Developmental Psych Ch. 9

Module 9.2: Emotional Development: Do Infants Experience Emotional Highs and Lows? YES/NO

- YES

Why does strong anxiety occur around 6 months? - Most likely because infants are finally developing that ____ and also their ____ begins to develop

- attachment - memory

- Mothers of secure infants tend to provide the appropriate level of response with ____ ____, in which caregivers respond to infants appropriately and both caregiver and child match ____ states. - Way for mothers to produce insecurely attached infants, according to Ainsworth, is to ____ their behavioral cues, to behave ____ with them, and to ____ or ____ their social efforts.

- interactional synchrony - match emotional states - ignore - inconsistently - ignore or reject

- Stage begins when the individual experiences a sense of ____. - This may be in response to retirement, the death of a spouse or close friends, or may simply result from changing social roles. - No matter what the cause, this sense of mortality precipitates the final life crisis. - The final life crisis manifests itself as a review of the individual1s life-career. - Individuals review their life-career to determine if it was a success or failure. - Reminiscence or introspection is most productive when experienced with significant others. - Outcome of this life-career reminiscence can be either positive or negative. - Ego integrity is the result of the ____ resolution of the final life crisis. - Ego integrity is viewed as the key to harmonious personality development; the individual views their whole of life with satisfaction and contentment. - The ego quality that emerges from a positive resolution is wisdom. - Erikson (1982) defines wisdom as a kind of "informed and detached concern with life itself in the face of death itself" (p. 61). - Conversely, despair is the result of the ____ resolution or lack of resolution of the final life crisis. This negative resolution manifests itself as a fear of death, a sense that life is too short, and depression.

- mortality - positive - negative

1. Secure attachment pattern use mother as the type of home base that Bowlby described - seem at ease in the Strange Situation as long as their ____ are ____ - ____ independently, ____ to her occasionally. - Although they may or may not appear upset when she leaves, securely attached children immediately ____ to her when she ____ and seek ____. - Most North American children—about two-thirds—fall into the securely attached category.

- mothers are present - explore - returning - go - returns - contact

- Imprinting: behavior that takes place during a critical period and involves attachment to the first ____ object that is observed.

- moving

Difficult babies: - Difficult babies have more ____ moods and are slow to ____ to new situations. - When confronted with a new situation, they tend to ____. - About 10 percent of infants belong in this category.

- negative - adapt - withdraw

- Outcomes of disengagement are largely negative/positive. - According to this view, the gradual ____ of people in late adulthood permits them to become more ____ about their own lives and less constrained by ____ roles - People can become more discerning (showing good judgement) in their social relationships, focusing on those who best meet their needs. - Disengagement can be liberating. - Decreased emotional investment in others can be viewed as beneficial. - By investing less emotional energy in their social relationships with others, people in late adulthood are better able to adjust to the increasing frequency of serious illness and death among their peers.

- positive - withdrawal - reflective - social

Forging Early Social Relationships: What is attachment? Who are you attached to? How do you know, have your attachments changed?Attachment: --> Positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular, special individual --> Most important aspect of infant social development

- positive, emotional - social

Personality in Late Adulthood: Robert Peck: 1. ____ of self vs. ____ with work role, adjust values to emphasize qualities that do not involve ____, such as being a grandparent or a gardener 2. ____ transcendence vs. ____ preoccupation, elderly people need to learn to cope with ____ changes. If not, becomes preoccupied with deterioration and personality suffers 3.____ transcendence vs. ____ preoccupation - Elderly people ____ inevitable death - They are aware of their contributions lasting beyond their lives. If not, are preoccupied with asking if their lives had ____ to society.

- redefinition - preoccupation - work - body - body - physical - ego - ego - accept - value

What roles do parents play in producing attachment? Mothers: - ____ to their infants' needs and desires is hallmark of mothers of securely attached infants - Aware of moods and feelings - ____ in face-to-face interactions - Feeds "on demand" - Demonstrates warmth and affection - Responds rapidly and positively to cues - Secure -mothers provide appropriate level of ____ - interactional synchrony-match ____ states of caregiver and infant

- sensitivity - responsive - response - emotional

- smiling increases babies chances of ____ interaction and ____ because you will smile back at them

- social - bond

Emotional Development in Adolescence: - Beyond the "storm and stress" - Emotions tend to be more volatile (____) during early adolescence - Emotions are more ____ than in middle childhood - Extreme reactions but don't last very long! - Younger adolescents experience emotional highs and lows; often in rapid succession - New adolescents report being less happy than in prior years but emotions don't necessarily last very long

- temporary - negative

Infants learn early to produce and decode emotions, and learn the effect of their own emotion on others How does this help them understand social situations?

- they watch how other people react to things and they're picking u cues and will respond to an object in the same way- social referencing

- Babies react positively to presence of peers from early in life and engage in rudimentary forms of social interaction, smile, laugh, vocalize - Infants' sociability is expressed in several ways - Earliest months of life-more interest in peers - Nine- to twelve-month-olds( present and accept toys), play games, peek a boo,crawl and chase

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- More than one-quarter of adolescents report periods of feeling sad and hopeless for two or more weeks in a row. - But only a small number (3 percent) experience a major depression, a full-blown psychological disorder in which depression is severe and lingers for long periods.

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Do all infants attach to only one parent? - Infants' social bonds extend beyond their parents, especially as they grow older - Most infants form their first primary relationship with one person - One-third have multiple relationships - By 18 months, most infants have formed multiple relationships - In sum, infants may develop attachments not only to their mothers, but to a variety of others.

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Nature V Nurture: Personality: What do you think? Are certain traits more likely to be inherited? Can the environment and parenting practice alter traits?

