Developmental psych

A key reason emotional outbursts decline in early childhood is that children ______________. a learn strategies for regulating their emotions, in a practice known as effortful control b have a more sophisticated theory of mind at this age c at this age are no longer at risk for externalising problems d have learned the skill of overcontrolling their emotions

A

A preference for using one hand rather than the other ('handedness') can be seen as early as ______________. a the prenatal period b infancy c toddlerhood d age 5

A

A. and W. are brothers. A. owns a cleaning business, and W. helps when the jobs are too big for A. to do alone. These brothers most likely live in a(n) ______________ culture. a collectivistic b individualistic c conventional d caste

A

Accidental injury among young children ______________. a is less of a danger than disease in developing countries b happens at a greater rate in developed countries than in developing countries c is equally common among boys and girls d is extremely rare (less than 5%) because of increased awareness and better technology

A

According to your text, what is one of the factors that make cultural learning in developed countries different from cultural learning in traditional cultures? a Children in developed countries are often apart from their families for a substantial part of the day, so they do not have as much guided participation in daily activities within the family as children in traditional cultures do. b Parents in developed countries have assimilated into the culture and are not as interested in teaching their children skills or traditions as parents in traditional cultures are. c Children in developed countries are not interested in guided participation in daily activities the way children in traditional cultures are. d Parents in developed countries believe that their children should learn independently.

A

After his brother accidentally put the cereal in the refrigerator, Carl heard his father say, 'Well, that was smart.' Carl understood that his father was not giving his brother a compliment and it did not mean that his brother was especially intelligent. This is an example of increased understanding of ______________. a pragmatics b conditional sentences c the past imperfect tense d decentring

A

Approximately when is the Brazelton NBAS administered? a A day after birth or any time in the first 2 months b A day prior to birth c At 1 year d Between 1 and 2 years

A

Based on the New Zealand Health Survey, rates of obesity in young adulthood were highest among ______________. a Pacific adults b maˉori adults c European adults d Asian adults

A

Both Gardner's and Sternberg's theories of intelligence propose ______________. a that there are multiple components of intelligence b that there are three different types of intelligence c that creativity is genetically determined d an iQ score that allows comparisons among individuals

A

By the time Shawna has reached the end of middle childhood, what abilities are close to adult maturity? A fine motor abilities B gross motor abilities C eye-hand coordination D psychomotor skills

A

Carissa is 45 years old and is in her 5th week of pregnancy. She decides that she would like to find out as early as possible whether her unborn child has Down syndrome or any other genetic abnormality. What test is she likely to get? a Non-invasive prenatal test b Amniocentesis c Sonogram d Echocardiogram

A

Dr Marinello is using the experience Sampling Method (eSM) method for her research. She is most likely measuring ______________. a emotions b self-esteem c self-concept d metacognitive awareness

A

Dr Wu is conducting research and plans to measure the socioeconomic status (SeS) of his participants. His measure of SeS will most likely include which of the following? a income level, education level and occupational status b income level, area of education or specialised training, and race c income level and reputation d income level and ethnicity

A

During high school, Joe was a popular kid who got into trouble when hanging around a group of older friends. One time he even climbed through the window of a bottle shop to steal beer when they had run out at a party. eventually, Joe got a steady job, got married and had children. He mentioned at his reunion that he regretted the poor choices he had made. According to Moffitt, Joe would be considered a(n) _______________. a adolescent-limited delinquent b conduct disorder-persistent delinquent c sporadic delinquent d time-specific delinquent

A

During middle childhood, ______________. a both boys and girls come to see occupations they associate with men as having higher status than occupations they associate with women b gender segregation is unique to play groups in New zealand c boys feel less competent than their female counterparts in maths and science, even when they have equal abilities in these areas based on their grades d play groups in traditional cultures become less gender-segregated than they were in early childhood

A

Five-year-old Marco draws a picture of a train with a smiley face and sunglasses. This is an example of ______________. a animism b sensorimotor thought c centration d reversibility

A

For the Japanese, ______________. a preschool is mainly a time for children to learn social skills and gain experience of being a member of a group b learning academic skills is the number one goal of having their children attend preschool c the same top reasons for young children to attend preschool are listed by parents and preschool teachers as their counterparts in the United States d individuality is stressed from the time children enter preschool as a way to encourage them to reach their full potential

A

Hyejin is an only child from China. Which of the following is most likely TRUe? a She has higher cognitive development than her counterparts with siblings. b She scores lower on likeability than her counterparts with siblings who have had to share and negotiate. c She would be considered overindulged and selfish. d She has poorer social skills, but is considered more assertive than her counterparts with siblings.

A

If you were a researcher observing play among 5-year-old children in New Zealand, what would you be most likely to observe? a Boys playing with children from other kindergarten classes, rather than older boys b Girls playing football with the boys (with the girls serving as referees to make sure the boys follow the rules) c Boys engaging in cooperative fantasy play d The boys challenging the girls to a wrestling match

A

John is short for his age and is very coordinated. Although exposed to a variety of activities, none has particularly interested him. His father, who used to wrestle when he was younger, signs John up for wrestling, thinking this could be the perfect sport. He convinces John to give it a try and John goes on to become a champion wrestler. This is an example of ______________. a passive genotype → environment effects b evocative genotype → environment effects c active genotype → environment effects d heritability

A

Learning to set the table in a developed country, such as New Zealand, or to help prepare food in a non-traditional culture, such as Botswana, are examples of cultural learning. According to Vygotsky, these skills ______________. a develop as part of a social process b must be learned in the sensorimotor stage first or they never fully develop c develop best if they take place in a formal setting d are usually first taught in toddlerhood

A

Lucien is still cared for mainly by his mother, who just recently stopped breastfeeding. He also spends a lot of time with his older siblings and the older children who live nearby. When he is distressed, the older children comfort him if the mother is not in the vicinity. Using Mead's classification, Lucien would be considered a ______________. a knee child b yard child c lap child d neighbourhood child

A

Marin, an 8-year-old boy, watches a lot of violent programs on television in his room and his parents are usually not around to monitor the content or enforce time limits on his viewing. Which of the following is most accurate based on research? a He is more likely to be aggressive in adulthood. b He is no more likely to be aggressive in adulthood than his counterparts who watch either little or no violence. c He is less likely to be aggressive in adulthood than his counterparts who watch either little or no violence because he was able to work out his frustrations vicariously through watching others. d No longitudinal research has examined this question.

A

One of the findings from the most detailed study of sexual behaviour among young adults in the United States was that ______________. a masturbation continues through the 30s and 40s for most men b women reported more frequent sexual fantasies than their male counterparts c more than half of young adults from the late 20s to early 40s reported more than one sexual partner in the past year d there were no gender differences in the frequency of orgasm

A

Phoebe is very proud of her ability to speak Japanese, her parents' native language, and she has taught herself a number of traditional Japanese dances and songs. Phoebe is proud of her ______________. a ethnicity b majority culture c socioeconomic status d caste status

A

Rates of childhood obesity ______________. a vary among ethnic groups in New zealand b are lower in New zealand compared to Asia c have stayed relatively stable in the past decade d are highest among New zealand children from economically advantaged backgrounds who have access to more foods

A

Rather than turning to other coping strategies, such as talking about his problems or even taking a walk to burn off steam, John smokes pot to reduce stress, anxiety or sadness. This pattern of substance use is referred to as _______________. A medicinal substance use B addictive substance use C social substance use D experimental substance use

A

Research examining the importance of various traits in mate selection throughout the world found that the largest cross-cultural division was on the issue of ____________. a chastity b desire for home and children c education and intelligence d mutual attraction—love

A

Research has shown that during adolescence, _____________ is most strongly related to global self-esteem. a physical appearance b scholastic competence c athletic competence d social acceptance

A

Research on reading and maths skills has shown that ______________. a children who have trouble learning to read often have trouble mastering early maths skills as well b inthepasttwodecades,girlsaremorelikelytobe diagnosed with dyslexia than boys are c only humans have any awareness of numeracy d all approaches to reading are equally effective when children are first learning to read

A

Sanjay is part of a small group of friends, also known as a _____________, who eat lunch together at school every day and socialise with each other on the weekends. a clique b crowd c faction d subgroup

A

Te Whaˉriki, the early childhood curriculum of New Zealand, incorporates all of the following eXCePT: a learning in English only b holistic development c communication d belonging

A

The higher the concordance rate, ______________. a the more similar the two people are b the more different the two people are c the higher the person's chances of having twins d the higher the person's quality of life is likely to be

A

The most common teratogen worldwide is ______________. a malnutrition b rubella c alcohol d tobacco

A

The use of shame as a punishment ______________. a is referred to as psychological control among American researchers b has been related to positive outcomes among Japanese and Aboriginal cultures c is associated with high rates of behavioural problems in Japanese children d is universally accepted as the best method of discipline because it does not include physical punishment

A

Theo is an adolescent boy who has been in trouble for a number of delinquent acts such as underage drinking, vandalism and trespassing. Researchers who take a biological approach would explain this behaviour as being caused by an immature _______________. a frontal lobe b occipital lobe c hypothalamus d pituitary gland

A

Vanessa is terrified of becoming fat. Her weight is normal, and most of the time she has normal eating habits, but sometimes she loses control and 'binges' on large amounts of food. in an effort to avoid becoming fat, Vanessa makes herself throw up after these binges. Vanessa is exhibiting symptoms of _______________. a bulimia b anorexia nervosa c pica D the secular trend

A

Vital capacity is the maximum ______________. a amount of air that can be contained in the lungs b number of inhalations per minute of intense exercise c target heart rate d number of times the person's heart beats per minute

A

When comparing the emotions experienced by American adolescents with those experienced by their parents, researchers found that the adolescents reported feeling _______________ more often. a self-conscious b bored c happy d proud

A

When first learning to read, Kara was taught using the phonics approach and Yolanda was taught with the whole-language approach. Which of the following outcomes is most likely, based on existing research? a Kara will learn to read faster than yolanda. b yolanda will learn to read faster than Kara. c Both of them will learn to read equally well. d Kara is more at risk of developing dyslexia because of the confusion between the sound and appearance of letters linked to the phonics approach.

