Developmental Psych (chapter's 7-9)
Which of the following is a good example of the Zone of Proximal Development Theory in action?
4 year old Teddy watches how his 5 year old cousin places the plates at the table and learns how to do it on his own.
At what age do babies realize they are different from other people?
5 months
The Looking-Glass Self theory contains ALL of the following:
How we imagine we appear to others; The judgment we imagine that others are making about us; Our self-image based upon evaluations of others
The process of growth and change that all humans go through is called _____.
Human development
The part of the self that is spontaneous, self-centered, and creative is the:
I
Which of the following statements about child directed speech is FALSE?
It helps the child develop multiple languages concurrently
Why are many parents convinced that day care is a worthwhile option?
It is an environment that supports growth and learning
Why is the development of fine motor coordination in early childhood so important?
It is involved in countless activities that adults may take for granted, such as playing sports and drawing.
How have beliefs about an infant's abilities changed over time?
It is no longer believed that newborns are blind at birth
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of day care?
It is required to be open 12 hours a day, 7 days a week
A flat rectangle of snow covering a driveway is shoveled into a big, tall pile. If a child has a sense of conservation, then what conclusion will they draw about the snow?
The amount of snow covering the driveway and in the pile are the same.
Jill is about to enter a subway station late at night. She notices that no one's watching the turnstile, but she decides to pay as she enters regardless. What part of the self likely drove this decision?
The me
Unless the state of residence mandates early childhood education, who can best assess a child's readiness for preschool?
The parent(s) or legal guardian(s)
How does the prefrontal lobe affect a child's development?
The prefrontal lobe is the part of the brain responsible for planning and problem solving, so these capacities improve.
At playgroup, Derek can't help but notice the new truck that his friend Blake has. It's red and shiny and Derek really wishes it was his. He runs over and grabs it from Blake's hands, leaving Blake in tears. Derek's action is an example of _____.
instrumental aggression
When a baby is first born it _____ because its ears are _____.
can hear; fully developed
It is amazing how little Jimmy can focus in on the one character he is coloring on a page while seemingly losing sight of everything going on around him. This is an example of _____.
centration
Dr. Johannsen is researching a species that appears to grow from the head to the tail, much like humans. The development of this species can be correctly categorized as _____.
cephalocaudal
The ____ principle reflects the idea that development begins with changes in the brain, followed by changes in the body
cephalocaudal
The proportion of a person's head to their body in childhood is indicative of the ____. Principle
cephalocaudal
Parents often overestimate the _____ abilities of young children, while underestimating their _____ abilities, which can lead to serious accidents.
cognitive; motor
Many children begin to develop _____ during middle childhood.
insecurities about their body
A baby looks around the room and notices that everyone is laughing. She then laughs, too. This is an example of which of the following?
social referencing
Early childhood is a very important time of change and growth that occurs between the ages of _____ and _____.
two; seven
Early childhood is between age _____ and age _____.
two; seven
Why is fear good, according to evolutionary theory?
It alerts us to danger
For the most part, socialization begins with _____.
the family
Why is parental substance abuse a major issue?
It disrupts the bonding between parent and child
Which of the following is an example of habituation?
A child reacts differently to a new food than to a familiar food
In an abusive household, a parent may interpret a baby's cry as:
A critique of his/her parenting styles
Which of the following demonstrates growth according to the proximodistal principle?
A fertilized egg expanding outward to become an embryo, then a fetus, with the spinal cord forming before limbs, fingers, and toes
Which of the following is an example of the leading cause of death in children over the age of one?
A six year-old is struck by a vehicle while chasing their ball
Which of the following is an example of addressing a child's abilities in order to heighten self-esteem?
After the soccer game a parent says, 'You did great today! You were able to run fast and still kick the ball into the goal!'
Perceptual development refers to the development of which of the following?
All of the answers are correct
Which of the following is an example of a child in the period of early childhood?
An excitable five-year-old kindergartner
One important contributing factor in information processing is:
Attention
Sasha gets a low grade on her math homework. Normally, her parents would take away her allowance and explain why math is important. However, on this occasion, they listen when Sasha explains that she was distracted because she was ill, so they decide not to punish her. What kind of parenting style is this?
Authoritative
According to educational psychologists, which parenting style is considered to be ideal -- most often resulting in children with high self-esteem, good social skills, and success at school?
Authroitative
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)?