- YES - YES

Building on Erikson's Views: Gould, Vaillant, and Levinson: George Vaillant: - Career consolidation- from 20-40 yrs, young adults center on ____ - Early 20's- influenced by ____'s authority - Late 20's, early 30's-act with greater autonomy, marry and focus on career - Career consolidation marks bridge between intimacy vs. isolation and generativity vs. stagnation

- careers - parent's

PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT: So does personality change or remain stable over the course of development? Erikson and Levinson = substantial ____ (because Levinson believes in life seasons, so its different at different points in someone's life, and Erikson believes that each stage introduces a new conflict where a different personality trait emerges) Paul Costa and Robert McCrae = ____ in traits across development Overall developmentalists feel that personality is both ____ (on some traits) and ____ on others.

- change - stability -stable - changeable

Trait Approaches to Personality: - Alternative framework to psychosocial and psychodynamic theories - All individuals have varying ____ of traits - Five broad trait factors (OCEAN) that describe basic personality - Fairly consistent across life span O= C= E= A= N=

- degrees - openness - conscientiousness - extraversion - agreeableness - neuroticism

Erikson: Identity versus Confusion: - Psychological moratorium= ____ without ____ - ____ period - Probably no lasting, negative psychological effects - Some benefits (satisfaction from working, independence...)

- exploration - commitment - experimentation

- Erik Erikson asserted that adolescents may encounter substantial psychological difficulties in their search for identity ("the adolescent identity crisis"). - Erikson's stage is IDENTITY-VERSUS-IDENTITY-CONFUSION STAGE, where adolescents seek to determine what is unique and distinctive about themselves. - Those who do not find a suitable identity, tend to follow a dysfunctional path because their sense of self is "diffuse". - There are a lot of social pressures to achieve a secure identity (or at least have clear career or major goals). ---> Which job track to follow? --> Attend college? Which one? - Now, adolescents rely more on ____ and ____ than adults.

- friends - peers

Erikson's Last Stage: - Ego-integrity versus despair stage - Process of looking back over one's life, evaluating it, and coming to terms with it --> Integrity - Comes when people feel they have realized and ____ the possibilities that have come their way --> Despair - Occurs when people feel ____ with their life, and experience gloom, unhappiness, depression, anger, or the feeling that they have failed

- fulfilled - dissatisfied

Does temperament matter? Why? Why not? In what ways? - One obvious question to emerge from the findings of the relative stability of temperament is whether a particular kind of temperament is beneficial. - The answer seems to be that no single type of temperament is invariably good or bad. - Instead, children's long-term adjustment depends on the ____ ____ ____ of their particular temperament and the nature and demands of the environment in which they find themselves. - Certain temperaments are, in general, more adaptive than others. - The key determinant seems to be the way ____ react to their infants' difficult behavior. - Temperament seems to be at least weakly related to infants' attachment to their adult caregivers. - Cultural differences also have a major influence on the consequences of a particular temperament.

- goodness of fit - parents

Slow-to-warm babies: - Slow-to-warm babies are ____, showing relatively ____ reactions to their environment. - Their moods are generally ____, and they ____ from new situations, ____ slowly. - Approximately 15 percent of infants are slow-to-warm.

- inactive - calm - negative - withdraw - adapting

Early preschool years- ages 3-6 Initiative vs. guilt Desire to be ____ vs. guilt that accompanies ____ results

- independent - undesirable

Erikson: Psychosocial Development: Personality starts in ____! - Early experiences are responsible for shaping key aspects of personalities - Trust versus mistrust - Trust = sense of ____ and ____ - Mistrust = sense of harsh, unfriendly ____ - Autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage - Autonomy = sense of ____ - Shame and doubt = sense of ____-____ and ____

- infancy - hope and success - world - independence - self-doubt - unhappiness

Two views for interpreting infant emotional expressions: 1. If emotion is ____, then there's no ____- it's just a ____ behavior 2. As they gain ____- they are learning to emotionally ____

- innate - awareness - reflexive - experience - self-regulate

Identity Formation: Crisis or Change? Identity vs. Identity confusion - ____ advances and ____ changes increase awareness of their identity and self-concept (multifaceted-takes others views into account) - Adolescents seek to determine what is unique about them - If they do not find suitable ____, tend to follow dysfunctional path, sense of self is diffuse

- intellectual - physical - identity

Seeking Intimacy: Erikson's View of Young Adulthood: - Intimacy-versus-isolation stage, post adolescence into early 30's - Intimacy = Close, intimate relationship with others, selflessness - Isolation = Feelings of ____ and ____ of relationships

- loneliness - fearful

- Erikson regarded young adulthood as the time of the INTIMACY-VERSUS-ISOLATION STAGE. - It spans post-adolescence into the early 30s. - Focus is on developing close, intimate relationship with others. - People who experience difficulties at this stage are often ____ and ____ of relationships, perhaps from a failure of the ____ stage. - Erikon's view of healthy intimacy was limited to adult heterosexuality and the goal was to produce children, a view not shared by all developmentalists today.

- lonely and fearful - identity

Does temperament matter? Is one type more beneficial? Do difficult babies experience more behavior problems later on? - Yes they will have more behavior problems later on if the parents can't effectively ____ and ____ their child's temperament - unless their parents learn how to react appropriately to their behavior (then the child may not have more behavior problems later on)= ____ ____ ____ (same concept as ____ ____)

- modify - control - goodness of fit - interactional synchrony

- During this period, infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust, largely depending on how well their ____ are met by their ____. - If infants are able to develop trust, they experience a sense of ____, which permits them to feel as if they can fulfill their needs successfully. - On the other hand, feelings of mistrust lead infants to see the ____ as harsh and unfriendly, and they may have later difficulties in forming ____ ____ with others. - During the end of infancy, children enter the autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage, which lasts from around 18 months to 3 years. - During this period, children develop ____ and autonomy if parents encourage ____ and ____ within safe ____. - However, if children are ____ and overly ____, they feel shame, self-doubt, and unhappiness.

