. c. the surrogate mother's appearance was the most important attachment factor. d. monkeys were equally likely to come attached to either surrogate mother. e. the monkeys didn't form attachments to the surrogate mothers.

b. contact comfort was the most important factor in attachment.

According to research done by Erik Erikson and Joan Erikson, children who are securely attached are also likely to be a. parented by authoritarian parents. b. developing a sense of basic trust. c. raised in a neglectful environment. d. showing less stranger anxiety. e. able to think in an abstract manner.

b. developing a sense of basic trust.

Even as newborns, we prefer sights and sounds that facilitate social responsiveness. This can be seen by a newborn's preference for a. soft music. b. face-like images. c. low pitched sounds . d. soft colors. e. loud music.

b. face-like images

Carol Gilligan's research emphasizes prominent female characteristics, especially a. spatial abilities. b. making social connections. c. playing in large groups. d. talking a great deal. e. playing in competitive groups.

b. making social connections.

As the infant's brain develops, some neural pathways will decay if not used. This use-it-or-lose-it process is known as a. motor development. b. pruning. c. heredity. d. amnesia. e. maturation.

b. pruning.

An 18-month-old typically recognizes herself in a mirror. This self-awareness contributes to a. self-assurance. b. self-concept. c. self-esteem d. self actualization. e. self-determination.

b. self-concept.

Which of the following would be considered an example of Erikson's concept of integrity? a. A 25-year-old meets and marries the love of his life. b. A 35-year-old earns a lot of money, though she doesn't particularly enjoy her job. c. An 85-year-old looks back at a life well-lived and feels satisfied. d. A 40-year-old takes pride in her work and how she is raising her children. e. A 20-year-old decides to become a physician.

c. An 85-year-old looks back at a life well-lived and feels satisfied.

Megan, a third grader, is having trouble with math. She is starting to do poorly in other subjects, because she feels she cannot master math. Based on Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which stage is Megan in? a. Autonomy versus shame and doubt b. Initiative versus guilt c. Competence versus inferiority d. Identify versus role confusion e. Intimacy versus isolation

c. Competence versus inferiority

What development in adolescents allows for greater impulse control? a. The hormonal surge of early adolescence b. Hindbrain changes associated with the onset of puberty c. Frontal lobe maturation in late adolescence d. Limbic system development in mid-adolescence e. A decrease in myelin production throughout adolescence

c. Frontal lobe maturation in late adolescence

Which of the following would indicate that a child understands conservation? a. She would continue to seek a toy hidden under a blanket. b. She would "hide" in a game of hide-and -seek by covering her eyes with her hands. c. She would believe that a clay snake would have the same amount of clay as the clay ball that was used to make it. d. She would recognize that 7 + 3 involves the same mathematical relationship as 10 - 7. e. She would be able to comprehend the logic of if-then statements.

c. She would believe that a clay snake would have the same amount of clay as the clay ball that was used to make it.

Which of the following is generally true of males when compared to females? a. They have a longer life span. b. They are more likely to have a democratic leadership style. c. They are more likely to commit suicide. d. They are more likely to be diagnosed with depression. e. They are more likely to be diagnosed with anxiety.

c. They are more likely to commit suicide.

Which of the following cognitive abilities is possible only at the formal operational stage? a. Reversing arithmetic operations. b. Using a theory of mind to predict the behavior of others. c. Using hypothetical situations as the basis of moral reasoning. d. Using symbolic thinking for pretend play e. Understanding basic physics to recognize impossible situations.

c. Using hypothetical situations as the basis of moral reasoning.

If you showed a 2-year-old a model of her bedroom where you'd hidden a toy behind the bed, she would a. understand that the model represented her room, but not be able to find the toy in her own b. exhibit schematic thinking and be able to explain the study back to you. c. be unable to find the toy in her room due to a lack of symbolic thinking. d. understand that the model represented her room, and be able to find the toy in her own room. e. misunderstand the instructions due to her lack of theory of mind.

c. be unable to find the toy in her room due to a lack of symbolic thinking.

Walter Mischel's famous "marshmallow test" found that a. adolescents are unable to control most impulses. b. adults who can delay gratification often have lower paying jobs. c. children who can delay gratification are often successful as adults. d. children who can delay gratification often do not flourish as adults. e. adolescents who can delay gratification tend to be at the preconventional level of morality.

c. children who can delay gratification are often successful as adults.

Howard cheats in his calculus class, even though he knows it is wring, because "everyone else is doing it." Kohlberg would argue that Howard's response reflects a _______ view of morality. a. myelinated b. preconventional c. conventional d. postconventional e. formal operational

c. conventional

In many Western societies, it is common for adolescents to graduate from high school, go to college, and still live at home with their parents. They have not yet assumed full adult responsibilities and independence. Psychologists have identified this period of time as a. adulthood. b. early adulthood. c. emerging adulthood. d. late adolescence. e. role confusion.

c. emerging adulthood.

As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wants and they look away sooner. The decrease in an infant's responsiveness is called a. concentration. b. teratogens. c. habituation. d. stability. e. a stage.

c. habituation

Olivia and Jackson plan to get married next year. This significant life event will allow them to achieve Erikson's stage of a. competence. b. generativity. c. intimacy. d. identity. e. integrity.

c. intimacy.