A

When learning to weave, boys in the Dioula culture start by watching their fathers weave, and then learn to weave themselves in early adolescence. The boy starts off working on his own to complete a simple pattern and gets help when he makes mistakes. He moves on to more complex patterns and continues to consult with his father for several years until he can weave completely on his own. This is an example of _______________. a scaffolding b hypothetical-deductive reasoning c divided attention d accommodation

A

When would mothers in developing countries be advised not to breastfeed? a if they have an infectious disease, such as Hiv/ AidS, and are not properly taking medication b if they are very poor c if their baby is born prematurely and is more likely to have trouble latching on d if they have small breasts

A

Which of the following adolescents is LeAST likely to be a heavy drinker? a Cheng, from China b Karl, from germany c Jon, from New zealand d marc, from Canada

A

Which of the following best describes the physical changes that take place during early childhood? a Both boys and girls gain more in weight than in height, but most add more muscle than fat. b Physical development occurs at a more rapid pace than it did in the first 3 years. c Girls are slightly taller and heavier than boys. d Cross-cultural comparisons have shown that only genetics plays a role in individual differences in height and weight.

A

Which of the following best illustrates co-regulation? a A child makes her bed without being asked because she knows that her parents expect the house to stay clean. b Siblings both run to their mother to tell her what the other did to get that child in trouble. c A parent tells her child how disappointed she is in her behaviour. d A child speaks for her younger, non-verbal sibling.

A

Which of the following is TRUE regarding research on couples after the birth of the first child in developed countries? a Gender roles become more traditional and women are more likely to take an extended period of leave after the birth of a child. b Marital satisfaction declines more for men than women after the birth of a child because men become jealous of the new baby. c For couples who had a troubled marriage before the child was born, marital satisfaction increases after the baby arrives because it brings them closer together. d Marital satisfaction improves for all couples following the birth of the first child.

A

Which of the following is TRUe about work during adolescence? a Few adolescents in New zealand see their high school jobs as the basis for a future career. b most are likely to work answering phones and doing clerical work in an office setting. c most Australian adolescents contribute money they earn to their families' finances. d The United States is the only country where part-time work is associated with problem behaviour.

A

Which of the following is TRUe regarding handedness? a A premature birth is more common among left-handed infants. b left-handed people are less likely to have problems learning to read than right-handed people. c Children do not show hand preference until they are learning to write. d left-handed people tend to have poorer verbal and maths ability than right-handed people.

A

Which of the following is TRUe regarding infants' sleep? a infants spend a greater proportion of time in REm than adults do. b infants in different cultures have very similar sleep patterns, suggesting that the environment plays no role in the sleep-wake cycle. c The average newborn sleeps 16-17 hours per day. d Onaverage,maleinfantssleeplongerthan females.

A

Which of the following is TRUe regarding media use in early childhood? a Children are able to connect musical sounds with specific emotions. b most of the research on the effects of music has focused on very young children. c girls are more likely than boys to prefer violent programs because they are striving to achieve an independent and assertive identity. d Even young children can distinguish advertisements from program content.

A

Which of the following is TRUe? a All eggs in the mother contain an X chromosome. b All sperm carry a y chromosome. c The y chromosome is larger than the X chromosome. d The X chromosome and y chromosome carry the same amount of genetic material.

A

Which of the following is TRUe? a Children learning English fast map nouns earlier than verbs. b Japanese and Korean children tend to learn nouns before verbs. c in both Eastern and Western languages, modifiers are added before nouns and verbs. d vocabulary growth slows down in toddlerhood and then speeds up again by around age 5.

A

Which of the following is a risk factor for asthma? a Being male b living in a colder climate c Having European ancestry d Being underweight

A

Which of the following is one of several features of Asian schools that reflect collectivistic cultural beliefs? a Children are required to help maintain the cleanliness and order of the school. b Children are required to go to school on fewer days than children in Western cultures. c Rather than wearing a school uniform, parents decide how their children will dress. d Children often work alone so that they can master difficult skills as quickly as possible.

A

Which of the following is the most accurate statement based on existing research? a Western parents tend to use a lot of praise for compliant behaviour. b Not all cultures have some system of discipline for misbehaviour; some feel that children are inherently good and do not need discipline. c Permissive parenting would be most likely in cultures that have a tradition of filial piety. d Japanese mothers usually respond to their children's misbehaviour with loud reprimands and physical punishment.

A

Which of the following is the primary reason why many cultures encourage young wedded adults to have sex frequently? a To produce children b To ward off evil spirits c To increase the chances that they will be happily married and stay together d To increase intimacy in the marriage

A

Which of the following questions would a behaviour geneticist be most likely to ask? a 'Why are children in the same family so different from one another?' b 'Are preterm babies more likely to have learning difficulties during the school years?' c 'How can prenatal tests be used to detect Down syndrome?' d 'What effects does alcohol have on the developing organism?'

A

Which of the following statements about families is TRUe? a most children of gay and lesbian couples are heterosexual. b in an effort to escape poverty, children of single- parent families have higher achievement at school than their counterparts from two-parent families. c less than half of New zealand children live with two parents. d Compared to other countries, rates of single motherhood are lowest in Northern Europe.

A

Which statement concerning the developmental period known as emerging adulthood is most accurate according to Arnett? a it is a life stage in which most people have not yet made commitments to the stable roles of love and work that structure adult life for most people. b Compared to emerging adults of past generations, today's emerging adults are more dependent upon their romantic partners. c Emerging adulthood is a period that replaces middle age. d it is more common in developing countries than in developed countries.

A

Xavier is 23 years old and has recently graduated with his bachelor's degree in psychology. He is seeking employment and would like to find a job that leads to a promising career. Less than ideal, he applied for a position as an academic advisor at a TAFe, was offered a job and accepted the position. Which stage of Donald Super's theory of occupational development is Xavier in? a implementation b Crystallisation c Consolidation d Stabilisation

A

Your cousin has a 5-year-old son and a 3-year-old daughter. He has been taking them to story time at the library, but his daughter is having a very difficult time sitting still, even for 10 minutes. His son is able to sit through the entire story time because his ______________ is more fully developed than his sister's. a reticular formation b hippocampus c corpus callosum d cerebellum

A

___ is the most common cause of inability to ovulate A age B cigarette smoking C alcohol abuse D being extremely overweight

A

imagine that you have just walked into a classroom during art time and all the children in this particular class are 5 years old. What would you most likely see? a most of the children drawing something that is recognisable, such as a person or an animal. b most of the children scribbling on a piece of paper c most of the children showing depth and realistic detail in their artwork. d most of the girls getting frustrated because they cannot hold a crayon or paintbrush.

A

in early childhood, ______________. a moral judgments tend to be based more on fear of punishment than is the case for older children b children are not yet able to experience empathy c children from different cultures learn the same moral rules d children have more difficulty with perspective taking than they did earlier in development because of their stronger sense of self

A

in many traditional cultures, young men are required to demonstrate courage, strength and endurance in their coming-of-age rituals because _______________. A daily life often requires these capacities B it is a way to show off for the young women observing C they want to assert their power over women D their national law dictates that they must

A

it is January 1989 in Beijing, China, and Huang and Jiao have just married. They want to conceive a child as soon as possible, as most newly married Chinese couples do. Considering it is the middle of winter, and fruit and vegetables are not readily available, what important nutrient in Huang's prenatal diet is likely to be missing, potentially causing her child to be born with spina bifida? a Folic acid b Potassium c Calcium d vitamin d

A

A 5-year-old child draws a yellow sun in the upper corner of her paper complete with a smiley face and sunglasses. This is an example of ______________. a sensorimotor thought b animism c gross motor skill refinement d centred thinking

B

A child who has an X0 chromosomal make-up (where 0 denotes a missing chromosome where there is supposed to be a 23rd pair) will most likely ______________. a be a male with Down syndrome b be a female who will later experience problems in the development of the reproductive system c be a typical female who will not experience cognitive or physical problems d not survive past the age of 3

B

A developmental psychologist would most likely use the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) to _______________. a evaluate the strength of cohort differences b examine changes in emotions at various time points c examine how different environmental experiences affect brain development d determine whether behavioural differences between males and females become more pronounced in the transition from childhood to adolescence

B

Adolescents are most likely to exhibit their false selves with _______________. a close friends b dating partners c acquaintances d parents

B

As a parent of a 3-year-old, you have visited several preschool programs to determine the one that will provide the highest-quality experience. Which of the following should NOT be heavily weighted in your decision about which preschool to choose? a Whether the teachers have been formally trained and have educational credentials b Whether the teachers make good use of time by providing worksheets and flashcards to practise numbers and letters c Whether the teachers spend a lot of time interacting with the children, rather than with each other d Whether there is a small class size

B

At birth, the least developed of a neonate's senses is ______________. a smell b sight c taste d hearing

B

Between the ages of 25 and 50, an individual's basal metabolic rate ______________. a increases steadily b declines c remains the same d stays the same until the late 40s and then declines

B

Bruce and Brenda are young adults who just got married. Based on the statistics, if they divorce, they are most likely to do so ____________ years after marriage. a 1-4 b 5-10 c 11-14 d 16-20

B

Charlotte is a typical girl in New Zealand. Based on the research, one would expect her self-esteem to be lowest in _______________. a the late primary school years b early adolescence c late adolescence d emerging adulthood

B

Children who are bilingual ______________. a are usually behind their single-language counterparts in metalinguistic skills b take longer to master the second language when they learn it after already becoming fluent in the first language c learn the second language better after age 12 because they have a more sophisticated understanding of syntax by this point in their development d score lower on tests of metalinguistic skills, but higher on iQ tests

B

Compared to his 7-year-old brother, a 14-year-old will have an easier time reading a book and listening to music at the same time because he is more adept at _______________. a using mnemonic devices consistently b tasks that require divided attention c tasks that require transfer of information from sensory memory to short-term memory d maximising his metamemory

B

During middle childhood _________________. a girls are usually taller and heavier than boys b girls and boys are more likely to be slim than at any other time c the incidence of myopia decreases d earinfectionsaremorelikelythantheywereearlierinthelifespan because of more exposure to germs during the school years

B

During middle childhood, ______________. a bodies are pudgier than they were in toddlerhood with a higher body mass index b children run longer and faster because of expanded lung capacity c the proportion of body fat is identical for girls and boys d growth continues at the same rate as in infancy

B

How is creativity measured? a it is assessed based on self-reports. b Assessments of creativity have focused on the number of works a person produces, or on the timing of a person's 'best' works, as determined by experts in the area or by the works' influence. c No one has attempted to measure creativity. d A standardised test has been developed that assesses both creativity and iQ.