Back sleeping
Why do babies mirror the activities of the people around them?
Because by following the actions of others, it teaches babies how to act.
Why does social-referencing depend on self-awareness?
Because in order to observe and respond to others, you must understand you are a separate entity.
Why is remembering your first day of school an example of autobiographical memory?
Because its a memory of one of your particular life experiences
Why did SIDS decline during the 1990s?
Because of a campaign encouraging parents to put babies to sleep on their backs
Why might a baby with high reactivity not necessarily be a shy and anxious adult?
Because the environment in which they were raised was supportive.
Why does physical bullying fall under the category of hostile aggression?
Because the main intent is to hurt someone
Why do babies need so much sleep?
Because they are growing so rapidly
How can parents help their children avoid serious accidents?
Being aware of safety concerns, having an accurate sense of their child's motor and cognitive abilities
Focusing on one aspect of a situation and ignoring others is called:
Centration
The Looking-Glass Self theory was developed in 1902 by _____ to explain how individuals develop a _____.
Charles Cooley; sense of self
Toddler Andrea recently began saying the word 'play' very excitedly. Her parents understand she is saying she wants to play now. This is an example of which type of speech?
Holophrase
Tom and Barbara are planning on enrolling little Bobby in daycare when Barbara mentions one disadvantage to day care that makes them reconsider. Which of the following is a legitimate disadvantage that Barbara may have mentioned?
Children who go to day care are exposed to more germs and tend to get sick more often.
Growth in understanding, knowledge, and learning in humans is called:
Cognitive development
The process of growth in the area of thinking is called:
Cognitive development
The way people change and grow throughout life is called:
Development
According to research, children that have a _____ are more likely to be abused
Difficult temperament
When a child pays attention to a stimulus again after something is changed, it is called:
Dishabituation
Two-year-old Paulo understands that a photo of an apple is not the same thing as an actual apple. Which substage of development is this?
Early representational thought
Parents can avoid childhood obesity by NOT forcing their children to _____ and by encouraging their children to _____.
Eat more than they need; Move more and play actively
Sarah watched another child fall on the playground and start crying. She showed no emotion or empathy toward this child. What could this indicate?
Emotional development difficulties caused by abuse.
How can parents foster independence and also offer security?
Encourage children to do something on their own, while assuring them they will be there to offer needed help
The stages listed below are the stages of _____. Imitation, play, game, and generalized other
George Herbert Mead's stages of self and development in toddlers
All of the following are true about the Generalized Other Stage EXCEPT:
Geriatric adults interact with society.
Georgie lives next to a firehouse. At first, every time he sees lights or hears a siren, he jumps. But after a while, he blocks it out and doesn't even notice when the lights and sirens are going. This is an example of:
Habituation
When a child stops responding to stimuli, it is called
Habituation
How is self-esteem related to social development?
Healthy self-esteem can lead to positive interactions with others, and positive interactions lead to higher self-esteem
Kara lives in a nuclear family. Which of the following could be a list of the other family members in her household?
Her mother, father and two younger sisters
How do Eastern cultures differ from Western cultures?
In eastern cultures, groups are valued over individuals
Which of the following is NOT a physical change that occurs during early childhood?
Increased vocabulary
Jonah is supposed to play video games for only 15 minutes per day, but one day, he plays for 30 minutes. His parents do nothing and allow him to play as long as he wants with no punishment, and instead, they praise him for getting to level 10 in the game. What parenting style are Jonah's parents using?
Indulgent
Trent is six months old. When his grandmother saw him last month, he was just starting to roll over. Now Trent can crawl. Which of the following is the BEST reason for why Trent has learned so much in such a short time?
Infants' brains have a high amount of neuroplasticity
The process of taking sensory input and translating it into understanding of the world is called:
Information processing
Skylar is a shy, withdrawn adult. Which of the following would best define Skylar?
Inhibited
Aggression, where the focus is on getting what you want, but not on hurting others, is:
Instrumental
The sensory cortex is responsible for which of the following?
Interpreting incoming information about the environment
Why is an increase in balance so important to a child's physical development in early childhood?
It makes additional exploration of his environment possible, which leads to learning.
Maria is nine months old. Her mother is feeding her new types of food. Maria's mother feeds her a spoonful of peas. Maria makes a face, and spits them back out. Which of the following parts of her brain caused Maria to spit out the peas?
