Developmental Psychology Final Exam

Which of the following statements is most representative of Kohlberg's conception of the gender constancy stage?

"Even if I cut my hair and dress like a boy, I am a girl."

Physical aggression is normative in development and increases in frequency beginning at around ______ of age.

18 months

According to social domain theory, at approximately what age do children begin to believe that it is more important to follow moral rules than societal convention?

3 years

Which of the following best describes a typical individual's experience with attachment?

A child's attachment may vary from person to person

Consider the statement "Individual differences are not randomly distributed." What is meant by this observation?

A child's performance in one area of development will predict the child's achievement in another, related area.

Which of the following descriptions best fits the definition of "other-oriented induction"?

A father explains to his toddler that by taking a toy from her friend, she has hurt her friend's feelings.

What is meta-analysis?

A method for combining and analyzing the results from several independent studies.

Which of the following is an example of the crucial role that timing plays in the potential impact of a teratogen?

A virus will cause damage to the development of a fetus if contracted by the pregnant mother at specific sensitive times pregnancy

Seven-month-old Trevor has learned that small round objects can be rolled across a flat surface. Trevor's discovery is an example of which developmental learning process?

Affordances

What are the three components of Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence?

Analytic abilities, practical abilities, and creative abilities

Which of the following statements describes the counting principle of abstraction?

Any set of discrete objects or events can be counted

Jayden wants to go to a party at a friend's house. When she asks her father for permission he immediately says no. Jayden asks why and her father angrily says, "Because I said so!" Jayden's father is displaying which parenting style?

Authoritarian

Eric and his friend are playing a game that could become dangerous. Eric's father tells them to stop. Eric pleads with him to let them continue. His father firmly restates his refusal and explains why he thinks their game is dangerous. He then suggests some alternative activities. Eric's father is displaying which parenting style?

Authoritative

Which category level do children tend to form first?

Basic

Six-year-old Trevor has a tendency to act aggressively in order to get his way. His parents react to this behavior with harsh discipline, including spanking. Trevor's response, however, is to act out even more, which escalates his parents' reactions. This cycle of parent-child behavior is an example of what concept?

Bidirectionality

Who developed the first objective intelligence test that directly assessed specific high-level abilities identified as key components of intelligence?

Binet

According to core-knowledge theorists, children possess naive theories in what three major domains?

Biology, Physics, and Psychology

Bullying and victimization are said to have a bidirectional relationship. Which of the following statements best describes that relationship?

Bullying may lead to behavioral changes in victims (e.g., becoming withdrawn) that in turn elicit more bullying from the bullies.

Which of the following is an example of the theme of the active child?

Children who are better able to regulate their emotions tend to be more socially competent and, therefore, elicit more positive reactions from other people than those who are less skilled at emotion regulation

Which of the following is an example of perceptual narrowing?

Compared to older children and adults, infants are better able to distinguish between different individual monkeys.

Which of the following is NOT a function of glial cells?

Conduct electrical signals away from one neuron and to another

___________, a computational modeling approach that has been applied to language development, emphasizes the simultaneous activity of numerous interconnected processing units.

Connectionism

A team of researchers is studying whether stable individual differences exist in sleeping behavior at various ages. They decide to test 3-month-olds, 6-month-olds, and 9-month-olds. What type of design are they using to examine this question?

Cross-sectional

According to developmentalists, which of the following is true?

Development is influenced by the joint workings of nature and nurture.

The notion that humans have evolved to experience a basic set of emotions through adaptation to their surroundings in central to which theory?

Discrete emotions theory

Which of the following is NOT one of the five key dimensions of temperament, according to research by Mary Rothbart?

Disgust

________ refer(s) to the social and cultural norms related to emotion expression.

Display rules

Which of the following represents the most typical organization of superordinate, subordinate, and basic category levels that young children tend to form?

Dogs/animals/poodles

What is the term used to describe the study of behavior within an evolutionary context?

Ethology

How do children shape their own development?

Even infants and young children actively contribute to their own development through their patterns of attention, use of language, and choices of activities.