- needs - caregivers - hope - world - close bonds - independence - exploration - freedom - boundaries - restricted - protected

Smiling: - Earliest smiles: little meaning 6 to 9 weeks: --> Begin reliable smiling --> Smile first relatively indiscriminate then selective --> Social smile-in response to another ____ 18 months: --> Social smiling more frequent toward ____ than ____ objects End of 2nd year: --> Use smiling ____ --> Show sensitivity to emotional expressions of others

- person - humans - nonhuman - purposefully

Final Happiness Correlates: - ____ and ____ health - ____ security - Sense of autonomy, independence, and personal control over one's life (elder abuse= taking ____ away from them) * age is determined both on chronological age and functional ability and mental ability

- physical - mental - financial - control

Easy babies: - Easy babies have a ____ disposition. - Their body functions operate ____, and they are ____. - They are generally ____, showing ____ about new situations, and their emotions are ____ or ____ in intensity. - This category applies to about 40 percent (the largest number) of infants.

- positive - regularly - adaptable - positive - curiosity - moderate or low

Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood: Industry Versus Inferiority, age 6-12 - Develop self-concept in terms of ____ as well as ____ traits - Industry = feelings of ____ and ____ and a sense of competence - Inferiority = feelings of ____ and ____ - ____ children correlates with adult success more than ____ or family *Lasting from roughly age 6 to age 12, the industry-versus-inferiority stage is characterized by a focus on efforts to meet the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the other complexities of the modern world.

- psychological - physical - mastery - proficiency - failure - inadequacy - hardworking - intelligence

Goodness of Fit= how parents ____ to their child's behavior

- react

Selective Optimization with Compensation: - optimizing certain ____ to compensate for ____ ____ (maybe because of older age)

- skills - declining skills

Continuity and Change in Personality: - Fundamental continuity to personality - Despite general stability of personality, possibility for change over time. Why? - Profound ____ environmental changes throughout adulthood may produce fluctuations and changes in personality - Some discontinuities in development What is important to someone at age 80 may not be what was impt. at age 40 - Because people's ____ will change with age because they now have different ____ and ____ at different ages

- social - interests - goals - skills

Midlife Crisis: - Stage of uncertainty and indecision brought about by realization that life is finite - Facing signs of physical aging, men may also discover that even the accomplishments they are proudest of brought them less satisfaction than expected. - Looking toward the past, they may seek to define what went wrong and look for ways to correct their past mistakes. - Levinson claims women go through similar stages but have a more difficult time with "the dream" because of inner conflicts over career versus family. BUT: Gender differences, interviewed only 40 men - Despite widespread acceptance, evidence for midlife crisis does not exist Why are we more aware of people who are having midlife crisis than those who are not? - Because you ____ about it - it's more noticeable if someone does something outrageous and they're in that age range - you don't really speak about the people that don't go through this and just live normally

- uncertainty - indecision - finite - hear

Harry Harlow gave infant monkeys the choice of cuddling a ____ "monkey" that provided ____ or a soft, terry cloth monkey that was warm but did not provide ____. - Their preference was clear: Baby monkeys spent most of their time clinging to the ____ monkey, although they made occasional expeditions to the ____ monkey to nurse. Harlow suggested that the preference for the warm ____ monkey provided ____ comfort.

- wire - food - food - cloth - wire - cloth - contact

Disengagement Theory: Gradual Retreat - Late adulthood involves gradual ____ from world on ____, ____, and ____ levels - ____ is a mutual process and not necessarily negative

- withdrawal - physical - psychological - social - withdrawal

- Adolescents and adults demonstrate engagement of left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex when viewing faces - But adolescents also use other areas of the brain depending on emotions being expressed - So emotional response may be especially pronounced and may affect rationality

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- Earliest human research suggests attachment based on needs for safety and security-genetically determined motivation to avoid predators, infant learns that safety is best provided by particular individual - Bowlby: influenced by Lorenz - Attachment provides home base through qualitatively unique relationship with individual who best provides safety, the mother - As children become more independent, they progressively roam further away from their secure base

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- Life review, in which people examine and evaluate their lives, is a common theme for most personality theorists who focus on late adulthood. - Reminiscence may even have cognitive benefits, improving memory in older people. - By reflecting on the past, people activate a variety of memories about people and events in their lives. In turn, these memories may trigger other, related memories, and may bring back sights, sounds, and even smells of the past. - Process of life review and reminiscence can play an important role in ongoing lives of elderly individuals. - It provides continuity between past and present, and may increase awareness of the contemporary world. - It also can provide new insights into past and into others, allowing people to continue personality growth and to function more effectively in present.

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- People come to view themselves as entering late adulthood—or, ultimately, as being "old." Knowing full well what society's stereotypes about elderly individuals are, and how negative they can be, people struggle with the notion that they are now in this category. - According to Levinson, with age people come to realize that they are no longer on the center stage of life, but are increasingly playing bit parts. This loss of power, respect, and authority may be difficult for individuals accustomed to having control in their lives. - On the other hand, people in late adulthood can serve as resources to younger individuals, and they may find themselves regarded as "venerated elders" whose advice is sought and relied upon. Furthermore, old age can bring with it a new freedom to do things for the simple sake of the enjoyment and pleasure they bring, rather than because they are obligations.

