developmental psych midterm

anal stage

(18-36 months) pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

ego integrity vs. despair

(Erikson) People in late adulthood either achieve a sense of integrity of the self by accepting the lives they have lived or yield to despair that their lives cannot be relived

which of the following citations reflect proper apa in-text citation?

(Smith, 2022)

when looking at particular risk factors for autism, what may constitute an environmental factor associated with developing the disorder?

- a chemical the fetus is exposed to via the placenta - rubella infection during pregnancy - toxic exposures during pregnancy, including chemicals or air pollution

Name one of the two ways that a study can achieve greater generalizability when sampling.

- size - diversity of sample

Which of the following represent influential ethical guidelines that oftentimes drive debates regarding proper ethical protocols in conducting research today?

- the nuremberg code - the declaration of helsinki - the belmont report

what purpose does the step of publication serve regarding the scientific method?

- to share study results with a wider population - to allow for other researchers and consumers to get the most up to date findings on a given topic - to expose a research team's study to outside scrutiny

historically, individuals with DD have been excluded from research for which of the following reasons?

- use of convenience samples - difficulty of including them in samples - large costs associated with their inclusion

in the Syed et al. (2018) article, the researchers identify that invisibility of these individuals within the field of psychology is not only based on their lack of representation as research participants in studies but also their exclusions from the ranks of those doing the research:

- women - racial/ethnic minorities - lgbtq+

criticisms of freud

1) some specific ideas were implausible and invalidated 2) theory offered only after the fact explanations 3) new research = true repression rarely, if ever, occurs 4) misogynistic

genital stage

Freud's last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence).

latent stage

Freud's stage of psychosexual development occuring from about age 6 to puberty during which little happens in psychosexual terms

psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

phallic stage

Freud's third stage of personality development, from about age 4 through age 7, during which children obtain gratification primarily from the genitals.

psychosexual theory of development

Freud; individuals were subject to the unconscious secual desires and motivations, beyond their control; 5 stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital; personality structure has 3 divisions: id, ego, superego

Undue failure or frustration during this developmental period may hinder successful resolution of the crisis, leading the individual to feel worthless and/or bad about themselves, especially in relation to others:

Industry versus inferiority

According to Sigmund Freud, why would girls or women be more prone to jealousy than boys or men?

Penis envy in females may be expressed as jealousy

concrete operational stage

Start to see development of logical thought, but still have difficulty with abstract/hypothetical thinking; egocentrism starts to dissipate Main achievement: conservation

concordance rate

indicates the percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same disorder

This population has typically been excluded from psychological research due to concerns about informed consent as well as additional bureaucratic hurdles researchers need to go through to include them

individuals with developmental disabilities

As discussed in class, average age of onset in the United States for getting cell phones adds the potential for digital gadgets and more readily available access to the Internet and/or social media platforms to intersect with the developmental tasks starting during which period of development?

industry vs. inferiority

Prior to Freud's development of the "talking cure," this was the primary method of dealing with mentally ill or disabled individuals.

institutionalization

adaptation

interplay between assimilation and accomodation

assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

This theoretical framework has received increasing attention over the years, including within the field of psychology, identifying the way that systemic inequalities or oppressions can overlap for certain groups, such as women of color, and impact the ways that they are treated in society and/or develop over the course of their lives:

intersecitionality

which of the following factors increases the generalizability of a given study's results?

larger sample size

preconsciousness

level of awareness in which information can become readily available to consciousness if necessary

eros

life instinct

confederates

masquerade as participants but are actually part of the experimental team

erikson classifies development as?

maturation over the lifetime

validity

means that the data is accurate, or do your results what they're supposed to measure?

reverse coding

means that the value assigned for a response is treated oppositely from the other items

nature vs. nurture

name for a controversy in which it is debated whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior

name one of the two types of observational study designs

naturalistic design controlled design

which of the following reflect autobiographical similarities between anna freud and erikson?

neither one of them were credentialed or had formal schooling in the field of psychology

criticisms of erikson

not scientifically controlled research - taken from case studies from people he counselled. only looks at the development of men. believes identity is found in adolescence but is usually confirmed in early adulthood overlooks the role of work in the formation of identity.