How do nature and nurture together shape development?

Every aspect of development, from the most specific behavior to the most general trait, reflects people's biological endowment (their nature) as well as the experiences that they have had (their nurture)

Which of the following statements is NOT true of infant-directed speech (IDS)?

Evidence suggests that IDS is a universal practice across all cultures.

Children tend to be motivated to achieve in those areas that they find personally valuable and in which they expect to succeed. This tendency is described by which of the following models?

Expectancy-value model of achievement

Rats that are raised in cages with toys develop more dendritic spines and more synapses per neuron than rats raised in cages without this stimulation. The different responses in the brains of these two groups of rats provide an example of which biological process?

Experience-dependent plasticity

In order to generalize her findings beyond the individuals who participated in her study, Dr. Liu needs to conduct additional research using participants from a variety of backgrounds. What quality of behavioral research is Dr. Liu addressing?

External validity

Which high-level writing strategy involves the repetition of a certain sequence of actions, such as determining a thesis, outlining the main points, and figuring out how to support those points?

Following a script

The fact that certain types of brain damage can lead to deficiencies in specific areas (e.g., interpersonal skills) and that prodigies show remarkable ability in specific areas (e.g., musical intelligence) but not in others led to the development of which theory?

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

Which of the following best describes Carroll's three-stratum theory of intelligence?

General intelligence influences intermediate abilities, which influence specific processes

Twin studies conducted by Lemery-Chalfant and colleagues have led to which important conclusion regarding temperament?

Genes and environment play equal roles in determining temperament

A twin-study design project reveals that the correlation between identical (MZ) twins on a given trait is substantially higher than that between fraternal (DZ) twins. Which of the following statements offers the most plausible explanation for the difference in how this trait is correlated in MZ twins compared with DZ twins?

Genetic factors are substantially responsible for the difference in correlation.

According to research, which of the following is true of relationships between girls in middle childhood and adolescence compared with those of boys of the same ages?

Girls are more likely than boys to desire closeness and to worry about abandonment from their friends

How do children become so different from one another?

Individual differences, even among siblings, reflect differences in children's genes, in their treatment by other people, in their interpretations of their own experiences, and in their choices of environments.

How does the element of surprise aid in the process of active learning in infants?

Infants are more likely to search for explanations to unexpected events.

The violation-of-expectancy procedure provides evidence of what basic assumption about infants' understanding of their world?

Infants will look longer at a seemingly impossible event than at a possible event.

According to the Society for Research in Child Development, which of the following is NOT a stated ethical principle for conducting research with children?

Information about the child uncovered through the course of the study must not be revealed to the parent or guardian, regardless of its importance for that child's welfare.

According to Piaget, which of the following factors is most influential in the development of children's moral reasoning?

Interactions with peers

What are the two components of mental health?

Internal well-being and external relationships

Which of the following responses would be consistent with the statement "High heritability does not imply immutability"?

Intervention efforts can successfully influence the course of development related to an inherited trait

According to Piaget, development is both continuous and discontinuous. Which of the following aspects of Piagetian theory would be considered a source of discontinuity?

Invariant stages

What is the significance of the false-belief problem?

It illustrates that very young children do not understand that other people act on their own beliefs, even when those beliefs are false.

Studies suggest that the squeezing that a fetus experiences during delivery serves several important functions. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

It squeezes fluid from the ear canals, allowing the baby to hear.

Which of the following is an example of sociodramatic play?

Laila is pretending that she is in school, and her friend Tosha is the teacher.

Research indicates that friendships change in what significant respect as children grow older?

Level and importance of the intimacy increases

Which of the following statements is true of the potential effect of socioeconomic context on child development?

Living in poverty has negative effects on multiple domains of development

In what ways is development continuous, and in what ways is it discontinuous?

Many developments can appear either continuous or discontinuous, depending on how often and how closely we look at them.

Before writing an essay, a child first considers what readers already know about the topic. Which of the four general information-processing mechanisms is illustrated by this example?