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Daniel Levinson: (same Levinson as before) - People enter late adulthood by passing through transition stage, 60-65 - View themselves as being "old", enter late adulthood - Recognize stereotypes and loss of power and respect - Serve as resources to younger individuals - Discover new freedom to do things for simple sake of enjoyment and pleasure

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Do all infants attach? Reactions to Strange Situation vary considerably One-year-olds typically show one of four major patterns

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Erikson's Approach in Perspective: - Influential - Comprehensive; covers entire life span - Not everyone passes through stages in same sequence at same time - Contemporary research provides refinement and alternative approaches

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Erikson's Middle Adulthood : - Generativity versus stagnation stage - People consider their contributions to family, community, work, and society. - Generativity = looking beyond oneself to continuation of one's life through others (parenting, mentor, creative output) - Stagnation = focusing on the triviality of their life, some seek new careers , others are simply frustrated and bored

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For example, infants eventually may learn that by smiling at the right time, they can increase the chances of getting their own way. Summary: - Infants do appear to experience emotions, although the range of emotions at birth is fairly restricted. - However, as they get older, infants both display and experience a wider range of increasingly complex emotions. - Furthermore, in addition to expressing a wider variety of emotions, as children develop they also experience a wider array of emotions.

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Generativity: - Guiding and encouraging future generations - Leaving a lasting contribution to the world through creative or artistic output - Looking beyond oneself to the continuation of one's life through others Stagnation: - Focusing on the triviality of their life - Feeling they have made only a limited contribution to the world, that their presence has counted for little

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George Valliant-1977: - Keeping meaning versus rigidity- - Important period occurs between the ages of 45 and 55 - Adults seek to extract meaning from their lives by accepting strengths and weaknesses of others, are content - Those who cannot keep meaning in their lives are rigid, become increasingly isolated from others

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Gould's Transformations in Adult Development: Stage 1: (16-18): Desire to escape parental control Stage 2: (18-22): Leaving the family; peer group orientation Stage 3: (22-28): Developing independence; commitment to career and to children Stage 4: (29-34): Questioning self; role confusion; marriage and career vulnerable to dissatisfaction Stage 5: (35-43): Period of urgency to attain life's goals; awareness of time limitation; realignment of life's goals Stage 6: (43-53): Settling down; acceptance of one's life Stage 7: (53-60): More tolerance; acceptance of past; less negativism; general mellowing

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Inconsistently categorized babies: - As for the remaining 35 percent, they cannot be consistently categorized. - These children show a variety of combinations of characteristics. - For instance, one infant may have relatively sunny moods, but react negatively to new situations, or another may show little stability of any sort in terms of general temperament.

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Levinson: - Interviewed males - Beginning stages have to do with leaving one's family and entering the adult world. - Early 40s are a period of transition and crisis. - Around age 40 or 45, people move into a period that - Levinson calls the midlife transition. The midlife transition is a time of questioning. People begin to focus on the finite nature of life, and they begin to question some of their everyday, fundamental assumptions. - This period of assessment may lead to a midlife crisis, a stage of uncertainty and indecision brought about by the realization that life is finite. - Facing signs of physical aging, men may also discover that even the accomplishments of which they are proudest have brought them less satisfaction than they expected.

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Levinson: - Seasons of Life Theory - Most people are susceptible to midlife crisis - Adult men experience series of stages with entry into early adulthood - 22-28 entering adult world, initial choices in love, occupation, lifestyle - 28-33 transition - 33-40-settling down, think and behave like a parent - Between 40 and 45-midlife transition- time of questioning, neglected parts of self(talents) seek expression - Period of assessment may lead to midlife crisis

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Life Review and Reminiscence-Late Adulthood : - Common Theme of Personality Development (Erikson, Peck, Levinson) - People examine and evaluate their lives - Triggered by increasingly obvious prospect of one's death. - Provides better understanding of the past - Resolves lingering problems and conflicts - Leads to a sense of sharing, mutuality, and feeling of interconnectedness with others - May have cognitive benefits-improves memory - Can produce psychological decline-obsess about what they did in the past- and can have regret or anger - Provides continuity between past and present, allows for personality growth in present

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Module 9.3: Personality Development across the Life Span Characteristics That Make Infants Unique: - Origins of Personality: - Sum total of enduring characteristics differentiating one individual from another stem from infancy - From birth onward, infants begin to show unique, stable traits and behaviors that ultimately lead to their development as distinct, special individuals

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Non-Midlife Life Crisis: - For majority of people, transition is smooth and rewarding - Many middle-aged people find their careers have blossomed and are content - Focus on present and are involved with friends and family - They feel younger than they actually are - We may just pay more attention to the few who exhibit a midlife crisis.

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Psychiatrist Roger Gould: - Adults pass through series of seven, specific age-related stages - People in late 30s and early 40s begin to feel sense of urgency in attaining life's goals .This reality propels them into adulthood. - Descriptions not research supported, relied on clinical judgement

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Separation Anxiety: - Universal across cultures - Begins about 7-8 months; peaks around 14 months - Largely attributable to same reasons as stranger anxiety

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Infants' sociability: Do infants develop "friendships" ? Do they react positively to presence of peers?

YES

Categorizing Temperament: - Babies can be described according to one of several temperament profiles: 1. ____ babies-40 percent , positive disposition, emotions are moderate, regular body functions 2. ____ babies- 10 percent 3. ____-____-____ ____ babies-15 percent 4. ____ categorized babies-35 percent

1. easy 2. difficult 3. slow-to-warm up 4. inconsistently

Development of Self-Do Infants know who they are? - Do infants recognize themselves in mirrors? - Self awareness starts to develop around ____ months - Awareness of ____ characteristics and ____ - If 2 year old children are asked to imitate complicated sequence of behaviors with toys, they will cry. Why? - Because they are ____ that they ____ ___ it- so they feel ____, ____

- 12 months - physical - capabilities - because they are aware that they ca't complete it- embarrassed, shameful

Do infants recognize who they are? - they can recognize themselves in a mirror only until around ____ months - ex: red dot on nose test- look in mirror, tries to take it off ____, but before 12 months, they'll try to take it off the ____