B

Johanna is in her early 30s and just entered a romantic relationship. Accordingly to erikson, what is the central emotional and psychosocial issue that she might be facing? a identity versus role confusion b intimacy versus isolation c generativity versus stagnation d Autonomy versus shame and doubt

B

Keisha has inherited one recessive gene for the sickle-cell trait along with one normal dominant gene. As a result of this ______________, she is resistant to malaria and does not have sickle-cell anaemia. a dominant-recessive inheritance b incomplete dominance c polygenic inheritance d reaction range

B

Kohlberg's proposition of a universal theory of moral development has been challenged by Shweder and his student, Jensen, who believe that it is impossible to understand moral development unless you understand an individual's _______________. a social context b cultural worldview c personality factors d intellectual abilities

B

Kyra's baby was born blind, deaf and with intellectual disability. It is most likely that during her pregnancy, Kyra ______________. a contracted AiDS b had rubella c had a severe nutritional deficiency d ate foods that were too high in folic acid

B

Limited autobiographical memory prior to age 5 is probably due to incomplete myelination of the ______________. a reticular formation b hippocampus c corpus callosum d Broca's area

B

Longitudinal research on Terman's 'Termites' has shown that ______________. a they had higher rates of alcoholism and divorce than a comparison group of individuals with average iQs b they had a great deal of educational and occupational success c women achieved high levels of occupational success, but only a small percentage of the men did d career success peaked in emerging adulthood, but there was a steep decline in the fourth decade of life as most of the sample experienced a midlife crisis

B

Marie is a heavy drinker but managed to stop drinking for most of her pregnancy. if she drank alcohol during the ______________ period, her baby would be most at risk of structural damage. a prenatal b embryonic c germinal d blastula

B

Maturity of ______________ reflects cognitive changes that underlie expertise. a the synapses b the frontal cortex c the occipital lobe d the hippocampus

B

Niels, 17, is in a sexual relationship with his girlfriend, Henriette. Niels's parents are well-aware that he and Henriette are having sex, and, like most other parents in his country, not only are they fine with it, but they also have no problem with Henriette spending the night in Niels's bedroom. Niels and his family are most likely living in a(n) _______________ culture. a restrictive b permissive c semi-restrictive d open

B

Oestradiol _______________. a is produced only in females b increases in females by the mid-teens c is an androgen important in pubertal development d is a sex hormone that is regulated by the amygdala

B

One critique of Freud's theory is that ______________. a it reduced human behaviour to only one motive: the need to be integrated into the social environment b Freud never studied children c it was derived from studying his own patients, most of whom were middle-class men d he focused on culture much more than other aspects of development

B

One difference between gay male couples and heterosexual couples is that gay male couples ______________. a have conflict in different areas b tend to have a higher frequency of sexual activity c seek out partners who are similar to themselves in many ways d seek out long-term relationships based on love and mutual respect

B

People from traditional cultures consider ______________ as the key transition to adulthood. a independent decision making b marriage c leaving the parents' house d being able to sustain oneself independently

B

Religiosity in adolescence is _______________. a usually lowest among African Americans b associated with lower rates of delinquency c highest in european and Asian countries d the same regardless of whether adolescents' parents are married or divorced

B

Research on Kohlberg's stages of moral development _______________. a was originally conducted with a large sample of males and females b showed that the stages tended to increase with age, but that few proceeded to level 3 c is based on the premise that what matters is the content of moral reasoning, not the structure d showed that more than half of participants slipped to a lower level over time

B

Research on resilience has shown that _______________. a bouncing back from adversity requires a high level of achievement and extraordinary abilities b high intelligence characterises many individuals who are considered resilient c as a group, girls are more resilient than boys d parenting has no influence on resilience

B

S. is a young girl who lives in a rural area of a developing country. Her family adheres strongly to the historical traditions of their culture. S. lives in a(n) ______________ culture. a conservative b traditional c archaic d conventional

B

Sam is unpopular and has trouble making friends. He is aggressive and just last week started a fight by punching a boy who disagreed with him. Which of the following is most likely the case? Sam is a(n) ______________ child. a neglected b rejected c controversial d average

B

Shonda and Trinity have been a couple for 8 years, and they are now excited to take the leap into parenthood together. Because they are both women, they have decided to use ______________, which would involve injecting a donor's sperm into Shonda's uterus while she is ovulating. a epidurals b intrauterine insemination c in vitro fertilisation d chorionic villus sampling

B

Sternberg's triangular theory of love includes three components: intimacy, passion and ______________. a compassion b commitment C support d similarity

B

Students from _______________ usually have three types of secondary schools. a Japan b Europe c the United States d Canada

B

The heritability of intelligence ______________ from childhood to adulthood. a decreases b increases c stays the same d has not been calculated in this area of research

B

The most important oestrogen is oestradiol and the most important androgen is _______________. a human growth hormone b testosterone c leptin d insulin

B

The top three criteria that mark the transition to adulthood across cultures and nations are characterised by ______________. a conformity b individualism c interdependence d honesty

B

Tran is an 8-year-old girl who lives in a Western country in an urban area. if one were to compare the timing of puberty for Tran to the timing of puberty for her ancestral female lineage, one would expect that Tran will experience puberty _______________ others did in her family's history. a similar to when b younger than c slightly older than d significantly older than

B

Watching television during young childhood ______________. a has not been associated with any positive effects on development b is a popular leisure activity all over the world c has been correlated with aggressive thoughts and behaviours, but only among males who were already extremely aggressive before viewing d has not been studied experimentally, and therefore no conclusions about causation can be made

B

When capable of concrete operational thought, children ______________. a still have great difficulty with seriation tasks, such as arranging items from shortest to longest b can organise and manipulate information mentally c can reason about abstractions d are likely to be misled by appearances

B

When individuals who were born with low birth weight become adolescents, they are more likely to ______________. a be obese and have poor muscle tone b have low iQ scores and repeat a grade c suffer from clinical depression d have delayed development of secondary sex characteristics

B

Which best describes sensory changes during middle childhood? a Hearing problems increase due to higher rates of ear infections. b The incidence of myopia increases. c Vision and hearing both improve dramatically. d Rates of farsightedness increase, while myopia decreases.

B

Which of the following best describes pubertal timing? a The average age of menarche is much later today than it was in earlier generations. b Menarche takes place as late as age 15 in some developing countries, due to lack of proper nutrition and medical care. c The timing of puberty has no effect on adolescent boys. d The effects of early maturation are generally positive for girls.

B

Which of the following best illustrates co-regulation? a Siblings negotiate a conflict without resorting to physical aggression. b A child is able to prepare himself breakfast, provided that he follows his parents' rules and does not use the stove. c A child counts to three and tells himself to calm down after getting angry at his brother. d A child describes himself in relation to others.

B

Which of the following individuals is likely to spend the least amount of time exercising? a Harrison, who is of high SES and male b Belinda, who is of low SES and female c ian, who is of low SES and male d Rachel, who is of middle SES and female

B

Which of the following is TRUE of good prenatal care? a exercise should be avoided. b Tobacco, alcohol and other drugs should be avoided. c Women should drink fewer fluids than before pregnancy. d A weight gain of 20-25 kilograms is recommended.

B

Which of the following is TRUe about expertise? a According to most researchers in the field, it takes about 25 years of study and practice in most fields to attain expertise. b The maturity of the frontal cortex reflects cognitive changes that underlie expertise. c Expertise tends to decline after young adulthood. d Expertise is defined in terms of knowledge base, rather than problem solving, because it is difficult to measure problem-solving skills.

B

Which of the following is the most accurate statement based on existing research? a The typical parenting style in non-Western cultures is authoritarian. b The American model of parenting does not apply well to most other cultures. c Providing explanations to their children is most common among non-Western parents who spend more time with their children than Western parents do. d Permissive parenting would be most likely in cultures that have a tradition of filial piety.

B

Which of the following statements about becoming a parent is TRUe? a in most countries, just below 50% of young adults have at least one child. b in all world regions, people in urban areas have fewer children than people in rural areas. c For couples who had a troubled marriage before the child was born, marital satisfaction increases after the baby arrives because it brings them closer together. d gender roles in developed countries become less traditional following the birth of a child.

B

Which of the following statements about eating disorders is most accurate? a People with bulimia are usually slightly underweight. b Bulimia is slightly more common than anorexia nervosa. c Over the past decade, anorexia nervosa has become more common in males than in females. d People with bulimia do not view themselves as having a problem and regard their eating patterns as normal.

B

Which of the following statements about marriage is TRUe? a People who are unhappily married are still happier than those who are single due to divorce. b People who remain single after age 30 are more likely than their married counterparts to have mental health and physical health problems. c Across countries, the proportion of young adults who have neither married nor had a long-term cohabiting relationship by age 40 is around 50%. d By age 40, European Americans are more likely to have never married than their African American counterparts.

B

Which of the following statements is the most accurate based on research on formal operational thinking? a Adolescents who have had courses in the language arts and music are more likely than other adolescents to exhibit formal operational thought. b The way that formal operational thinking is manifested is likely different across different cultures. c Once people obtain formal operational thinking skills, they use them consistently across all tasks and situations. d People tend to use formal operations for problems and situations in which they have less experience and knowledge.