Metacognition

Which type of design is used to study developmental change as it is occurring by observing participants numerous times over a relatively short span of time?

Microgenetic

According to James Marcia's theory of identity development, which stage is noted by the exploration of identity status?

Moratorium

Emily is given two pictures: one shows a flower, a word she already knows, and the other shows a unicorn, which is new to her. When asked to point to the "unicorn," Emily points to the unknown image, which is of a unicorn. Which assumption is Emily making in order to learn this new word?

Mutual exclusivity

The proposed existence of a theory of mind module, which is the brain mechanism devoted to understanding other human beings, is most closely associated with advocates of which position?

Nativism

Which of the following statements accurately describes the interaction of nature and nurture?

Nature and nurture begin interacting on the fetus in the womb, and both continue to shape the individual's development throughout life.

Which of the following does NOT influence the severity of the effect of a teratogen on a developing fetus?

Number of previous pregnancies of the mother

Which of the following has NOT been found to influence the positive or negative effects of childcare on a child's development?

Number of siblings the child has

In front of Sue are three balls, three teddy bears, three pencils, and three apples. Sue studies the groups of objects and realizes that they all share the property of "threeness." Sue is demonstrating an understanding of what concept?

Numerical equality

A recent trend in family structure in the United States is the increasing ages of first-time parents. Which of the following is NOT true of these older parents compared with younger parents?

Older parents tend to use a harsher parenting style

Thirteen-month-old Christian calls all men "Dad." This is an example of ______.

Overextension

Although 15-month-old Lena has been walking unassisted for several months, on recent trips to the park her father has noticed Lena walking on some areas of the playground but crawling on others. Lena's regression from walking to crawling in this example is best explained by which theory?

Overlapping waves theory

Which of the following interventions are parents of low-birth-weight children infants encouraged to use to support development and promote survival?

Parental training in child development, gentle massage, Kangaroo care (ALL OF THESE)

Tom is walking down the street and suddenly encounters a dog that is crouched and growling. Tom begins to perspire, his breathing quickens, and his heart rate increases. This reaction is an example of which component of emotion?

Physiological factors

Which of the following is an important contribution that Piaget's theory has made to children's education?

Piaget's theory emphasizes the importance of the child's active involvement in the learning process

Which of the following systems protects the developing embryo from dangerous toxins?

Placenta

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of play?

Play is aimed at achieving a set goal

Traits such as aggression and shyness are the result of the contributions of a complex combination of genes. These traits are examples of which process?

Polygenetic inheritance

Sarah is angry and wants to break her mother's favorite vase. However, she doesn't want to get in trouble for her actions, so she decides to punch a pillow instead. According to Kohlberg's hierarchy, Sarah's behavior is typical of which level of moral development?

Preconventional

A researcher presents an infant with two objects. To determine whether the infant is able to discriminate between the objects and favors one over the other, the researcher measures the amount of time the infant spends looking at each object. Which experimental technique is this researcher using?

Preferential-looking technique

How can research promote children's well-being?

Principles, findings, and methods from child-development research are being applied to improve the quality of children's lives.

In the school cafeteria, Lynn pushes other children out of the way in order to get ahead in the line. What type of aggression is Lynn using?

Proactive

Which of the following statements is an accurate description of punishment?

Punishments, when mild, provide minimally sufficient pressure for internalization

Beth often ascribes negative motives to others when she doesn't get her way; consequently, she will sometimes lash out at other children as a way to get even for perceived slights. Rather than cooperate or take turns with other children, she is more apt to cut in line or push another child out of the way. Which of the following best describes Beth's sociometric status?

Rejected

Which of the following best describes a parenting style influenced by Watson's theories?

Rigid and strict

Two-year-old Jayden attempts to put her foot inside of a toy car that is clearly too small for her. She is making which type of error?

Scale error

Researchers conducting Tronick's famous Still-Face Paradigm found that during the distressing still-face episodes, infants spent very little time looking at their mothers. This response is an example of which of the following behaviors?