If someone were to tell you that the reason you are different from each other is because you were raised differently, they would be arguing for this perspective on development.

nurture

according to researchers, one way to conceptualize this particular concept is, as everything that occurs outside the womb that has the potential to impact or influence a person's development?

nurture

If an infant is playing with a teddy bear and you place a blanket over it, they may get upset because they think the teddy bear is actually gone. This is an example of a lack of

object permanence

What was the primary mode of study that Anna Freud and others conducted as they interacted with children at the Hampstead War Nursery?

observational design

naturalistic observation

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

For purposes of a given study, researchers measure how physically attractive a person is by how symmetrical the features of their face are, and by asking 35 people in a focus group to rate their photos on a scale of 1 to 10 (10 being the most attractive). The researchers then combine the symmetry and focus group scores to come up with a number from 1 to 25 for attractiveness, with higher numbers representing more physically attractive participants. What is this process an example of?

operationalization

If I wanted to study happiness, the process of picking an empirical measure and scale to quantify happiness is part of what concept?

operationalization

which of the following processes demonstrate how the principle of empiricism of the scientific method is practiced by researchers as they design their study?

operationalization

consciousness

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

One critique of Freud is that his interpretation of "nurture" basically only included this influence.

parents

During which of the stages of psychosexual development does the child experience castration anxiety?

phallic

Castration anxiety emerges during this psychosexual stage of development.

phallic stage

This theorist believed that the process of development was fully dependent on biological capabilities & how they differ across a child's lifespan.

piaget

This theorist falls most heavily onto the "nature" end of the nature/nurture continuum.

piaget

Female scholars, many of them trained in psychoanalysis, such as Karen Horney, would develop their own interpretations of Freud's theories, challenging some of his assumptions about women. For instance, rather than accepting the notion of penis envy, critics would claim that male anatomy was not envious per se, but rather their elevated social status in the culture, also referred to as this:

power envy

In the New York Times article on the development of autism, the twin studies they referenced indicated the importance of environmental influence during this stage of development.

prenatal development

which is the specific developmental period over the span of a lifetime?

prenatal, infancy, + adolescence

developmental periods of the lifespan

prenatal, infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood

During this stage, the primary socializing agents finally move beyond the caregivers and now include extended family and friends, too.

preschool - initiative vs. guilt

epigenetics

process of one's biology being impact by nurture based on exposures

: Anna Freud was the first to posit that, in addition to physical needs, parents supply these to their children.

psychological needs

If you are able to replicate your results under the same conditions, this is an indication that your study has this characteristic.

reliability

this is defined as how consistently a method measures something, and can be quantified by researchers through various techniques over the course of constructing the study design

reliability

what is the relationship between validity and reliability in a research design?

reliability can exist without validity, as the measurement can be consistent but wrong, but if a measure is valid, reliability to a certain extent is built into it

what is one of the flaws of traditional twin studies in regards to how concordance rates are interpreted by researchers?

researchers have assumed when identical twins have higher concordance rates that this reflects higher shared genes, rather than accounting for the likelihood that shared environment may also be more similar for identical twins than fraternal pairs

schemese

systematic patterns of thought, actions, and problem solving strategies that help the individual deal with a particular intellectual challenge or situations - essentially blueprints that enable us to organize and adapt to our world

Anna Freud initially established the Hampstead Nurseries to be this, before they expanded to meet demand.

temporary war shelter

hypothesis

testable statement

which of the following reflect similarities between erikson's stage theory and that of freud's?

the "crisis" of each stage that Erikson identified is similar to the philosophical notions of psychic conflicts Freud presented to many of his theories and the role of balance in reflecting resolution or stability of the ego in overcoming such inner conflict

hawthorne effect

the alteration of behavior by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed.