Motor cortex
In early childhood, children often eat _____ because of changes in the rate of growth.
Less food overall
SIDS is the leading cause of infant deaths in the US and affects children who are:
Less than one year old
The Zone of Proximal Development theory, which explains one way in which social interaction can aid intellectual development, was the work of _____.
Lev Vygotsky
Greg's baby, Trisha, reacts to stimuli by remaining calm and cool. Which of the following would best describe Trisha?
Low reactivity
When Samir accidentally breaks a glass plate while washing dishes, his parents immediately scream that he's a bad kid and beat him. Which behaviors is Samir likely to exhibit in school as a result of his parents' authoritarian parenting style?
Low self-esteem and an inability to conceptualize what is morally right or wrong
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of extended family?
More opportunities for travel as a result of having more family to visit
_____ refers to the brain's ability to grow and change and is at highest point during _____.
Neuroplasticity; early childhood
Which of the following is a universal cultural norm?
Never murder someone from your community.
Is there such thing as a best type of family? Why or why not?
No, because the healthy development of the child depends on how the individuals interact with each other rather than the type of family
Which of the following refers to an understanding that something or someone continues to exist even when the child can't see it?
Object permanence
Jan holds a negative internal working model of herself and others; therefor, she likely believes:
People cannot be trusted and are difficult to love
How does preschool differ from daycare?
Preschool focuses mainly on academics rather than play
Baby Nina does something she finds pleasurable. Subsequently, she repeats the action. This behavior occurs in which substage of development?
Primary circular reactions
Which of the following is NOT an example of relational aggression?
Pushing a relative to the ground
If Sarah is in the play stage of George Herbert Mead's stages of development she is most likely to do which of the following when she is given a cow costume?
Put it on and run around saying 'Moo' and pretending to be a cow
Which of the following likely contribute to infant amnesia?
Rapid brain development and a lack of autobiographical memory
Why do parents want a day care center to be licensed?
Regular inspections ensure a safe environment for their children
This is the leading cause of death for babies under 12 months of age.
SIDS
Kids develop independence from their parents through the influence of:
School
Being able to control your behaviors is called:
Self-regulation
Bella's mom is disappointed to find out that Bella has not been turning in her Physics homework, resulting in a D for the semester. Bella's mom has an authoritative parenting style. Considering her parenting style, which of the following is the most probable way that Bella's mom will handle the situation?
She will most likely sit down and talk to Bella about the situation and will not punish her if Bella has a good explanation for why this happened.
Bill and Tara have a newborn baby girl. They can expect which of the following about their baby's sleep patterns?
She will need about 16 hours of sleep per day and have 6-7 periods of sleep (polyphasic sleep) each day.
The benefits of preschool include:
Socialization and learning from peers
A child's self-esteem is affected by all of the following factors, EXCEPT:
Spending a lot of time doing homework
SIDS is an acronym for:
Sudden infant death syndrome
Eighteen-month-old Wally witnesses his older brother place a school permission slip in a kitchen drawer and assumes others know where it has been placed. Later, when Wally sees his father looking for the permission slip, Wally says, 'I like ice cream, that not there.' Which type of speech does this describe?
Syncretic
How does decentration differ from centration?
Taking into consideration multiple aspects of a situation only happens in decentration.
Two-year-old Caroline wakes up from her nap and repeatedly says, 'go park', which her mother interprets as a desire to play at the park. This an example of which type of speech?
Telegraphic
Babies have control over their trunks, arms, and legs before they have control over their fingers and toes. Which principle does this support?
The Proximodistal principle
How does the stage of generalized other differ from the imitation stage?
The generalized other stage occurs much later in development than the imitation stage, and thus entails much more complex behaviors and thoughts.
How is the sense of 'self' developed?
The sense of self is developed through a socialization process that begins in early childhood, and is influenced by the family, peers, teachers, and the media.
What is the correct definition of self-esteem?
The way we feel about ourselves.
While at preschool, a child might become potty trained by watching his/her peers go to the bathroom. What is this an example of?
The zone of proximal development
Betty's baby has a very low reactivity to certain stimuli. According to Kagan's research, which of the following is true?
There is a good chance that Betty's baby will be uninhibited as an adult.
Why do children placed in day care get sick more often?
They are exposed to other childrens' germs
Whenever little Mary is angry at another child in her kindergarten class, she kicks or punches the other child. How can Mary's parents help her learn to deal in a better way with these situations?