- 12 months - themselves - mirror

Neurological basis: (for the highs and lows in adolescence) - ____ is central to experience of emotions as link between perception of emotion-producing stimulus and memory of that stimulus - Neural pathways connecting amygdala, visual cortex, and hippocampus cause almost instant fear—often times bypassing rational thought

- amygdala

Temperament and Stabilities in Infant Behavior: What is temperament? - Temperament encompasses patterns of ____ and ____ that are consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual. * Synonym for temperament= ____

- arousal - emotionality - disposition

REACTIVE ATTACHMENT DISORDER- - Extreme problems in forming ____ to others - In young children- feeding problems, non-responsive to social overtures, failure to thrive - Typically the result of abuse or neglect

- attachments

How does temperament apply to infants? Temperament: - Refers to how children ____, as opposed to what they do or why they do it - Displays as differences in general disposition from birth, largely due initially to ____ factors - Tends to be fairly ____ well into adolescence - Is not fixed and unchangeable and can be modified by ____ practices

- behave - genetic - stable - childrearing

So...what are emotions? True emotions have three components: 1. ____ ____-increase in breathing rate or heartbeat 2. ____ component- awareness of feeling 3. ____ components- ex.-crying

- biological arousal - cognitive - behavioral

- self-regulation begins close to ____ because you get the baby on a ____ for ____, ____ and the baby starts to be more ____ - leans to ____ themselves- like sucking their thumb, holding on to a favorite stuffed animal or blanket... - children who are better at self-regulating will be more successful in ____

- birth - schedule - eating, sleeping - patient - soothe - preschool

When young feelings and hearts meet... - Advances in infants' emotional life are made possible by increasing sophistication of ____ - Initially, differentiation of emotions occurs as cerebral cortex becomes operative in first three months of life - By age of 9 or 10 months, structures that make up ____ system (the site of emotional reactions) begin to grow - ____ system starts to work in tandem with frontal lobes, allowing for increased range of emotions

- brain - limbic - limbic

- Personality= ____ that are different and unique for different people - Trait theory states that everyone has certain traits, but they vary in how significant that trait is present in the person or not (the ____) (ex: everyone has the big 5 traits but each to a certain degree) * Psychodynamic theorists would believe in ____, not in the ____ ____

- characteristics - intensity - personality - trait theory

- Infants' growing ____ skills allow them to ask reasonable questions, but they may be questions that they are too young to understand the answer to: "Why is my mother leaving?" "Where is she going?" "Will she come back?" - Stranger anxiety and separation anxiety represent important ____ progress. - They reflect both ____ advances and the growing ____ and ____ bonds between infants and their caregiver.

- cognitive - social - cognitive - emotional - social

Understanding Attachment: - While earliest animal research suggests attachment based on biologically determined factors, instinctive needs (like food, water...) - Lorenz --> imprinted goslings, critical period - Harlow--> ____-seeking monkeys - ____ alone is not basis for attachment

- contact - food

Continuity Theory: A Compromise Position - People need to maintain their ____ level of involvement in society to maximize their sense of ____ and self-esteem - Regardless of activity level, most older adults experience positive emotions as frequently as younger individuals - Good physical and mental health is important in determining overall sense of well-being

- desired - well-being

Neither ____ theory nor ____ theory provides a complete picture of successful aging

- disengagement - activity

Separation Anxiety: ____ displayed by infants when a customary care provider ____

- distress - departs

In middle childhood... - Control of ____ grow - Better understanding of emotions aids in emotional highs and lows - Ability to hide emotions increases - Empathy expands as children become more adept at genuinely experiencing the emotions of others - Develop self-concept, aware of strengths and weaknesses in physical as well as psychological traits

- emotions

Levels: - On a physical level, elderly people have lower ____ levels and tend to ____ down progressively. - Psychologically, they begin to ____ from others, showing less ____ in the world around them and spending more time looking inward.

- energy - slow - withdraw - interest

- Early findings were consistent with disengagement theory, later research was not supportive. - And sometimes happier—than those who showed signs of disengagement. - Furthermore, in many non-Western cultures, people remain ____, active, and busy throughout old age, and the expectation is that people will remain actively involved in everyday life.

- engaged

Basic Familiar Expressions: - Remarkably similar across the most diverse cultures - Nonverbal encoding - non verbal ____ of emotion, fairly consistent among people of all ages (how you ____ your emotions) - Thus, we are born with capacity to display basic emotions

- expression - express

Social referencing: - First occurs around 8-9 months - Intentional search for cues about others' feelings- use ____ expressions - Aids in understanding others' ____ in context, clarify meaning of situation, confirms meaning of situation Lasting consequences- baby learning ____ ____ ____

- facial - behavior - consequences- baby learning social skills early

Who IS that strange person, anyway? Stranger anxiety-what brings it on? - Memory develops --> ability to recognize ____ people emerges--> ability to anticipate and predict events increases--> appearance of unknown person causes ____ - Common around 6 months - Significant difference among infants and situations, different reaction to male vs. female and children

- familiar - fear

- Mothers spend a greater proportion of their time ____ and directly ____ their children. - In contrast, fathers spend more time, proportionally, ____ with infants. - Almost all fathers do contribute to child care: Surveys show that 95 percent say they do some child-care chores every day. But on average they still do less than mothers. - Nature of fathers' play with their babies is often quite different from that of mothers. Fathers engage in more physical, rough-and-tumble activities with their children. In contrast, mothers play traditional games such as peek-a-boo and games with more verbal elements.

- feeding - nurturing - playing

Harlow's work illustrates that ____ alone is not the basis for attachment. - Given that the monkeys' preference for the ____ ____ "mothers" developed some time after birth, these findings are consistent with the research showing little support for the existence of a critical period for bonding between human mothers and infants immediately following birth.