Juliette is experiencing lifelong physical and mental abnormalities because her mother consumed alcohol while she was pregnant. The alcohol, because of the damage it caused, is considered a(n) a. reflex. b. embryo. c. teratogen. d. epigenetic. e. zygote.

c. teratogen

Which of the following would be considered a sign of secure attachment in a 1-year-old? a. Showing no sign of stranger anxiety, whether the parent is present or not b. Paying no attention to a parent who returns after a brief separation c. Showing anger at the parent after a brief separation d. Becoming distressed when the parent leaves and seeking contact on return e. Not reacting to a parent leaving or returning after a brief separation

d. Becoming distressed when the parent leaves and seeking contact on return

Compared with the late nineteenth century, what is true about the transition from childhood to adulthood in Western cultures today? a. It starts earlier and is completed earlier. b. It starts later and is completed later. c. It starts later and is completed earlier. d. It starts earlier and is completed later. e. It has not changed.

d. It starts earlier and is completed later.

Which of the following changes does not occur with age? a. Visual sharpness diminishes. b. Distance perception is leas acute. c. Adaptation to light-level changes is less rapid. d. The lens of the eye becomes more transparent. e. Senses of smell and hearing diminish.

d. The lens of the eye becomes more transparent.

Which of the following is true of menopause? a. Both men and women experience menopause around the age of 50. b. Men experience menopause around 50 years of age, but women experience menopause around 65 years of age. c. Women experience menopause around 50 years of age, but men experience menopause around 65 years of age. d. Women experience menopause around the age of 50, but men don't experience menopause. e. Men experience menopause around the age of 65, but women don't experience menopause.

d. Women experience menopause around the age of 50, but men don't experience menopause.

What is the prenatal development sequence? a. Zygote, fetus, embryo b. Fetus, zygote, embryo c. Embryo, zygote, fetus d. Zygote, embryo, fetus e. Fetus, embryo, zygote

d. Zygote, embryo, fetus

Piaget would argue that as an adolescent, Mildred is better able to understand calculus because she is in the a. sensorimotor stage. b. preoperational stage. c. concrete operational stage. d. formal operational stage. e. accommodation stage.

d. formal operational stage.

According to Erikson, the primary developmental task for adolescents is to develop a sense of a. trust. b. initiative. c. competence. d. identity. e. intimacy.

d. identity.

Gender _______ are the social expectations that guide men and women's behavior. Gender _______ is a person's sense of being male or female. a. concepts; role b. preferences; role c. roles; preference d. roles; identity e. roles; preference

d. roles; identity

Vygotsky called the space between what a child could learn with and without help the a. theory of mind. b. zone of abstract logic. c. zone of abstract reasoning. d. zone of proximal development. e. zone of developmental readiness.

d. zone of proximal development.

Some people think development occurs in the same way a tree grows--slowly and steadily. Others think that there are rather abrupt developmental jumps-more like the transformation of a tadpole into a frog. Which of the following issues would this difference of opinion relate to? a. Nature and nurture b. Maturation and learning c. Prenatal and neonatal d. Stability and change e. Continuity and stages

e. Continuity and stages

______ focused on moral intuition and how people feel about moral situations; ______ however, was more interested in moral reasoning and how people think about moral situations. a. Kohlberg; Erikson b. Erikson; Kohlberg c. Piaget; Kohlberg d. Piaget; Erikson e. Haidt; Kohlberg

e. Haidt; Kohlberg

Which developmental issue best represents how our genes and environment interact? a. Habituation and maturation b. Stability and change c. Continuity and stability d. Continuity and stages e. Nature and nurture

e. Nature and nurture

Neurologically, what is the function of pruning? a. Pruning creates new connections between synapses through repeated experiences. b. Pruning reduces the negative effects of teratogens by eliminating neural waste. c. Pruning increases the weight of the brain through enriching experiences. d. Pruning creates areas in the brain used in learning mathematics. e. Pruning eliminates unused neural pathways.

e. Pruning eliminates unused neural pathways.

Which of the following is true of the early formation of brain cells? a. They form at a constant rate throughout the prenatal period. b. They begin forming slowly, and then the rate increases throughout prenatal development. c. They form slowly during the prenatal period, and then the rate increases after birth. d. They form at a constantly increasing rate prenatally and in early childhood. e. They are overproduced early in the prenatal period, and then the rate decreases and stabilizes.

e. They are overproduced early in the prenatal period, and then the rate decreases and stabilizes.

Your friend's baby brother, Matt, loves to play with his pet cat. When he sees a puppy, he points and call it "Mi Mi," which is what he calls his cat. Matt is demonstrating Piaget's process of a. conservation. b. accommodation. c. cognition d. object permanence. e. assimilation.

e. assimilation.

As telomeres shorten, aging cells may die without being replaced with perfect genetic replicas. This process is slowed by a. smoking. b. obesity. c. stress. d. aging. e. exercise

e. exercise

A 4-year-old child comes into the room and tells her parent, "I broke it" without feeling the need to tell her parent what is broken because a. the child lacks an understanding of conservation. b. the child is afraid of being punished. c. the child cannot remember what was broken. d. the child has assimilated the object into her memory. e. the child is egocentric.

e. the child is egocentric.