They can help her learn self-regulation by talking with her about what she's feeling and helping her find alternative ways to express her emotions.
Sometimes 4-year old Johnny comes running into his parents' room scared that there is a 'bad guy' in his closet. How can his parents best help him in this situation?
They can remain calm, reassure Johnny, and show him that there isn't anyone in his closet.
Which of the following is a characteristic of child abusers?
They hold unrealistic expectations of children.
Why do babies self-soothe?
To make themselves feel better
Tom's parents have a permissive parenting style. Which of the following best describes the contrast between Tom's parents' approach and that of his girlfriend's parents who have a neglectful style?
Tom's parents don't set standards and tend to give in to his demands, while his girlfriend's parents don't even know what she is up to.
Which of the following is NOT a way to prevent SIDS?
Use bumper pads in the crib
An example of hostile aggression would be _____.
a ten year old boy breaking a neighbor's skateboard on purpose because he wants to hurt him.
Jane is two days old. What is true about this newborn?
all of the answer choices are correct
Darren is called in to investigate the death of a three year old. The most likely cause for the death would be _____, which is the leading cause for death in children over the age of one.
an accident
Bill was twenty minutes past his curfew because of a traffic back up on the main highway. When he got home and started to explain why he was late, his father cut him off and told him, 'No excuses. You've lost driving privileges for three months!' Bill's father is exhibiting an _____ parenting style.
authoritarian
Why is television likely to influence a child's socioemotional development?
because children pay attention to what's on television
Why is habituation important?
because it shows that the child is learning
Why are matrifocal families more common than patrifocal families?
because mothers tend to get custody of children
Which of the following alternatives to day care is LIKELY NOT an option for most parents?
bringing the child to work
When Benny is presented with a choice between a tall thin glass of chocolate milk containing 8 ounces and a short wide glass containing 8 ounces, he always chooses the tall thin glass perceiving that it contains more. Benny has not yet learned the cognitive principle of _____, in which he will understand that equal quantities are the same no matter how they are presented.
conservation
In which substage of development does a baby gain an understanding that objects have a specific function?
coordination of reactions
The part of the brain that connects the two hemispheres is called the _____.
corpus callosum
Black and white mobiles hung in a newborn baby's crib are excellent sources of entertainment because newborns prefer _____ and can see clearly for a distance of only _____ away.
dark and light patterns; 7 - 18 inches
Conservation depends partly upon:
decentration
During middle childhood, which of the following is TRUE?
differences in the sizes of children become more marked
The light outside Sophie's bedroom window shines right into her crib, but she learns to sleep even with the light on. But one week, the light burns out and she sleeps in darkness. After the light is fixed and shines into her crib again, Sophie finds it hard to sleep. This is an example of:
dishabituation
The period of childhood that spans from age two to age six or seven is known as _____.
early childhood
Thomas is 18 months old and clearly understands what a picture of an ice cream cone means. As his family passes by a store with a picture of an ice cream cone in the window, Thomas starts pulling on his dad's pant leg to get him to go into the store. Thomas' understanding of symbols representing real objects is a part of the _____ sub-stage of Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage of Development.
early representational thought
One positive aspect of day care for young children is _____.
expanded social opportunities
Franklin, a high school junior, can accurately determine which girls will go out with him and which will not. According to Mead, this awareness is an example of _____.
generalizing other
Development is the process of _____ and _____ that everyone goes through.
growth; change
A decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure to the same stimulus is called _____.
habituation
As Riley crawls across the floor to play with her blocks, she hears a loud noise and stops to look over her shoulder toward the sound. Over the next five minutes, the sound interrupts her crawling several times and each time she stops what she is doing and looks over her shoulder when it happens. After ten minutes, although the sound still occurs, Riley continues to crawl and play as if nothing is happening. This process is called _____.
habituation
SIDS usually strikes _____ babies
healthy
What determines if a blended family will have a positive effect on a child?
how the family works together as a unit
The process of growth and change that people experience through life is called:
human development
John and Dara are really enjoying this phase of their baby's development. They love smiling at her and watching her smile back or waving and seeing the baby bend her fingers to wave back at them. John and Dara's baby appears to be in the _____ phase of George Herbert Mead's stages of self and development.