B

Which of the following would you most likely see 5-year-olds doing in a playground in a Western culture? a girls playing catch with the boys b Boys playing a game to see who could throw a ball the furthest c Boys engaging in cooperative, fantasy play d Children playing in mixed-age groups

B

While learning language, children who learn english and other Western languages have been shown to fast map ______________ first. A verbs B nouns C adjectives D possessives

B

Who has the greatest risk of developing haemophilia, which is an X-linked recessive disorder? a A female who has one X chromosome that contains the gene for this disorder b A male who has one X chromosome that contains the gene for this disorder c Males and females with one X chromosome that contains the gene for the disorder will have equal risk d Only Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander peoples, due to their unique genetic make-up

B

You recently were watching your nephew, who is 13 years old, try to figure out why his bike's gears won't work. You were fascinated by the systematic problem-solving strategies that he used. You remember that just a few months ago he would not have been able to perform at this level of hypothesis testing; instead, he would have most likely tried random solutions haphazardly. According to Piaget, what type of reasoning is he using? a Brainstorming b Hypothetical-deductive reasoning c Working backwards D seriation

B

Your friend's parents have been married for 25 years and have a relationship based on mutual understanding and support. You can tell that they care for each other, but the 'romance' seems to be gone. According to Sternberg, what type of love do you think they are experiencing at this time? a Consummate love b Companionate love c Compassionate love d Empty love

B

Your sister is pregnant. She has always been health conscious and exercises regularly. She is planning on engaging in aerobic exercise by continuing to go to her exercise classes. According to most doctors, she should ______________. a be very careful as this type of exercise during pregnancy could lower muscle mass b exercise regularly as she will stimulate the circulatory system and muscles c exercise regularly because it lowers the chances of teratogens reaching the fetus d avoid aerobic exercise as it has been shown to dangerously increase fetal heart rate

B

enrico's biological parents were both musicians, so he was born with a(n) ______________ that included exceptional musical ability, but because he was never exposed to musical instruments or instruction when he was adopted, he never developed his musical ability. a allele b genotype c phenotype d heritability

B

erik erikson's notion of intimacy is best described as ______________. a when an individual develops the skills necessary for a relationship by modelling it after what he or she has observed from their environment b uniting your newly formed identity with another person in an enduring, committed, emotionally close relationship c when the ego works in conjunction with the superego to satisfy the desires of the id in a socially acceptable way d a gratifying sexual relationship

B

errol's father carries two recessive genes for sickle-cell anaemia, and errol's mother carries two normal dominant genes. Therefore, errol has inherited ______________ from his parents. a anaemia b a resistance to malaria c sickle-cell anaemia d Huntington's chorea

B

even though Dr Hernandez is not administering drugs, but merely asking adolescents questions about various drugs, she still needs to submit her proposal to the ______________ to prevent potential ethical violations. a grants and Standards Board b Human Research Ethics Committee c international Standards Board d University Research Screening

B

in maths and science, students from _______________ consistently score at the top. a the United States and China b Japan and South Korea c Russia and China d China and Wales

B

A child who is left-handed ______________. a likely first developed this tendency during the preschool years b is often praised for uniqueness in non-Westerncultures c will be more likely to learn to be right-handed in an Asian or African culture than in Australia d will always have a left-handed twin if they are monozygotic (mz) twins

C

A person who is high in ______________ is able to put ideas or materials together in new, culturally meaningful ways. a generativity b kinaesthetic intelligence c creativity d intrapersonal intelligence

C

According to Freud, ______________. a the root of mental health problems in his patients was that they seemed to have experienced some type of traumatic event during the transition to young adulthood b children experience the anal stage that leads them to want to have sexual access to their opposite-sex parent c everything important in development happened before adulthood d the oral stage lasts from about ages 3 to 6

C

According to Holland, people are likely to be unhappy if they ______________. a are not able to have a lot of social contacts on the job b spend more time working the 'second shift' than in their full-time workplace c do not have a good fit between their personality and their job d make less money than their spouse/romantic partner

C

Adolescents who are more religious _______________. a are more likely to attend university b are less likely to repeat a year at school c report less substance use d have more conflict with their parents because they openly discuss their views

C

Angela is an adult with a BMi of 27. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, she would be classified as ______________. a average weight b underweight C overweight d obese

C

Around the world, child labour _____________________. a is most likely to involve working in service industries, such as cleaning b is highest in germany and Spain c has been declining as a result of greater attention to the problem of exploitation d is no longer a problem as a result of an increase in the number of years children are required to go to school

C

As a parent of a 3-year-old, you have visited several preschool programs to determine the one that will provide the highest-quality experience. Which of the following should be important in your decision about which preschool to pick, according to research? a The presence of formal lesson plans rather than play materials b Formal classrooms where the teacher sits in front and answers questions c No more than 10 students per teacher d A strong emphasis on rote learning

C

Based on the research, which of the following is most likely TRUe of Sebastian, a 4-year-old American male? a if he is especially physically aggressive at this time in development, he is unlikely to be more aggressive than his peers later on. b He is less likely to be physically aggressive than girls at this age. c He engages in rough-and-tumble play at recess when he is around other boys of the same age. d He is much more likely than female peers his age to use relational and verbal aggression.

C

Belinda's parents are divorced, but they work together to be sure that they have open lines of communication with their daughter's teacher and attend as many school functions as possible. The strong interconnection between Belinda's parents and the various aspects of her school is an example of the ______________. a microsystem b macrosystem c mesosystem d exosystem

C

Compared to her brother in Year 1, Fari, a 9-year-old in Year 4, will be MORE likely to ______________. a have trouble understanding jokes because children take everything literally at this age b use fewer conditional sentences because children are aware that others may misinterpret them c realise that what people say is not always what they mean d uselongersentences,butwithlesscomplexgrammar

C

Compared to their peers in some countries, adolescents in Asian countries _______________. a have a shorter school day b have a shorter school year c have to take entrance exams for both high school and university d are taught with an emphasis on critical thinking and creativity

C

Compared to younger children, those in middle childhood ______________. a use less complex grammar, but longer sentences b are more serious and therefore have more difficulty understanding the punch lines in jokes c are more likely to realise that what people say is not always what they mean d are less likely to use conditional sentences (e.g. If you do this, I will do that ...) because they know that it may be interpreted negatively

C

Conflict in adolescence _______________. a is most intense between fathers and sons b steadily increases until the end of emerging adulthood c is more frequent between early-maturing adolescents and their parents compared to 'on-time' adolescents and their parents d is similar in frequency to that observed in traditional cultures

C

Cross-cultural research on intelligence ______________. a has not been conducted b hasshownthatthemostimportantqualitiesacross cultures are analytical and verbal skills c has shown that skills that allow individuals to adapt to their environment are considered a type of intelligence d can only be conducted in cultures where individuals can read the questions on iQ tests

C

During middle childhood, ______________. a children are less content than in adolescence mostly because they do not have the social skills required to manage peer conflict b it is harder for children to hide their emotions than in early childhood because they become so much more intense at this period of their development c children are aware that they can experience two contradictory emotions at once d the ability to self-regulate decreases from early childhood, mostly because of the many different contexts they experience

C

During middle childhood, there is an increase in myelination of the ______________ that accelerates the reaction time for both boys and girls. a Broca's area B Wernicke's area c corpus callosum d pituitary gland

C

Emerging adults in ______________ view being able to support their parents financially as a necessary criterion for adulthood. a the United States b Canada c China d israel

C

Erikson thought that ______________ was not possible until an individual had a fairly stable personal identity. a marriage b self-esteem c intimacy d trust

C

Erikson thought that intimacy was not possible until individuals ______________. a had established themselves in their career b were capable of making independent decisions c had a fairly stable sense of identity d possessed formal operational thinking

C

Fifteen-year-old Sadreana has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Her treatment is most likely to include _______________. a systematic desensitisation and aversion therapy b equine therapy and electroconvulsive therapy c psychotherapy and antidepressant medications d psychoanalytic therapy and electroconvulsive therapy

C

For 6-year-old emmanuel, which of the following fine motor tasks is developmentally appropriate? a Writing complete sentences and spelling multi-syllable words, such as 'hippopotamus' b Running a 4-minute mile, jumping over hurdles and dribbling a basketball c Writing the letters of the alphabet, writing his name and writing numbers from 1 to 10 d Writing in cursive

C

Four-year-old Nicco uses infant-directed speech when talking to his neighbour's new baby. This demonstrates ______________. a overregularisation b fast mapping c pragmatics d existence of the language acquisition device

C

Girls normally begin menstruating around age 11-16, towards the lower end of this range under healthy conditions and towards the higher end when nutrition is insufficient. This is an example of ______________. a a high concordance rate b a low concordance rate c epigenesis d heritability

C

How long does the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend that women breastfeed? a 6 months b 1 year c 2 years d The recommendation differs depending upon where the woman lives.

C

In Australia, about ______________ of children between ages 4 and 10 are diagnosed with ADHD. a 1% b 4% c 7% d 15%

C

In Australia, approximately 1 in _____couples is infertile. a 3 b 4 c 6 d 8

C

In both Asian and African cultures, a common theme of conceptions of intelligence is that ______________. a it is based on educational level b it can only be achieved by those with high SeS c it indicates social elements, as well as cognitive elements such as knowledge d it is not achieved until you reach late adulthood

C

In collectivistic cultures, infertility is often ___ A accepted B less common C stigmatised D blamed on both parents

C

In the United States, girls _______________. a who have an eating disorder are also more likely than other females to be depressed b with bulimia are usually about 20% overweight c who are Asian American are more likely than other ethnic groups to have an eating disorder d are more likely than boys to be satisfied with their bodies

C

In traditional cultures, prenatal massage ______________. a is usually done only when there is reason to believe that the fetus is not developing properly b is usually considered dangerous c has beneficial effects for both mother and fetus d is almost exclusively performed by the pregnant mother herself in complete isolation

C

Jace thinks he is a really good driver. He often speeds on long stretches of highway and doesn't usually slow down on the curves in the road despite what the signs say. He brags to his friends in the car that he can drive fast because he knows what he is doing. He goes on to say that only bad drivers have accidents. His way of thinking demonstrates _______________. a selective attention b the imaginary audience c the personal fable d hypothetical-deductive reasoning

C

Jun grew up in Shanghai, China; one cousin grew up in Japan and another grew up in italy. it is most likely that all three learned ______________ as their second language. a French b German c English d Spanish

C

Kerry loves and respects her mother; however, her mother works in a job that she hates in the deli at a local supermarket. Kerry knows that she wants better for herself and wants to earn a university degree and have a teaching career. Kerry has a positive outlook on life and has strong self-esteem; her future seems bright. There are many selves described in this scenario. Which of the following best describes Kerry's trepidation about working in a dissatisfying career? a Real self b False self c Feared self d Realistic self

C

Marina is 9 years old and is capable of concrete operational thought. Like most other children her age, she should ______________. a fail the three mountain task, but pass the abstract thinking task b still have great difficulty with seriation tasks, such as arranging items from shortest to longest c be able to organise and manipulate information mentally d think in terms of hypotheticals

C

Menna is an adolescent from a Western culture. When asked about the most important feature of her friendships, she is most likely to mention _______________. a similar interests b similar future goals c sharing personal thoughts and feelings d the popularity of the person

C

Nine-year-old Xinyin is a boy from China, a collectivistic culture. He would be more likely than his counterpart in Australia to answer the fill-in-the-blank question, 'i am ______________', with the following: a one of the smartest kids in my class b a boy with brown hair c a son d good at soccer and tennis

C

Of the following evening leisure activities among Western adults, the most common is ______________. a playing portable electronic devices b using social media on the internet c watching television and streamed media d communicating with friends via text messaging on a mobile phone