- food - soft cloth

How do mothers learn to respond? Influences from: - ____ attachment patterns - Infant's ability to provide effective ____ (Mothers typically respond to their infants based on their own ____ styles. As a result, there is substantial similarity in ____ patterns from one generation to the next. Kind of ____ an infant sends may in part determine how successful the mother will be in responding.)

- generational - cues - attachment - attachment - signals

____ have higher incidences of depression than boys but the cause is not clear. - Are there more stresses on the female gender role? - Is this the results of girls' tendencies to react to stress by turning inward, thus experiencing helplessness and hopelessness? - Little evidence that hormones are a factor. - African-Americans and Native Americans also have higher depression rates (same suspected reasons as for girls).

- girls

Gender Differences in Depression: - Higher incidence among ____ than ____ - Stress is more pronounced for ____ due to many, sometimes conflicting demands of traditional ____ gender role - stress coping may be different for ____

- girls - boys - girls - female - females

Depression has several causes, including biological, environmental, and social factors: - Genetic predisposition - Death of loved one - Depressed parent - Unpopular - Few close friends - Experiencing rejection Other things that contribute to the INCREASE suicide rate in the U.S. = lack of ____ ____ - also social media plays a big part= cyber bullying

- gun control

What implication does exposure to other children and concept of mirror neurons have for development of skills and cognitive development? What implication does it have for enrollment in child care centers?

- if they have a set/safe base and secure attachment then it can be good to send them to child centers to learn new skills, social skills and explore, but the age also plays a role - children do thrive when they interact with others- even as early as 6 months - child care centers are good if they are loving, nurturing and safe an have good caretakers and have a good caretaker to kids ratio - the attitude of the parent also plays a role- depends on how they feel about sending them to care centers - some children need more time with parents at home or a nanny at home on a 1-1 basis

"Expert" Infants: - With age, infants begin to ____ each other - Learning by exposure starts early in life! - Impart information and skills from "experts" infant peers - May be inborn skill- presence of mirror neurons - Reproduce each other's behavior- social function and teaching tool - (Even 6 week infant can imitate adult sticking out tongue!)

- imitate - mirror neurons

- Temperamental characteristics are seen as ____ traits that are fairly ____ during childhood and across the entire life span. - These traits are viewed as making up the core of personality and playing a substantial role in future development. - Physiological reactivity, a characteristic of temperament, relates to how a high degree of physiological reactivity is caused by novel stimulus.

- inherited - stable

- On a social level, they engage in less ____ with others, in terms of both day-to-day, face-to-face encounters and participation in ____ as a whole. - Older adults also become less involved and invested in the lives of others.

- interaction - society

- Activity theory suggests that successful aging occurs when people maintain the ____ and ____ they pursued during middle age and resist any decrease in the amount and type of ____ interaction they have with others. - Specific nature and quality of the activities in which people engage are likely to be more critical than the mere quantity or frequency of their activities. - However, some people view the ability to moderate their pace as one of the bounties of late adulthood. For them, a relatively inactive, and perhaps even solitary, existence is welcomed.

- interests - activities - social

Activity Theory: Continued Involvement - Happiness and satisfaction from high level of ____ - Adaptation to inevitable changes - Continuing/replacing previous activities

- involvement

Emotional Difficulties in Adolescence : Depression and Suicide Incidence= highest is in ____ ____ Differences- girls vs. boys - ____ attempt suicide more, but ____ will be more successful because they will be more violent

- late adulthood - girls - boys

Adolescent Suicide: Other factors in adolescent suicide: - Depression - Family conflicts - History of abuse and/or neglect - Drug and alcohol abuse

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Mirror, mirror, in the brain... - Capacity for imitation- innate (because of ____ ____) - Mirror neurons-neurons that fire not only when an individual enacts particular behavior, but also when individual simply observes another organism carrying out same behavior - Research on brain functioning shows activation of inferior frontal gyrus when mirror neurons activated. - Mirror neurons help infants understand others' actions and to develop ____ of ____ -understanding of how mind operates - Dysfunction may be related to ____

- mirror neurons - theory of mind - autism

Baby loves ME best...or maybe just differently: - Nature of maternal and paternal attachment differs - Qualitative difference related to what parents do with infants (mother- more nurture and feeding, father- more play) - Under stress, most infants prefer to be soothed by their ____ rather than by their father.

- mother

Dimensions of Temperament: - Activity level - Approach-withdrawal - Adaptability - Quality of mood - Attention span and persistence - Distractibility - Rhythmicity (sleep schedules, eating, soiling a diaper...) - Intensity of reaction - Threshold of responsiveness (the amount/level of stimuli they need to respond) *Activity level, which reflects the degree of overall ____. *Another important dimension of temperament is the nature and quality of an infant's ____, and in particular a child's ____

- movement - mood - irritability

Does ability to express emotions non-verbally mean that the baby actually experience emotions? And if they do, are they the same emotions to that of adults'?

- not really because they aren't aware of what is making them feel that way

- Young babies show more interest in ____ than in inanimate objects and pay greater attention to other ____ than they do to a mirror image of themselves. - They also begin to show preferences for peers with whom they are ____ compared with those they do not know. - Earliest months of life, they smile, laugh, and vocalize while looking at their peers. - Nine- to twelve-month-olds mutually present and accept toys, particularly to familiar others and play social games, such as peek-a-boo or crawl-and-chase.