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

the approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture

unconsciousness

the condition of not being alert or aware of your surroundings

reliability

the data is consistent and the experiments' results can be replicated

what historical event was the catalyst for the apa formally codifying an ethical code or set of guidelines within our field?

the end of wwii

oral stage

the first psychosexual stage, in which experience centers on the pleasures and frustrations associated with the mouth, sucking, and being fed

what surprising finding was identified in the klass reading when 200 twin pairs were studied regarded autism rates in july of 2011?

the fraternal twin pairs had higher concordance rates for autism than the identical twins in the study

which of the following influences does not reflect a potential nurture based exposure?

the genome

ego

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

which of the following reflect an argument made in the required reading in favor of adding a stage between adolescence and young adulthood?

the periods between 18-25 reflects one of the only times of life in which nothing is normative demographically

debriefing

the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

According to Sigmund Freud, what is the ego regulated by?

the reality principle

observational design

the researcher observes employee behavior and systematically records what is observed

cohort effect

the similarities in behavior within a specific age group

criticisms of piaget

the stages often overlap, formal operational stage could occur simultaneously with other stages

over the course of her observation of children, Anna Freud noted that their mode of communication regarding the wartime traumas they had endured varied from that of adults. In fact, one of the most observable and prominent ways that children would communicate about the bombings they had witnessed or the deaths they had experienced was through this:

through play, and in particular, acting out of war games

anal stage fixation

tightly wound; anxiety

erikson defines crisis as?

time of increasing vulnerability and heightened potential

as discussed in class, which of the following reflect markers or indicators of intimacy in relationships?

trust building, which includes mutual self-disclosures

: In Erikson's first psychosocial stage, this is the primary "crisis" the infant will face.

trust vs. mistrust

if this crisis is not successfully resolved, the individual establishes a basic mistrust of others and is vulnerable to developing a wariness of others and becoming fearful:

trust vs. mistrust

the first psychosocial crisis according to erikson in infancy reflects which of the following conflicts?

trust vs. mistrust

This term refers to a "hidden" part of our psyche/mind that we don't have direct access to.

unconscious

twin studies

used to quantify or measure biological vs. environmental influences

this is defined as the extent to which the study results reflects accuracy or credibility, and is. based on the decisions researchers make that enable them to protect the integrity of the study design

validity

independent variable

variable that is manipulated

This theorist believed development cannot be understood independently of social and cultural contexts in which it is happening.

vygotsky

given that intimacy is far more difficult for individuals who do not have a strong and stable sense of self, resolution of the intimacy versus isolation conflict is heavily dependent on the crisis that occurs in the developmental stage right before it, which is during this approximate developmental period:

adolescence

random assignment

aims to neutralize and isolate outside factors

deception

allowed only when deemed necessary for the integrity of the experiment

single-blind test

an experiment or clinical trial in which the researchers but not the subjects know which subjects are receiving the active medication or treatment and which are not

This theorist's work ended up influencing laws on adoption and caregiver custody

anna freud

genital stage fixation

anxiety

the developmental task during this crisis according to Erikson is to develop the desire to make choices and the self-control to regulate one's behavior so that choices can be actualized:

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

this psychosocial crisis also overlaps with when the child is potty trained, which could partially influence how the child overcomes the developmental task during this period:

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

which of the following stages in development prize the parents—or mother in particular, as was common historically—as the primary agent of socialization for the child during this developmental period?

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

According to Erikson, this psychosocial stage of development was especially important for an individual's success in adult stages of development.

adolescence

this step of the scientific method is when researchers determine whether differences between groups is greater than what one would expect to see by chance alone

data analysis

thanatos

death instinct

In Freud's psychosexual stages of development, if an individual becomes "stuck" in a particular developmental phase, he used this specific term:

fixation

This is the final stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development

formal operational stage

Name one of the purely nature based factors that contributes to human development

genes

when freud was developing his structural model of the psyche, he didn't add this component until alter

superego

zone of proximal development

In Vygotsky's theory, the range between children's present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they recieve proper guidance and instruction

controlled observation

A form of investigation in which behaviour is observed but under controlled conditions.

instinct theory

A view that explains human behavior as motivated by automatic, involuntary, and unlearned responses.

identity vs. confusion

Adolescence What social identity we are most comfortable with Internal self of sense Confident in identity vs Identity Crisis

preoperational stage

Children begin to engage in pretend play and are able to think about things symbolically; don't yet understand concrete logic; still very egocentric in how they view the world Main achievement: language acquisition

sensorimotor stage

Children utilize schemas and skills they were born with; Primarily experience the world + gain knowledge through their 5 senses and through motor movement Main achievement: object permanence

Piaget's theory does not account for this type of influence on development.