imitation
Most adults don't remember much before the age of two or three. This phenomenon is called _____ and may be related to the amount of brain development happening during those early years.
infant amnesia
Tina and Tommy are twins. When the smoke alarm goes off outside of their room, Tommy turns red and begins to cry very loudly. Tina, on the other hand, continues to rest peacefully, staring up at the mobile in her crib. Tina is exhibiting _____.
low reactivity
Child abusers often have _____ self-esteem and were _____ abused as children.
low; also
Kayla lives in a household with her younger sister and her mother, Gwen. Gwen has sole custody of the children now that she is divorced from Kayla's father who has moved to another country. Kayla's family situation can best be described as _____.
matrifocal
The time between ages seven and twelve is called _____.
middle childhood
Sleeping only once in a 24-hour period is called:
monophasic sleep
When Jill speaks with her pre-teen son she speaks as if she is talking with a friend. In contrast, when Jill speaks to her toddler daughter she speaks slowly with a high pitched voice and careful pronunciation using short sentences. Jill is using _____, when speaking to her toddler.
motherese
Anita gets all Ds and Fs on her report card. Her parents don't seem to care and tend to avoid spending time with her. They give Anita neither positive nor negative attention. What kind of parenting style is this?
neglecting
The Lopez family consists of Maria, her husband Frank, and their two children Lucas and Alannah. They would best be described as a _____ family.
nuclear
Teddy is almost two. His older brother Bill has fooled Teddy many times by holding out a treat and then putting it behind his back and telling Teddy that it 'disappeared.' This time, though, something is different. Teddy begins to smile and runs around behind Bill to get the treat. Teddy has begun to understand _____.
object permanence
Taking a child who is scared of storms outside to dance in the rain is an example of ___
offering competing emotions
A holophrase is _____ used by a child to convey a(n) _____.
one word; entire thought or idea
To help children deal with fear, a parent should NOT _____.
panic
Cooley describes the looking-glass self as ____
people seeing themselves as they believe others see them
Aidan finds a hose outside, and pretends to be a fireman for the first time. What stage of self is Aidan likely in?
play
A baby is 9 months old and wakes up once every night. This means the baby is engaged in _____ sleep.
polyphasic
Newborns engage in a ____ sleep pattern, meaning that they sleep ____ periods during any given 24 hours
polyphasic; for many
Children's television has a _____ effect on development. However, some studies suggest that _____ television has a negative effect on behavior.
positive; violent
The ____ principle supports the position that development begins in the center of the body and moves outward
proximodistal
Studies indicate that children whose parents were substance abusers _____ on standardized tests.
score lower
8-month old Sadie notices that when she sticks her tongue out all of the adults around her start laughing. Soon she is doing it over and over again in order to get the adults to laugh. Sadie's behavior would be classified by Piaget as a _____
secondary circular reaction
Guilt and pride are examples of _____ emotions.
self-conscious
Identify the two factors that contribute to a child's brain development in the first two years of their life.
size and functionality
Timmy is two years old. He accompanies his dad to the supermarket where a worker at the bakery reaches out to hand him a cookie. He's scared. Then he watches as the worker reaches out and hands his dad a cookie. His dad takes it with a smile, so Timmy knows it is okay. Timmy is using _____.
social referencing
Resilience in children tends to be particularly high regarding _____ issues.
socioemotional
Language development is the process in which a child learns to _____.
speak in full, complete sentences
The two processes that allow children's brains to learn more in less time and become overall more functional during early childhood are _____ and _____.
synaptic growth; synaptic pruning
Which of the following is NOT an example of a common fear in children?
taking baths
Common toddler phrases such as 'Me scared' and 'Me hungry' are examples of _____.
telegraphic speech
Behavioral and emotional traits that shape how people deal with the world is known as which of the following?
temperament
Ever since Janet was a toddler, she has been impatient with those around her and quick to anger. These types of innate emotional and behavioral traits are referred to as _____.
temperament
Sleep development is a product of what two changes that occur in infancy?
the volume of sleep and the type of sleep
Divorce can be tough on young children because _____.
they lack an understanding of what it is
According to Lev Vygotsky, placing children in an environment with _____ is good for them as it creates a _____.
those slightly more advanced than they are; Zone of Proximal Development
According to Piaget, the Sensorimotor stage of a child's development involves learning about the environment _____.
through sensory input and motor output
Which of the following is NOT a type of development humans experience?
traditional