C

On the basis of anthropological evidence, the United States would be considered a(n) ______________ culture in terms of its cultural beliefs about the acceptability (or not) of premarital sex. a permissive b authoritarian c semi-restrictive d restrictive

C

Puberty rituals _______________. a developed to mark the departure from adolescence into emerging adulthood b are only carried out for females and are most often related to menstruation c are declining in many cultures as a consequence of globalisation d focus on a particular biological event across all cultures

C

Recent research has shown that maturity of which brain structure during young adulthood reflects cognitive changes that underlie expertise? a Temporal lobe b Corpus callosum c Frontal cortex d Occipital lobe

C

Religious faith and practices _______________. a tend to be weaker in the United States b are highest among adolescents in Europe compared to adolescents in other countries c are associated with lower rates of drug use and delinquent behaviour d are as central to the lives of adolescents from divorced families as they are to those from non-divorced families

C

Research on ADHD has found that ______________. a similar treatments are utilised across the various countries that have been studied b less than half of children diagnosed with this disorder in the United States receive medication c rates among boys are higher than among girls d two of the most common side effects of medication are weight gain and stuttering

C

Research on adolescents' media use has found that _______________. a males did not report enjoying the social aspect of gaming b less than half of Australian teens have smartphones c more boys than girls report playing electronic games nearly every day d violent games make people more empathic, as they often identify with the victim

C

Research on parenting has found that ______________. a the two main dimensions of parenting are demandingness and strictness b childrenofpermissiveparentstendtodo better at school than children of other parenting styles because they learn to think for themselves c there are bidirectional effects between parents and their children d the outcomes for children of authoritative parents are virtually identical to outcomes for children of permissive parents

C

Sadie carries the recessive gene for haemophilia, a disorder in which the blood does not clot properly. if Sadie had two children, a boy and a girl, and passed the recessive gene for the disorder to both children, which of her children would develop haemophilia if the father does not have haemophilia himself? a Neither of the two children b Both children c The boy d The girl

C

Selective attention ______________. a refers to the placement of things into meaningful categories b refers to thinking about thinking c refers to focusing on the relevant stimuli, while ignoring what is irrelevant d is a common measure of intelligence

C

Shaleen is a student in an introductory Psychology class and is participating in a study at her university. Which of the following is likely to happen first? a Her demographic data will be analysed. b She will be debriefed so that she can decide whether she wants to participate. c She will sign a consent form. d She will answer questions in a questionnaire booklet.

C

Skin becomes looser and muscle mass decreases during young adulthood and beyond because ______________. a there is a substantial decrease in iron and vitamin d b thereisadecreaseintheproductionof vitamin K c there is a decrease in growth hormones d there is a decrease in calcium

C

The dimension of parenting known as responsiveness is also known as ______________. a setting limits b psychological control c warmth d disengagement

C

The term 'hypothesis' refers to _________. a developing a research design b creating unbiased questions on a questionnaire c forming a possible answer to a research question d choosing a research method

C

The two most common types of nutritional deficiencies in developing countries are a lack of protein and _____________. a marasmus b kwashiorkor C iron d calcium

C

The way we organise and process information in terms of gender-based categories is referred to as ______________. a gender stereotyping b gender constancy c gender schemas d self-socialisation

C

There are two main types of chromosomal disorders: those that take place on the 21st pair of chromosomes and those that ______________. a take place on the 20th pair b take place on the 22nd pair c involve the sex chromosomes d involve rapidly developing chromosomes

C

Walter is a 5-year-old boy who lives in New Zealand. Based on the research, if he has a nutritional problem it is most likely to be ______________. a marasmus b kwashiorkor c calcium deficiency d protein deficiency

C

Watching violent television in middle childhood has been ______________. a found to be less harmful than for adolescents b studied only with male participants c associated with a number of negative outcomes later in development d linked with aggression only in the United States

C

What APGAR score indicates that the newborn is in good to excellent condition? A 2 B 5 C 10 D 20

C

What is the capacity of long-term memory? a it has a limit of 7 plus or minus 1 item. b it has a limit of 7 plus or minus 2 items. c it is essentially unlimited. d it is limited neurologically to 4 billion engrams.

C

When Dr Mcintyre conducted her research with high school students, rather than having a space for a name, students were asked to come up with a password and write it on the top of their questionnaire packet. This was done to ensure ______________. a debriefing of participants b informed consent c confidentiality d generalisability of the findings

C

When compared to her 6-year-old sister, isabelle, who is in Year 8, is more likely to describe herself in terms of ______________ characteristics. a physical b concrete c psychological d external

C

Which characteristics of quality child care and preschool settings were associated with better literacy and numeracy skills and more prosocial and fewer problem behaviours? a Child-centred, unstructured activities and longer hours b more books and educational toys c Smaller teacher-to-student ratios and more teacher-led activities d Emphasis on teaching academic skills

C

Which of the following groups experiences the least overall happiness? a People who are separated b People who are widowed c People in unhappy marriages d People who are single

C

Which of the following is TRUE regarding siblings? a A gap of 4-8 years between children is common in many cultures across the world. b 'Only children' are maladjusted, meaning they are more prone to depressive behavioural disorders. c Jealousy is a common response to the birth of a younger sibling across cultures. d Research has shown that young children with older siblings have a more advanced theory of mind than those who are only children.

C

Which of the following is TRUE regarding theory of mind? a Children show a decrease in this ability from 4 to 6 years of age because they are becoming more independent. b it develops the same way in all cultures with spoken language. c it begins to develop, in rudimentary form, sometime in infancy. d A child who demonstrates theory of mind is not yet able to think about thinking.

C

Which of the following is TRUe regarding emotional regulation? a The development of the temporal lobe promotes self-regulation. b Self-regulation develops earlier in boys than in girls. c Temper tantrums and crying decrease from age 2 to 6. d different cultures have similar views about what the optimal level of control is.

C

Which of the following is TRUe regarding people with Down syndrome? a They are at increased risk for an abnormality in the development of the reproductive system. b Their total brain volume tends to increase in their 20s. c They age faster than other people. d With advances in medical treatment, their life expectancy is now about the same as in the general population.

C

Which of the following is TRUe regarding physical changes during young adulthood? a individuals with dark skin show skin ageing earlier than their counterparts with white skin. b The immune system increases its production of T cells and B cells. c The heart muscle starts to become more rigid. d There is an increase in vital capacity.

C

Which of the following is a secondary sex characteristic? a Fallopian tubes b Ova c Breasts d vagina

C

Which of the following is safest in terms of risk of miscarriage? a Chorionic villus sampling b Amniocentesis c Ultrasound d They all carry about the same level of risk for miscarriage.

C

Which of the following statements about depression is TRUe? a Over 90% of individuals eventually get a diagnosis of major depressive disorder in adolescence. b depressed mood includes symptoms such as difficulty sleeping and changes in appetite. c Rates of depressed mood rise notably from middle childhood to adolescence. d girls tend to use distraction more than boys when faced with the beginning of a depressed mood.

C

Which of the following statements accurately describes moral development in early childhood? a Children at this age are not yet able to experience empathy. b Socioemotional emotions such as shame and pride first appear. c Perspective taking and being able to understand how others think and feel make children more empathic at this age. d Young children inherently know the rules and expectations of their culture without needing to be taught them

C

Which of the following statements is the most accurate about Terman's research? a Only the Termites who pursued careers in technology had more career success than the comparison group with average iQs. b The price of a high iQ was a high risk of personal problems. c The Termites were less likely to have personal problems such as alcoholism, divorce and mental health issues. d There is a correlation between childhood iQ and adult success, but it is weak.

C

Which of the following, when combined with expertise, is most likely to contribute to creativity? a Proficiency in computer skills b Proficiency in maths c Tolerance for ambiguity d Exceptional visual-spatial skills

C

Why has there been little change in the average height in Western countries over the past few decades? a The population has become overweight or obese, which negatively affects height. b People in Western countries have been exposed to more diseases. c People have reached the upper boundary of their reaction range for height. d evolutionary influences are causing all populations to decrease in height.

C

Your great-great-grandmother, who had her babies in the late 1800s, was probably told by her doctor to give her infants ______________. a goat's milk or cow's milk b a multivitamin c condensed or evaporated milk d only breast milk

C

Your neighbours eat out quite a bit, and most of it is fast food. Their 8-year-old daughter is obese with a BMi of 24. Which of the following statements is most accurate? a They should not be concerned because most children outgrow their obesity b As long as they emphasise that 'beauty is from within', they should not be concerned about emotional problems. c They should be concerned because she is at heightened risk for kidney failure and blindness. d They should be concerned because of an increased chance of AdHd correlated with the stress of being obese.

C

iQ in childhood ______________. a has no relation to later occupational status b correlates positively with later income, but not with other measures of success c is a powerful predictor of income and occupational status in adulthood d has not been studied as a predictor of later adulthood outcomes because that would be considered unethical

C

if elle is typical of most Western young adults, you would expect that she would spend her leisure time in the evening mostly on ______________. a taking walks and engaging in other low-impact physical activities b communicating with friends via text messaging or social media, such as Facebook c watching television and streamed media d catching up with friends and/or family on the phone

C

if the primary problem is that the woman cannot ovulate properly, the most common fertility treatment is ______________. a chorionic villus treatment b artificial insemination c fertility drugs d in vitro fertilisation

C

if you are an adolescent living in _______________, you are most likely to be participating in an apprenticeship program. a the United States b New zealand c germany d Canada

C

in both Asian and ______________ cultures, a common theme of conceptions of intelligence is that it includes social elements, as well as cognitive elements such as knowledge. a French b italian c African d irish

C

in developed countries, ______________. a lead poisoning continues to be one of the top causes of death during middle childhood b middle childhood is the least safe time of life because of an increased need for independence at this period in development c even children who do not receive vaccinations are less susceptible to fatal diseases in middle childhood than they were earlier in their development d rates of minor illnesses have increased during recent decades, even though rates of more serious illnesses have declined

C

in middle childhood, ______________ becomes the main reason for children ending friendships. a having less leisure time as a result of more homework b different religious backgrounds c violating trust d increased competitiveness

C

in recent decades in Western countries, there has been little change in average height, indicating that the populations of these countries have reached the upper boundary of their ______________ for height. a concordance rate b heritability c reaction range d polygenic inheritance

C

in regard to the onset/timing of puberty, who of the following is more at risk for substance use and delinquency? a late-maturing boys b On-time maturing boys c Early-maturing girls d late-maturing girls