Doesn't account for social/cultural influences

trust vs. mistrust

Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt

intimacy vs. isolation

Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families

generativity vs. stagnation

Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service

initiative vs. guilt

Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities

In questioning Arnett's (2000) conception of an additional developmental stage across the lifespan, his critics in one of our required readings also pose this point regarding some of the assumptions this scholar makes:

If there is a prolonged or delayed course in reaching adulthood, is it always marked as being positive, as Arnett (2000) appears to be suggesting with his focus on the role of exploration and choices marking this period?

formal operational stage

More advanced problem solving, use of deductive reasoning, systematic planning for the future Main achievement: Ability to think about abstract ideas/situations

According to Freud, boys do not take the threat of castration seriously until this incident occurs over the course of their development:

They observe the genitals of girls, and see their lack of a penis

According to Freud, children go through two experiences prior to the Phallic stage that sets the stage for them to fear the loss of valued body parts, contributing to castration anxiety that is one of the processes demonstrated during this developmental period. Which of the following represent at least one of those two experiences?

Withdrawal of the mother's breast following the oral stage

correlation

a mutual relationship or connection between two or more things

double-blind test

a research design in which neither the experimenter nor the patient knows who is getting the research treatment

correlational method

a research procedure used to determine how much events or characteristics vary along with each other

Id

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

erikson categorizes each stage by?

a specific crisis the individual is faced with a primary socializing agent

cross-sectional study

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

longitudinal study

a study that observes the same participants on many occasions over a long period of time

talking cure

a therapy in the form of discussion of psychological distress with a trained professional, leading to the elimination of distressing symptoms

dependent variable

a variable (often denoted by y ) whose value depends on that of another.

attrition

a wearing down over time

What are some of the challenges, from a research methods perspective, posed by including individuals with DD in samples of studies?

a. Because of the vulnerabilities of individuals within these groups, there may be additional bureaucratic hurdles researchers need to go through to obtain IRB-approval b. The vulnerability of this population makes it difficult to know whether they are able to give informed consent or defend themselves within the context of a study c. Because there may be multiple comorbidities or health concerns with individuals with DD, it may be more difficult to isolate variables or control for biases when studying these populations

According to both our required readings and lecture in class, what has been the catalyst(s) for the modification of or insertion of a distinct developmental phase between adolescence and young adulthood by more contemporary scholars since Erikson?

a. Cultural changes in industrialized nations such as delays in the age of first childbirth b. Cultural shifts regarding what constitutes milestones marking adulthood c. Cultural changes in industrialized nations demonstrate potential for greater exploration during this period of development

If one fixates on the oral phase, what would be a potential way this fixation could manifest in adulthood?

a. Depression b. Dependency c. Gullibility

which of the following reflect true statements and/or quotes that freud wrote or said in regards to women and/or female sexuality?

a. Despite working closely with female patients, Freud noted that one of the reasons why female sexuality was difficult to gain insight into was because women could not be trusted regarding the accuracy of the accounts they would give regarding their sexual experiences b. Freud conceptualized women as essentially failed men c. Freud noted at one point in an essay on female sexuality that the developmental processes in girls that he constructed remained, "unsatisfactory, incomplete, and vague"

which of the following reflects how Freud conceptualized or defined the concept of the libido?

a. Energy that comes from drives or instincts that direct our behaviors

(1) Which of the following reflect true autobiographical feature(s) about Sigmund Freud, consistent with the notion that he retained a sense of himself as an "outsider" or rebel over the course of his lifetime?

a. He proposed that men can also develop symptoms of "hysteria," despite the fact that he received backlash and even mocking among other intellectuals in the field at the time b. He wrote that homosexuality did not represent sin, criminal behavior, degeneracy or behavior of a madman, despite it commonly being pathologized or criminalized during his time period c. In response to being driven out of his home in Nazi-occupied Austria, when signing a document presented by the Nazis as a testament to the now-elder Freud's well treatment by the regime, aside his signature he wrote: "I can most highly recommend the Gestapo to everyone."