- peers - infants - familiar

Biological Basis of Temperament: Recent approaches to temperament grow out of behavioral genetics framework: - ____ reactivity to novel stimuli - Patterns of ____ and ____ - Clear ____ basis underlying inhibition to the unfamiliar --> Rapid increase in heartbeat, blood pressure, pupil dilation, and high excitability of brain's limbic system

- physiological - arousal, emotionality - biological

False belief test: - hiding doll in 1 place and then when adult leaves the room, the child hides it somewhere else - with theory of mind- the child will know that the adult will look in place ____ (A/B) - without theory of mind- the child will think that the adult knows its in place ____ (A/B)

- place A - place B

2. Avoidant attachment pattern do not seek ____ to the mother, and after she has left, they typically do not seem ____ - seem to avoid her when she returns - It is as if ____ are indifferent to her behavior - Some 20 percent of 1-year-old children are in the avoidant category.

- proximity - distressed - avoid

What makes young adults happy? - Happiest memories = ____ needs rather than material needs satisfied - Unhappiest memories = basic ____ needs left unfulfilled - Culture influences which ____ needs are most important in determining happiness ex: Asian cultures- more collectivist vs U.S- more individualistic/independent *According to research on young adults, happiness usually is derived from feelings of ____, ____, ____-____, or ____ well to other people.

- psychological - psychological - psychological - independence - competence - self-esteem - relating

3. Ambivalent attachment pattern, display a combination of positive and negative ____ to their mothers. - Initially, ambivalent children are in such ____ contact with the mother that they hardly ____ their environment. - They appear ____ even before the mother leaves, and when she does leave, they show great ____. - But upon her return, they show ambivalent reactions, seeking to be ____ to her but also ____ and ____, apparently in anger. - About 10 to 15 percent of 1-year-olds fall into the ambivalent classification. 4. Disorganized-Disoriented

- reactions - close - explore - anxious - distress - close - hitting and kicking

- By 7 months, infants correctly match ____ and ____ expressions! - Research study- presented infants with pair of facial expressions relating to joy and sadness, and simultaneously heard vocalization representing joy or sadness. When facial expression matched tone, infants ____ ____ ____

- vocal - facial - paid more attention

- Highly active and social people will be happiest if they largely ____ so. - Those more retiring individuals, who enjoy solitude and solitary interests, will be happiest if they are free to pursue that level of sociability. - Old age can influence their happiness and satisfaction. - Those who view late adulthood in terms of positive are apt to perceive themselves in a more positive light than those who view old age in a more pessimistic and unfavorable way.

- remain

- Social referencing is the intentional ____ for information about others' ____ to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events. - It is a fairly sophisticated social ability: Infants need it not only to understand the significance of others' behavior, by using such cues as their facial expressions, but also understand the meaning of those behaviors within the context of a specific situation.

- search - feelings

Does the quality of attachment have significant consequences for later life relationships? Yes: - ____ attached 1- year-old males show fewer psychological difficulties at older ages - Securely attached infants are more ____ and ____ competent later and more ____ viewed - Adult ____ relationships are associated with attachment style developed during infancy But: - Children who do not have a ____ attachment style during infancy do not invariably experience difficulties later in life - Children with a secure attachment at age 1 do not always have ____ ____ later in life

- securely - socially - emotionally - positively - romantic - secure - good adjustment

Theory of Mind- understanding of how mind operates: - Emotional capacity involving self-____ increases with brain maturation and frontal lobe myelination and hormonal changes - ____ skills developing - Children develop insight into motives and reasons behind behavior of others - Slowly gain insight into what others may be ____ and ____-develop empathy by age 2 (mom is angry because she was late for apt., did they see her be late?) - 3 yr. old understand concept of "pretend" but cannot understand that people can be fooled by physical reality - By end of preschool years can solve false belief problems ( except for autistic children)

- self-awareness - language - thinking - feeling

Why would the sad and flat emotional expressiveness of a depressed parent be hard on an infant? - ____ ____= picking up ____ of others to know how to ____ and ____ - the emotional and social reactions of parents and infants are very important

- social referencing - cues - react and feel

- Sense of subjective well-being or general happiness remains ____ over life span - Most people have a general "____ ____" for happiness - Regardless of where they stand economically, residents of countries across the world have similar levels of happiness - Although specific events may temporarily elevate or depress a person's mood (for example, a surprisingly high job evaluation or being laid off from work), people eventually return to their general level of happiness. - Most people's happiness set points seem to be fairly high.

- stable - set point

Emotional Self-Regulation: - Ability to adjust emotions to a desired ____ and level of ____. - ____ impulses, stop one behavior and begin another, even if he doesn't want to - Inhibit one response and enact another - Starting at age 2, children are able to talk about their feelings and engage in strategies to regulate them. - Necessary for development of social skills and successful learning. - Pay attention, follow rules

- state - intensity - control

What happens if adult is not responsive to child? - they will ____ ____

- stop - expressing

---> What contributes most to the increased suicide rate among US adolescents today? - The most obvious explanation is that the ____ experienced by teenagers has increased, leading those who are most vulnerable to be more likely to commit suicide. - Increase in ____. ____ teenagers who are experiencing a profound sense of hopelessness are at greater risk of committing suicide. - Social inhibition, perfectionism, and a high level of stress and anxiety are related to a greater risk of suicide. - Easy availability of ____—which are more prevalent in the U.S. than in other industrialized nations—also contributes to the suicide rate. - Some cases of suicide are associated with family conflicts and relationship or school difficulties. Some stem from a history of abuse and neglect. - Rate of suicide among drug and alcohol abusers is also relatively high.

- stress - depression - depressed - guns

Emotional self-regulation increases during adolescence: - Several strategies used for emotional regulation --> Changing the way you ____ about situations --> ____ troubling emotions

- think - suppressing

- Stranger anxiety is the caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering an ____ person. - Such anxiety typically appears in the second half of the first year. - Although stranger anxiety is common after the age of 6 months, significant differences exist between children. --> Some infants, particularly those who have a lot of experience with ____, tend to show less anxiety than those whose experience with strangers is limited. Furthermore, not all strangers evoke the same ____. --> For instance, infants tend to show less anxiety with ____ strangers than with ____ strangers. --> In addition, they react more positively to strangers who are ____ than to strangers who are ____, perhaps because their size is less intimidating.