C

individuals of ______________ descent are most likely to have sickle-cell anaemia. a Asian b European c African d Aboriginal or Torres Strait islander

C

A 4-year-old using infant-directed speech when talking to her neighbour's new baby demonstrates ______________. a a sensitive period b fast mapping c classification d pragmatics

D

A married woman from a non-Western, collectivistic culture has been unable to have a child for over 3 years. Which of the following is most likely? a She will have a higher status relative to her husband. b She will get a lot of social support from her mother-in-law and father-in-law. c She will try iVF. d She will be blamed for this 'problem

D

A toddler from the Hamer tribe in ethiopia was adopted by an American couple who described themselves as 'non-athletes'. This tribe was known for being exceptionally tall. Once the girl started school, she asked to play in the after-school basketball program, tried out for the team in high school and eventually went on to earn a scholarship to play at university. This is an example of ______________. a polygenic inheritance b incomplete dominance c a self-fulfilling prophecy d niche picking

D

According to Sternberg, commitment, passion and intimacy combine to form ______________ love. a romantic b fatuous c compassionate d consummate

D

Amy is most likely to have DZ twins if ______________. a she has Asian biological parents b she is in her late teens c she is concerned about gaining too much weight and severely restricts her kilojoule intake d her mother had DZ twins

D

As a result of the process of crossing over, ______________. a the risk of Down syndrome is increased b boys are more likely to be born with a learning disability c women are at increased risk for infertility d eachchildborntoasetofparentsis genetically unique (with the exception of identical twins)

D

Between now and 2050, the increase in the population of the United States will be nearly entirely caused by what? a increased life expectancy b Higher majority fertility c Higher minority fertility d immigration

D

Beyond reducing body fat, exercise has also been shown to _________________. A lower metabolic rate for several hours after exercise B lower rates of schizophrenia and depression C decrease white blood cells D Lower the death rate of those who maintain regular exercise in adulthood

D

Bram does not ever want to get married. The idea of a lifetime commitment makes him anxious and uncomfortable, and any time a girlfriend brings up the subject of marriage, he breaks up with her. According to erikson, Bram will not successfully resolve the ______________ crisis. a autonomy versus commitment b identity versus role confusion c generativity versus stagnation d intimacy versus isolation

D

Carissa is 45 years old and is in her 5th week of pregnancy. She decides that she would like to find out as early as possible whether her unborn child has Down syndrome or any genetic abnormality. What test is she most likely to get? a Fetal monitoring b Ultrasound c Amniocentesis d Chorionic villus sampling

D

Chris realised that even though the teacher dressed up like Michael Jackson for Halloween, she is still a female. Based on this information, one would expect that Chris ______________. a has not yet attained gender identity, but knows the gender identity of the teacher b uses gender schemas, but does not yet understand gender constancy c is a 4-year-old boy d is a 7-year-old boy

D

Dr Kim decided to conduct interviews with school children, rather than administering questionnaires, because she wanted to hear from them in their own words. Her use of interviews is an example of ______________. a an unbiased sample b confidential responses c a theory d the research method

D

During early childhood, ______________. a the amount of tooth decay is similar between children in developing and developed countries b girls are slightly taller and heavier than boys c physical development occurs at a more rapid pace than it did in the first 3 years d most children become more like adults in terms of their body proportions

D

Fertility drugs ______________. a lead to pregnancy in virtually all women if they take them long enough b decrease a woman's chances of having DZ twins c are also known in the medical community as in vitro fertilisation d carry risks such as blood clots and kidney damage

D

Julie is a 47-year-old university professor who is shocked to learn that she is pregnant. Although she is elated at the idea of having another child, she is worried about having a child with ______________ as the chances increase dramatically after age 45. a anencephaly b spina bifida c cystic fibrosis d down syndrome

D

Marina and Paolo's preterm baby boy was born weighing only 2000 grams. To stabilise their baby's heart rate, breathing, body temperature and sleep-wake cycles, Marina and Paolo have been placing the baby on their chests, skin-to-skin, for 2 to 3 hours a day. This well-known, scientifically proven method for stimulating neonatal functioning is called ____ A massage care B contact comfort C koala care D kangaroo care

D

Maurice is 8 years old and is shown two round balls of clay that are equal in size. He watches as the experimenter rolls one ball into a long sausage shape. When asked, 'Which has more clay?', he will likely reply: ______________. a 'The ball.' b 'The long one that looks like a sausage.' c 'i'm not sure; i'll need to weigh them.' d 'They're both the same'

D

Melinda is a healthy woman who has just found out she is pregnant and is attending her first prenatal visit. Which of the following pieces of advice is she most likely to receive from her doctor? a Avoid even mild exercise. b Avoid Kegel exercises. c drink slightly less fluids than usual. d Eat foods with sufficient iodine.

D

Preterm babies who get massaged three times a day for 15 minutes at a time in their first days of life ______________ compared to those who do not. a produce more surfactant b are more coordinated later in life c are less likely to develop jaundice d gain more weight

D

Research on the media use of adolescents _______________. a has found that only females report that they enjoy the social aspect of gaming b has found that adolescents in industrialised countries use media for about 2 hours every day c has focused primarily on the benefits, such as increasing problem-solving ability and strategising d has shown that the content of electronic games is related to their emotional responses

D

There is a broad consensus among early childhood scholars that preschool teaching should be based on ______________. a repetition and rote learning to ensure the mastery of core concepts b building skills for science, technology, engineering and maths (STEm) c whole language learning d unstructured, hands-on experiences

D

What is the current understanding of how genetics influences obesity? a genetics is a good explanation for recent rises in obesity rates during childhood; however, it does little to explain the rates of obesity for adulthood. b genetics only explains obesity with regard to females. c Obesity is more likely to be caused by genetics than the environment. d genetics cannot explain recent rises in obesity rates; rather, it provides only a risk for overweight and obesity

D

What sense(s) is (are) the first to develop in neonates? a Sight b Hearing c Taste and smell d Touch

D

Which of the following best describes the relationships between age and crime? a Adolescents are less likely than adults to commit crimes because they do not have enough opportunity to do so. b Adolescents are less likely to be the victims of crime than children or adults are. c Adolescents are likely to commit crimes alone because they worry about their reputation if they get caught. d A small percentage of adolescents commit the majority of crimes.

D

Which of the following best represents the research on gay and lesbian couples? a Gay and lesbian adults often seek out romantic partners who are opposite from them in many ways. b No differences have been identified between gay and lesbian couples. c Gay and lesbian couples have different sources of conflict in their relationship from heterosexual couples. d Gay and lesbian couples are similar to heterosexual couples in most ways.

D

Which of the following is TRUe about work during adolescence? a Few adolescents in New zealand see their high school jobs as the basis for a future career. b mostarelikelytoworkansweringphonesand doing clerical work in an office setting. c most Australian adolescents contribute money they earn to their families' finances. d The United States is the only country where part-time work is associated with problem behaviour.

D

Which of the following is TRUe regarding theory of mind? a it refers to the independence and stubbornness characteristic of toddlers as they develop a sense of self. b it develops the same way in all cultures. c it begins to develop around age 5. d it is measured with false-belief tasks.

D

Which of the following is least likely to have survival value? a The moro reflex b The swimming reflex c The rooting reflex d The Babkin reflex

D

Which of the following is linked to a reduced likelihood of obesity in childhood? a introducing solid foods as early as possible b introducing skim milk by 1 year c Supplementing breast milk with formula in the first 6 months d Breastfeeding for 6 months

D

Which of the following is one of the most important protective factors identified in resilience research, enabling adolescents to overcome the risk factors in their lives? a Being tall and mature looking for their age b Athletic ability c Artistic talent and high scores on measures of creativity d A caring mentor outside the family

D

Which statement about research on creativity is TRUe? a measures of creativity exist only in the fine arts. b People reach a peak in creativity before attaining expertise in a particular domain and becoming set in their ways. c Across various fields, the peak of creativity is in the 50s and early 60s. d Highly creative people are often creative throughout life.

D

While being held by her grandmother, newborn Juliette starts to turn towards her grandmother's body and open her mouth. She is demonstrating the ______________ reflex. a Babinski b Babkin c moro d rooting

D

in Australia and New Zealand, breastfeeding ______________. a is more common among women from low socioeconomic status groups because it is less expensive than formula b increased in popularity as formulas came on to the market because people worried about their safety c rates have stayed about the same since the 1940s d rates vary among people of different ethnic backgrounds

D

in Berko's (1958) classic experiment, she showed young children a picture of a figure called a 'wug' and then showed them two of these figures. She then asked them to respond to the following statement: 'Now there are two ______________'. Berko was measuring children's understanding of what? a overextension b possessives c pragmatics d grammar

D

in Piagetian terms, which of the following is the principle that the amount of a physical substance remains the same even if its physical appearance changes? a Physical stability b Reversibility c Centration d Conservation

D

in early childhood (from age 3 to 6), ______________. a fine motor skills are refined, but gross motor skills remain the same as they were in toddlerhood b children from high socioeconomic backgrounds tend to have better gross motor skills than their counterparts from lower socioeconomic backgrounds c girls and boys are equally skilled at body- coordination skills, such as balancing on one foot d gender differences in gross motor development appear