arguments made against the notion of the new developmental stage proposed by Arnett (2000) reflected in a required reading make which of the following criticisms?

a. His theory is dangerous in that it seems to represent a psychology of the affluent middle classes in Western societies, with other groups being seen as deviating from that norm b. The construction of this new developmental stage does not advance our knowledge or understanding of human development in any meaningful way c. By elevating the ideas associated with emerging adulthood to the status of a theory, scholars are repeating an error psychology made historically when it regarded male behavior as the norm, in ignoring the lack of universality to this developmental period

which of the following reflect changes or refinement to Freud's theory/theories over time?

a. In regards to the notions of male and female sexuality, he originally conceptualized them as following parallel tracks. Over time, he started to identify female sexuality as more mysterious and elusive, and started to focus on differences between male and female sexuality. b. In developing the structural model of the psyche, he originally wrote of the id and the ego. The superego would emerge in later writings to complete the theory. c. In developing his instinct theory, eros was presented as representing life or love. It was only later that he would contrast the life instinct with that of death, or Thanatos.

In what ways, according to one of our required readings, could emerging adulthood be bad for society?

a. Societies where young adults are not participating in the labor market would have costly economic repercussions b. Larger financial and emotional burdens would be placed on older parents c. Emerging adults of today who eventually become parents themselves may not have the resources to enable their own children to explore identity over an extended period of time

Which of the following reflect what ego integrity may be associated with or how it would be demonstrated or achieved in one's later life?

a. The gaining of wisdom b. Accepting the time and place of one's own life cycle c. Not having regrets

Why is it important for there to be wider research participation of children in studies within our field, and in particular, children who have Developmental Disabilities (DD)?

a. Until there is greater representation in studies, research is unlikely to benefit groups proportionately b. Oftentimes, it is individuals from these groups, such as children with DD, who would benefit the most from such research studies c. Greater representation of traditionally marginalized groups, such as those with DD in samples would allow for greater generalizability of research results

which of the following measures can researchers take to protect their experimental study from bias?

a. When doing a clinical trial, make sure they have blinds in place b. Use random assignment in determining which group participants are placed in c. Operationalize the variables of interests in ways that reflect the underlying meaning or truth to how those variables play out in the real world

This is the process by which a child changes existing schemes or ways of thinking when faced with a new situation. Can also be thought of as stretching or modifying their schemes

accomodation

accomodation

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

Given the time during which he lived, this particular aspect of Freud's identity made him hyper-conscious of how his work would be received.

being jewish

similarities between erikson and freud

both focus on unconscious processes and influence of early experiences on later development/personality

Both Freud and Piaget only used this type of study design.

case study

phallic stage fixation

castration anxiety, excrement, penis envy, vanity

What specific type of trauma or incident was Anna Freud referring to when she wrote that, "Observers seldom appreciate the depth and seriousness of this grief of a small young child:"

children's reactions to sudden separations from their family members

what specific type of trauma or incident was Anna Freud referring to when she wrote that, "Observers seldom appreciate the depth and seriousness of this grief of a small young child:

children's reactions to sudden separations from their family members

In cross-sectional study designs, we worry about being able to accurately compare different age groups due to this potential effect.

cohort effect

By not taking nurture differences into account between identical and fraternal twins, researchers may have been interpreting this aspect of twin studies incorrectly for decades.

concordance rates

This type of study design looks at associations/relationships between two or more variables.

correlational study design

As discussed in class, this is the first step in the scientific method

creating a hypothesis

In cases where longitudinal study design is unfeasible, this type of design is often used instead.

cross sectional

demand characteristics

cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected

successful resolution of the old stage will lead to this

ego integrity

In the preoperational stage, children still primarily view the world in this self-centered way.

egocentric

competence vs. inferiority

elementary school (6 years to puberty) children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior

In his 2000 article, Arnett argues for the existence of this developmental stage that is distinct from both adolescence and adulthood.

emerging adulthood

This has been proposed by some scholars as a new conception of development representing a distinct developmental period of late teens through the twenties, with a focus on ages 18-25:

emerging adulthood

The principle that knowledge comes from scientific inquiry and experimentation

empiricism

This event was a major catalyst for the establishment of the first ethical code for human subjects research

end of wwii

This is the study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work

epigenetics

which of the following influences does not reflect nature on the nature and nurture continuum?