- unfamiliar - strangers - anxiety - reaction - female - male - children - adults

Decoding Others' Facial and Vocal Expressions: - Imitative abilities early in life may pave way for nonverbal decoding - Infants interpret others' facial and vocal expressions that carry meaning - In first 6 to 8 weeks-little attention paid to facial expressions due to limited ____ precision, but respond to ____ facial expressions - By 4 months-understand underlying ____ tied to facial and vocal expressions - By 5 months-discriminate ____ and ____ vocal expressions - By 7 months- respond to appropriately matched vocal and facial expressions

- visual - unusual - emotions - happy, sad

Ainsworth Strange Situation: - Baltimore, 1960s, observed 26 pairs in homes and explained mothering styles that produced different attachment styles - Widely used experimental technique to measure attachment - Sequence of staged episodes that illustrate strength of attachment between child and (typically) mother

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Cultural Differences: - Differences in ways fathers and mothers play with their children occur in many US families and in very diverse cultures - These differences in the ways that fathers and mothers play with their children occur even in the minority of families in the United States in which the father is the primary caregiver. - Differences occur in very diverse cultures: Fathers in Australia, Israel, India, Japan, Mexico, and even in the Aka Pygmy tribe in central Africa all engage more in play than in caregiving, although the amount of time they spend with their infants varies widely.

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Developmental Diversity: - Does attachment differ across cultures? - Research findings suggest human attachment is not as culturally universal as Bowlby predicted - Certain attachment patterns seem more likely among infants of particular cultures: - Germany-more avoidant - Israel and Japan-less secure attachment than in U.S. (maybe because of past terrorist attacks) - China and Canada- Chinese more inhibited in Strange Situations (because focus is not on individual and independence, more of a collectivist culture) - if a different measure of attachment was used, then findings might be different too

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In what ways might limitations of autistic children's theory of mind affect their emotional and social behaviors? - since they do not develop theory of mind, this can affect their emotional and social behaviors, because they will be unsuccessful at understanding others' points of view and therefore will not be able to understand someone else's thinking, feeling or behavior as well

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Little mention of the father and his potential contributions to the life of the infant in early theorizing and research on attachment. --> Why do you think this is? - First, John Bowlby, who provided the initial theory of attachment, suggested that there was something unique about the mother-child relationship. - He believed the mother was uniquely equipped, biologically, to provide sustenance for the child, and he concluded that this capability led to the development of a special relationship between mothers and children. - Second, the early work on attachment was influenced by the traditional social views of the time, which considered it "natural" for the mother to be the primary caregiver, while the father's role was to work outside the home to provide a living for his family. --> What caused this to change? Societal norms are changing

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Social and Emotional Development: Module 9.1: Forging Early Social Relationships Module 9.2: Emotional Development Module 9.3: Personality Development across the Life Span

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The "strange situation" follows this general eight-step pattern: (1) The mother and baby enter an unfamiliar room (2) the mother sits down, leaving the baby free to explore (3) an adult stranger enters the room and converses first with the mother and then with the baby (4) the mother exits the room, leaving the baby alone with the stranger (5) the mother returns, greeting and comforting the baby, and the stranger leaves (6) the mother departs again, leaving the baby alone; (7) the stranger returns (8) the mother returns and the stranger leaves

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Warning Signs: - Direct or indirect talk --> "I wish I were dead." --> "Don't worry, I'll be out of your hair soon." - School difficulties --> Missed classes, drop in grades - Writing a will - Changes in eating habits - General depression --> Sleep habits, lack of energy, uncommunicative - Dramatic behavior changes - Preoccupation with death --> Art, music, conversation

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What are some advantages and disadvantages of emotional self-regulation? Are there dangers in too much self-regulation? - Freud would say if you repress emotions too much- you can develop neurosis and psychosis

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What did Freud suggest regarding attachment? Lorenz-imprinting Bowlby—instinctive need for attachment, crying, smiling, grasping behaviors ensure survival and promote attachment What about Rene Spitz? Led to Harlow's research-

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What roles do parents play in producing attachment? - Little early mention of dads, why not? Fathers: - Expressions of nurturance, warmth, affection, support, and concern are extremely important to infant emotional and social well-being - Infants can form primary relationship with father, confirmed by research indicating that substance abuse and depression correlate positively with father's behavior

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ex: if mom smiles at a toy- the baby will also want to play with it - if she shows disgust to that toy- the baby will not want to play with it

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Infant Emotional Expressions: Izard (MAX)Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding System: At birth: (3 main facial expressions/emotions) 1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____ - Over next months: clues of other emotions emerge - Kinds and degree of emotions expressed vary - Mirrors Darwin's earlier findings-humans and primates have inborn, universal set of emotional expressions

1. Interest 2. Distress 3. Disgust

Interpreting Infant Emotional Expressions: Two Different Views: 1. Infants display ____-like ____ expressions - If displays are innate, facial expressions may occur without accompanying ____ referents (EMOTIONLESS!) - awareness of emotional experience-- reflexive 2. Infant nonverbal expressions represent ____ experiences - Expressions may help to regulate emotion as basic expressions are modified and better controlled with age - adaptive, permit babies to express needs non-verbally before they talk

1. adult - nonverbal - cognitive 2. emotional

Successful Aging Secrets: Three major approaches 1. ____ theory- theory suggests that successful aging is characterized by gradual ____. 2. ____ theory- theory argues that successful aging occurs when people maintain their ____ with the world. 3. ____ theory- theory takes a ____ position, suggesting that what is important is maintaining a desired level of ____.

1. disengagement - withdrawal 2. activity - engagement 3. continuity - compromise - involvement