D

According to Vygotsky, children learn best if the instruction they are provided is ______________. a within the zone of proximal development b concrete in nature c a good fit with their learning style d developed by an educational specialist

a

Biruk is a 2-month old infant. He ___ a needs more fat in his diet than at any other time of life b does not eat as often as he will when he is a toddler c has nutritional energy needs that are less than they will be at any other time in his life d will probably be introduced to solid foods at about the same age as infants from other cultures

a

Early brain development in toddlerhood is most distinguished by ______________. a the steep increase in the density of synaptic connections among neurons b increased activity in the amygdala c the formation of the cerebral cortex d the production of new brain cells, most notably in the temporal lobe

a

Eighteen-month-old Omar saw his father stirring a pot on the stove. The next day he picked up his toy bowl and spoon and began 'stirring' an imaginary substance. This is an example of ______________. a deferred imitation b sorting objects into categories c tertiary circular reactions d the A-not-B error

a

Errol was adopted from a Romanian orphanage nine years ago. He was physically and emotionally deprived until a couple adopted him at age 2.5. It is most likely that Errol: a had more cognitive impairment than he would have had if he had been adopted before 6 months of age b will have greater brain plasticity than his counterparts who were not raised in impoverished conditions c will show no signs of cognitive impairment because of overproduction of neurons d stayed overweight for most of his life once he was no longer deprived of food

a

Garret is approaching toddlerhood. During the next year he should be able to ______________. a hold a cup and scribble with crayons b use a fork and knife with coordination c walk up and down stairs without holding on to anything d brush his teeth

a

In Chess and Thomas's (1984) longitudinal study, they classified the infants into their three categories and then followed these infants as they developed into adulthood. What did they find? a Temperament in infancy predicted later development in some respects b Infant temperament was only predictive of the later development of middle- and high- socioeconomic status individuals c Infant temperament was only predictive of the later development of the 35% who were not able to be classified into one of the three groups d It was impossible to predict later development from infant temperament

a

Maha begins rooting while being held by her mother's friend, who quickly passes Maha back to her mother to be breast-fed. Based on Piaget's sensorimotor substages, how old is Maha? a 0-1 months b 1-4 months c 4-8 months d 8-12 months

a

Mahori was strapped to his mother's back for the first year of his life. Which of the following is least likely? a He will have some muscle atrophy that will cause him to be delayed in walking by a few years b His motor development will be similar to that of an Australian child if they are compared during kindergarten c The sequence of his motor development will be the same as that of babies in cultures where walking during infancy is actively encouraged d Both genes and environment play a role in his motor development

a

Nandranie is a toddler from a traditional culture. She would likely ______________. a have experienced some customary practice for being weaned b be abruptly weaned at age 1 c be given formula instead of breast milk d still be breastfeeding at age 5

a

Nona was in a serious car accident and suffered damage to her Broca's area. Which of the following is likely to result? a She will have difficulty producing speech. b She will show no emotion. c She will have difficulty with speech comprehension. d She will no longer be able to form short-term memories.

a

One reflection of the development of infants' short-term memory is their improvement ___ a at the task of object permanence b in their fine motor skills c in their gross motor skills d in their language skills

a

Research has shown that ______________. a direct stimulation of language development is discouraged in some cultures b language development is dependent upon the environment, rather than genes or biology c in the United States, language development occurs at the same rate across children from different socioeconomic statuses d maternal responsiveness to Australian children's vocalisations had no impact on when children reached language milestones

a

Seena likes to suck on a pacifier during naptime at her daycare. One day, her mother forgets to pack the pacifier so her teachers offer her a plastic toy to suck on instead. In learning to suck on this toy, Seena relies heavily on __________. a accommodation b assimilation c object permanence d maturation

a

Speed of ________ is a good predictor of later memory and intelligence a habituation b making the A-not-B error c accommodation d secondary circular reactions

a

The most common classification for the babies in Thomas and Chess's original study was ___. a easy b difficult c moderate d slow-to-warm-up

a

Troy is 12 months old and loves to eat biscuits. While sitting in the kitchen he sees a packet of biscuits. When his actions become intentional and goal directed, and he actively moves, reaches for and grasps the packet of biscuits, it is clear that he is in sensorimotor stage ___ a 4: coordination of secondary schemes b 3: secondary circular reactions c 2: first habits and primary circular reactions d 1: simple relexes

a

When it comes to attachment, ______________. a children develop an internal working model of what to expect about their mother's availability and supportiveness in times of need based on how sensitive and responsive she was over the first year of life b Ainsworth's early research found that the majority of toddlers had insecure- resistant attachments to their mothers c studies involving multiple cultures have found that insecure- avoidant attachment is the most common classification d studies using the Strange Situation have found no differences in attachment status among children from the United States and Japan

a

Which of the following best describes Morton, a toddler who is considered securely attached based on the Strange Situation test? a He usually cries upon separation, but when the mother returns, he greets her happily and begins to smile. b He shows little or no interaction with the mother when she is present and no response when she departs. c He is less likely than others to explore the room and pushes the mother away when she attempts to comfort him or pick him up. d He seems dazed and detached when the mother leaves the room and remains fearful upon her return.

a

Which of the following best illustrates a good fit between caregiver and child? a A slow-to-warm-up baby whose parents are patient and understanding b An irritable baby who is reared by parents who are rigid and intolerant c A difficult infant whose parents love their child, but respond with anger d A shy and often fussy child whose parents try to overcome this by encouraging face-to-face interactions with others

a

Which of the following is a critique of Piaget's sensorimotor theory? a His test of object permanence required motor ability b It may have overestimated infants' cognitive abilities c It describes the cognitive abilities of girls more accurately than boys d His theory was based mostly on children from non-Western cultures

a

You and your brother are babysitting your infant cousin. Initially, he is very interested in a puppet that you were using, but seems not to be very interested in it after a few minutes. Your brother thinks that he might not have a very long attention span. You tell your brother that your cousin is actually displaying ___ a habituation b dishabituation c insensitivity to stimuli d the A-not-B error

a

You have been trying to toilet train your son, but without much luck. Based on the research, what is most likely to be holding up the process? a Some children simply take months, or potentially years, to become fully toilet trained. b You are not rewarding him consistently enough when he shows interest. c There must be a physical difficulty that will require a medical exam. d Most females learn to toilet train in a week, but almost all boys take several months.

a

Your brother is concerned that your nephew is not going to be a very good student when he goes to school because whenever he shows him something new, your nephew only looks at it for a short time. According to the text, is your brother correct? a No. Infants who are short-lookers tend later in life to have a higher IQ and higher educational achievement than long-lookers b No. Infants who are short-lookers tend to have higher IQs in primary school, but their development scores decline later in life compared to long-lookers c Yes. Infants who are short-lookers have a lower IQ and lower educational achievement later in life d Yes. Infants who are short-lookers have a lower IQ, but they work harder than long-lookers

a

Dayle goes to the doctor and expresses concern that her infant's head is too big for his body. The doctor tells her that this is normal because of __________________. a the fact that head size varies widely b the cephalocaudal principle c the proximodistal principle d the fact that after infancy, growth slows down considerably

b

During toddlerhood, ______________. a those who know each other well usually engage in solitary play rather than other forms of play b friendships are based on companionship, mutual affection and emotional closeness c there seems to be no preference for play partners; they play equally with whatever children are present d children are not yet capable of engaging in simply social play or cooperative pretend play

b

During toddlerhood, ______________. a those who know each other well usually engage in solitary play rather than other forms of play b friendships seem to have many of the same features of friendships at other ages c there seems to be no preference for play partners; they play equally with whatever children are present d children are not yet capable of engaging in simply social play or cooperative pretend play

b

Erikson and Bowlby both view ______ as the key issue in an infant's attachment to others. a nourishment b trust c age d personality

b

If Salma is typical of most infants, his first tooth will appear at ________ of age. a 2 months b 5-9 months c 10-11 months d 15 months

b

In Western cultures, ______________. a most children show signs of readiness for toilet training by their first birthday b a sign of being ready to begin toilet training is starting to do things independently c views about toilet training have stayed the same over the past several decades d children are toilet trained in a nearly identical way to their counterparts in traditional cultures

b

In traditional cultures such as Uganda, _____________ can be a major event in the lives of toddlers and may have an influence on the security of attachment. a beginning to eat solid food b weaning c learning to walk d being away from siblings who are working or at school

b

Infants who score extremely low on the Bayley scales ____ a are predicted to do extremely well on IQ tests b may have serious developmental problems and may require intervention c are predicted to do poorly at school due to low motivation and boredom despite high IQ scores d score above normal on development milestones and tests of object permanence

b

Kateri, an infant who lives in New Zealand, has become used to eating puréed fruit and vegetables, and just recently she began eating finger food like pieces of taste and banana. Her parents are excited to see her reactions to each new food they have introduced. She is probably ___ months of age a 2 b 4-5 c 1 d 8-10

b

Marcel was diagnosed with autism at the age of 3. Which behaviour would you be most likely to see if you observed him in his day care classroom? a A preoccupation with talking to adults b A preoccupation with repetitive movements c A preoccupation with staring at faces because that is what most interests him d A tendency to interrupt others until they look at him and include him in the conversation

b

Of the emotions listed below, ___ is the emotion an infant would likely display latest in its development a fear b shame c disgust d anger

b

Patrice is 6 months old and is quite talkative. She is now using repetitive consonant-vowel combinations, and her favorite appears to be ba-ba-ba-ba. Patrice has reached the ______________ milestone in language development. a cooing b babbling c gurgling d infant-directed speech

b

Researchers have proposed that the immaturity of the ___ at birth is why humans show infantile amnesia. a cingulate gyrus b hippocampus c frontal lobe d temporal lobe

b

Secure attachment is characterised by ____________. a the child looking to the mother for approval of gender-appropriate behaviour b a willingness of the child to use the caregiver as a secure base to explore the environment c the child acting both relieved and angry at the caregiver after seeing her again after separation d the child not crying when the mother leaves the room because she or he knows she will return

b

Sharon is a pediatrician working in a developing country. She would likely find that most infant deaths are caused by ___ a small pox b diarrhoea c malaria d yellow fever

b

Social smiles first appear ____ a within the first 2 weeks after birth b in the second or third month c later in the first year d after 18 months

b

Toddlers ______________. a who do not walk by 1 year are likely to have a gross motor problem b in traditional cultures are equal to toddlers from Western cultures in the development of their gross motor skills c can usually run before they can stand briefly on one leg d show the same pace of gross motor development as fine motor development

b

Use of infant-directed speech _________. a leads to slower development of language than the style of language typically spoken with adults b is less common outside the developed countries c involves speaking in a lower than normal tone and using less repetition than in normal speech d has been shown to be less interesting to babies than normal speech; a reason why many parents do not use this type of "baby talk"

b

When children can identify themselves and others as either male or female, they have developed ______________. a custom complexes b gender identity c gender stereotypes d gender expectations

b

When children generally avoid making the A-not-B error, they ______________. a show the ability to categorise b have attained object permanence c are in the stage of tertiary circular reactions d understand scaffolding

b

When it comes to learning what we consider language, the most significant difference between apes and humans is the ______________. a inability of apes to make requests b inability of apes to generate word symbols in an infinite number of ways c inability of apes to learn motor movements and signs from humans d faster pace of humans' sign language

b

Which behaviour would be most characteristic of a child who has been diagnosed with autism? a Preoccupation with talking to strangers b Preoccupation with repetitive movements c Preoccupation with looking at faces d Preoccupation with pointing at objects until others look at them

b

Which of the following is a sociomoral emotion? a anger b guilt c fear d happiness

b

Which of the following is analogous to, and was the model for, the information-processing approach? a the circuits of a radio b the computer c the human brain d the animal brain