epigenome

An argument against this psychologist's theory is that he assumes certain developmental conflicts are unique to certain stages of life, when in reality we may experience these conflicts across the lifespan.

erikson

Even though he was born in Germany, this theorist became one of the first child psychoanalysts in the United States.

erikson

This psychologist emphasized how social influences contribute to our personality throughout the entire lifespan.

erikson

this is the first step of the scientific method

establishing a hypothesis

This is the only type of study design that can interpret causation.

experimental

strictly speaking, this is the only research design that can determine cause and effect

experimental method

based on the lecture on nature and nurture, what examples were used to demonstrate processes or development of specific features that exclusively reflect nature

eye color

Some might claim that Freud was "willfully ignorant" of what particular aspect of the female experience?

female sexuality

In the Levine article, "The Castration Complex Revisited," the author argues that these 3 influences have brought about necessary change and revision of Freud's original theories (name one of these influences)

feminist thought, queer theory, and contemporary psychological research

According to Freud, if a stage of development remains unresolved, it will lead to this.

fixation

experimental methods

helps determine cause and effect

given the intricate relationship between biology and environment, for purposes of understanding development, what type of question regarding nature and nurture would be most apt for a researcher to pose given what we know today regarding complexity of biological and environmental influences?

how genetic effects are modulated across lifespans of environmental interactions

operationalization

how we quantify the variables we're studying

this part of the structural model of the psyche or mind according to Freud is present at birth, and regulated by the pleasure principle:

id

based on the video of epigenetics that we watched in class, which of the following conclusion were drawn?

identical twin pairs show marked difference in their epigenomes as they get older, suggesting that epigenetic influences accumulate over time and reflect variations in gene expression based on changes in environmental exposures between twin pairs

according to post-humous statements made by one of his daughters, which particular crises or conflict appeared to impact Erikson himself over the course of his lifetime?

identity versus identity confusion

the critical developmental task during this period is related to cultivation of a sense of self

identity vs. identity confusion

objectivity

implies that our research should be as free from bias as possible

at the start of the roll out of vaccines to protect against COVID-19, many pregnant women were unsure regarding whether or not it would be safe for them to receive these shots. They were also getting mixed messages from the CDC regarding vaccine safety, in addition to from their doctors. Much of this confusion was based on the lack of representation of pregnant women in the clinical trials for the vaccine, a common bias in samples that reflects a lack of this feature in clinical trials:

sample diversity

Piaget believed that we were born with simple versions of these and as we get older, we gain more and they become increasingly complex.

scheme

ego integrity

sense of wholeness that comes from having lived a full life and the ability to let go of regrets; the final completion of the ego

Piaget's Stages of Development

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

The Midgley article on Anna Freud explains how in addition to the war trauma children were experiencing, Anna also observed this experience being especially traumatic for children.

separation from their parents

Based on the required reading about Anna Freud's wartime work, what was her original plan that eventually developed into the Hampstead War Nursery?

she planned a temporary war shelter for children, but as the scale and scope of difficulties facing children grew over the course of the war, her plans also grew along with it

what was the purpose or intention behind Anna Freud's inviting six young men—all conscientious objectors who had refused to fight in the war—to come and work in the Hampstead War Nurseries?

she realized that male attachment figures were vitally important in the children's lives, and was attempting to offer such figures in the absence of their actual fathers, most of whom were serving overseas

This theorist was the first to emphasize the influence of childhood experiences on the development of personality and psychopathology

sigmund freud

oral stage fixation

sloppiness

which of the following qualities may be associated with fixation during the anal phase?

sloppiness

compared to freud, erikson places less emphasis on sex and biology and more emphasis on these two factors in development

social and cultural factors

erikson emphasizes what?

social and cultural influences

According to Freud, as the individual matures across the psychosexual stages of development, what stops emerging sexuality from turning into incest?

strong cultural restrictions and the process of socialization shuts down the likelihood of any sexual acts with family or kin by the time the individual enters the genital stage of development

twin pairs

studied for whatever research purpose and to analyze how one twin is affected in comparison to the other twiin