b

4-month olds look longer at a video of a puppet jumping up and down in time with music than at the same puppet when the jumping does not match the music. This is evidence of ___. a habituation b the A-not-B-error c intermodal perception d assimilation

c

A typical 1yro infant ___ a is able to hold an object with one hand, but cannot transfer it from one hand to the other b uses pre-reaching to get an object of interest c can grasp a utensil to feed himself d will not be able to hold small objects

c

According to Vygotsky, ______________ is required for cognitive development. a formal education b a strong caregiver- child attachment c social interaction d a good genetic background

c

Arman is showing intense fear of a large dog that is approaching his stroller. Fear is an example of a ___________ emotion. a tertiary b sociomoral c primary d secondary

c

At school Brice showed problems, such as hostility and cognitive deficits. Later on, at university, he was diagnosed with various types of psychopathology. Based on the research, he most likely had a(n) ______________ attachment classification. a insecure-avoidant b insecure-resistant c disorganised-disoriented d difficult

c

Based on research, if Ru Fong, an infant with a difficult temperament, were to be adopted by parents that show a lot of anger and frustration, we might predict which of the following outcomes? a A child who is outgoing b A child who is high in self-confidence but low in sociability c A child who is defiant and disobedient d An easy-going child who is good at self-regulating

c

Based on the research, do media products created for infants enhance their cognitive functioning? a Yes. Studies show that infants who watch or listen to media products have enhanced cognitive functioning. b Yes, but only if used from birth c No. Studies have concluded that educational media products have no effect on infants' cognitive development d Yes, but the beneficial effects are only for language development

c

Cressida talks to her 5 month old baby in a sweet, high pitched, exaggerated manner and says things like, "Good Girl, you ate your sweet potatoes!" This special way of speaking to infants is called a speech praise b simplified speech c infant-directed speech d intimate speech

c

Critics of Piaget's sensorimotor theory argue that the likelihood of making the A-not-B error depends on the ____. a sex of the child b time of day the child is tested c delay between hiding and searching d colour of the object

c

From infancy onward, _________ memory comes easier to us than _________ memory. a social, recognition b recall, recognition c recognition, recall d infantile amnesia, recall

c

Gender identity ______________. a refers to the biological status of being male or female b develops much more quickly in females than males c refers to the ability of children to identify themselves as male or female d develops around age 5

c

Last week, your neighbours told you their 18-month-old son has been sleeping through the night for the past 2 months. They were very happy about this new development and were looking forward to many more months of a good night's sleep. This week, however, they say their son has started waking up at night and has been pretty fussy during the day. What is the likely reason for this waking and fussing? a He has been drinking too much before bedtime. b His increased activity makes it harder for him to slow down and soothe himself. c His molars are coming in and he is teething. d He is going through a growth spurt.

c

Research on sibling relationships during the toddler years has found that ____________. a toddlers tend to have a positive reaction to the birth of a younger sibling b in developed countries, but not in traditional cultures, toddlers have attachments to their siblings c toddlers' attachments to their siblings tend to be secondary attachments rather than primary attachments d only in individualistic cultures is conflict more common with siblings than in any other relationship throughout childhood and adolescence

c

Researchers secretly dabbed a red spot on the nose of babies of different ages and then placed them in front of a mirror. They were testing ______________. a expressive language ability b short-term memory c self-recognition d gender identity

c

Rupert goes to the market with his mother and calls all men he sees there 'Dada'. This is an example of ___ a a secondary circular reaction b the A-not-B error c assimilation d coordination of secondary schemes

c

S. was playing in a group of children and showed pride in his ability to fit the right shape piece into the container. This display of pride would most likely be discouraged by parents in ______________. a the United States b Canada c China d New Zealand

c

SIDS is almost unknown in cultures where ___ a babies sleep in cribs in a separate room from their parents b infants and children sleep on soft mattresses c co-sleeping is the norm d most mothers do not breastfeed their babies

c

Schaffer loves it when his mother puts a towel over her face and then quickly pulls it down. His big belly laugh at this game of peek-a-boo indicates that he _________________. a is assimilating rather than accommodating b has made the A-not-B error c has a limited understanding of object permanence d lacks intermodal perception

c

The Gusii of Kenya, like people in many traditional cultures, are in physical contact with their children nearly constantly. How do they view talking to children? a They speak only to the upper-caste infants b They speak to the male infants directly, but hardly ever to the females c They do no think that it is necessary or useful to speak to infants d They speak to them much more than in Western cultures

c

When motor development of infants is compared among cultures, it is clear that environment has _______________________. a no effect on gross motor development b a large effect on gross motor development c a relatively small effect on gross motor development d more of an effect on males than on females

c

Which is an example of overextension? a A child saying, 'Mummy goed to the store.' b A child saying, 'The sun is smiling at me.' c A child calling all men 'Dada'. d A child saying, 'Mommy gone!'

c

Which of the following best describes the Piagetian term Schemes? a When new information is altered to fit existing information b When a person's self-concept is changed to adapt to new information c Cognitive structures for processing, organising and interpreting information d When a mental structure is changed to adapt to new information

c

Which of the following statements about gender is TRUE? a Before toddlerhood, it is only in Western cultures that people communicate gender expectations to boys and girls. b In the early years, it is mainly siblings who convey cultural gender messages. c Gender development has a biological basis, as well as an environmental basis. d Many of the differences that exist among male and female humans are not true of our closest primate and mammalian relatives.

c

Which of the following variables has been shown to be correlated with the timing of toilet training in some Western countries? a Number of children in the family b Location of the toilet within the house c Education level of the parents d Marital status of the primary caregiver

c

Which statement is true about temperaments? a It has only been a topic of study in the last decade. Before this, psychologists thought that infants were similar in emotionality b It has only been assessed using cross-sectional methods c It is considered to have a biological basis d It has been defined by the same dimensions and measured the same way by various researchers

c

While on a walk with her mother, Sofia comes across a dog. She notices that her mother is smiling at the dog so Sofia also shows a positive reaction to it. Sofia's reaction illustrates _______________________. a habituation b emotional contagion c social referencing d infant-directed emotion

c

Without ________ babies would not have depth perception. a colour vision b 20/20 vision c binocular vision d intermodal perception

c

You are watching your next-door neighbour's 8 month old infant. You notice that she is getting increasingly social. She directs her attention not just to whatever sensations are most stimulating, but also to what the people around her are doing. She is ___. a showing the A-not-B error b displaying object permanence c engaging in joint attention d showing recognition

c

___ is a condition specific to toddlerhood in which protein deficiencies lead to varied symptoms such as swollen bellies and feet, hair loss and lack of energy. a Marasmus b SIDS c Kwashiorkor d Hydrocephalus

c

___ is a disease that occurs in malnourished infants in which their bodes stop growing, muscles atrophy and they become lethargic a failure to thrive b cerebral palsy c marasmus d progeria

c

babbling ___ a occurs only if the infant can hear b is only found in infants from Western cultures c is universal d is the stage immediately before cooing

c

research has shown that sleeping on the ___ is a risk factor for SIDS a right side b back c stomach d left side

c

temperament ___ a has been measured using the same 19 components across various studies b has only been assessed using cross-sectional methods c is considered to have a biological basis d has no bearing whatsoever on later development

c

Atika's trunk and arms grow faster than his hands and fingers. This progression of motor development is called the __________________ a cephalocaudal principle b phalange-metatarsal principle c dynamic movement principle d proximodistal principle

d

In the West, ______________. a most children show signs of readiness for toilet training by their first birthday b views on toilet training have remained the same over the past several decades c children are toilet trained in a way that is nearly identical to their counterparts in traditional cultures d a sign of being ready to begin toilet training is when the child can stay 'dry' for an hour or two during the day

d

Joquain was thirsty, so he looked at his mother, pointed to the glass on the counter and said, 'Juice.' This is an example of ______________. a fast mapping b underextension c overregularisation d a holophrase

d

Josh is a toddler who lives in New Zealand. His father would most likely be observed in which of the following activities with him? a Bathing him b Feeding him c Teaching him to read d Playing with him

d

Research has shown that ______________. a children are only able to learn to model aggressive behaviours during toddlerhood because prosocial behaviours require more advanced cognitive development b it is rare to have a television in a young child's room c the displacement effect is no longer considered a problem because of all the media options available d screen media can have a positive effect

d

S. is from a traditional culture where medical remedies for infant illness are scarce. He wants to do anything possible to protect his infant son, so he would be LEAST LIKELY to: a keep a knife near the baby to ward off witches and evil spirits b hold him as much as possible so that his feet don't touch the ground during the first months of life c cover him with cloth while outside so the spirits are unaware that he is there d adore the baby and give him a nickname such as 'king'

d

Shareef's parents bought him a high chair. While sitting in the chair, he intentionally tipped his water in the tray over and over again. According to Piaget, Shareef is at the ______________ stage. a simple reflexes b primary circular reactions c secondary circular reactions d tertiary circular reactions

d

The three main scales on the Bayley-III are the cognitive scale, language scale, and _______ scale. a temperament b personality c attachment d motor

d

When Lola was taken back to the nursery after her mother had fed her, she started crying when she heard several of the other neonates crying. This is an example of ____ a social referencing b a difficult temperament c secondary emotions d emotional contagion

d

Which of the following is a common feature of infant social life in most cultures throughout history? a Infants spend a lot of their day in the company of their fathers b Infants are cared fro exclusively by the mothers until they become old enough to walk c Infants are often kept away from older adults so that they will be less vulnerable to the spread of disease d Infants are surrounded by others and carried or held almost constantly

d

Which statement best describes sleep behaviour during toddlerhood? a The increased sense of self results in most toddlers wanting to sleep alone. b Children sleep consistently through the night. c Increased activity results in children sleeping more than they did in infancy. d Sleeping alone is rare in traditional cultures.

d

You are interested in weaning your toddler. Why is it more of a challenge to wean a toddler than an infant? a Breastfeeding a toddler is more socially acceptable in many cultures. b The toddler has developed teeth and might unconsciously resist with biting behaviours. c Toddlers are naturally opposed to anything their parents want them to do. d The toddler is more socially aware and has a greater capacity to exercise intentional behaviour.

d

it was discovered a birth that there was significant cell death in Brittany's ___. Her parents were worried that she would be born blind because this part of the brain processes visual information. Luckily, this was not the case because other parts of her brain compensated for this cell loss. a temporal lobe b frontal lobe c parietal lobe d occipital lobe

d