Self-distraction

Piaget's theory of cognitive development is comprised of four invariant stages from birth to adolescence. Which of the following is the correct chronology of these stages?

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational

Which of the following senses is the least active while the fetus is in the womb?

Sight

Which of the following is a characteristic of non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep?

Slow brain waves

Of the four broad theoretical frameworks for social development presented in this chapter, which group places the most emphasis on the importance of the child's knowledge and beliefs?

Social cognition theories

Luis does not write on his desk because the rules of the classroom forbid it, and he wants to set a good example for his classmates. According to Kohlberg's hierarchy, Luis is in which stage of moral development?

Social system and conscience orientation

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the development of child's cognitive abilities?

Statistical learning emerges in middle childhood, after the child has begun to understand basic mathematical properties

Which of the following statements best summarizes the findings by Mischel and his colleagues from their famous marshmallow test?

The ability to exhibit self-control early in life can predict success later in life

Which of the following factors has NOT been shown to influence children's adjustment in stepfamilies?

The age difference between the biological parent and stepparent.

The emerging field of epigenetics has helped to explain the ways in which a child's environment can influence gene expression. Which of the following is an example of this interaction?

The amount of stress that a mother experiences during her child's infancy can affect that child's ability to regulate reaction to stress later in life

Which level of Bronfenbrenner's model would account for how changes in a society's customs over time affect the development of a child?

The chronosystem

How does the sociocultural context influence development?

The contexts that shape development include the people with whom children interact directly, such as family and friends; the institutions in which they participate, such as schools and religious organizations; and societal beliefs and values, such as those related to race, ethnicity, and social class.

Media use and exposure can impact an individual on every level of the bioecological model. Which of the following would represent an intervention at the mesosystem?

The development of increasingly effective security measures for digital devices

Nativists and empiricists have intense debates about the development of spatial thinking, but on which of the following points do these two groups tend to agree?

The development of the hippocampus is related to improvements in spatial learning.

Which of the following is NOT an area in which mothers and fathers tend to differ in interactions with their children?

The effect that their parenting style has on their children's mental health

Based on your understanding of the chapter( 10) how would a 12-month-old respond to a novel stimulus in a given situation if his or her parent expressed positive emotion.

The infant would be likely to move closer to the novel stimulus

Studies have shown that children's testimony is usually accurate when which of the following conditions are met?

The interviewer does not ask leading questions.

How does change occur?

The mechanisms that produce developmental changes involve a complex interplay among experiences, genes, and brain structures and activities.

Lisa's peers are picking on her at recess because she wears glasses. Which level of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model is affecting Lisa?

The microsystem

Harlow's work with infant rhesus monkeys found that the monkeys spent more time with the cloth "mothers" that did not feed them than the wire "mothers" that did feed them. What is the main implication of this finding?

The monkeys were drawn to physical comfort more than to food

Which of the following statements is NOT true about racial and ethnic identity during adolescence?

The more an adolescent identifies with his or her ethnic and racial identity, the lower his or her self-esteem

What does the multiple-risk model suggest about negative developmental outcomes?

The more risk factors that are present, the more likely and worse the potential outcomes will be.

The first signs of superego development appear during which stage of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

The phallic stage

What does the term deviancy training refer to?

The process through which antisocial youth reinforce aggressive and deviant tendencies in one another

The use of gendered nouns and pronouns, the association of certain hair styles with specific genders, and the gender differentiation of specific colors are all examples of which of the following?

The psychological salience of gender

Habituation is a learning process in which a child becomes familiar with a repeated stimulus. This process can motivate the child to seek out new stimulation. Besides illustrating the role of behavioral mechanisms in a child's development, this example also demonstrates which other theme of child development?

The role of the active child

Tyler thinks of himself as socially awkward. He has a few close friends, but tends to be shy around most peers and adults. He is more comfortable on social media, where he tends to express his emotions more openly. Tyler's experience supports which perspective on the impact of social media on development?

The social-compensation hypothesis

A mother magically produces a coin from behind her 6-year-old son's ear. Which of the following scenarios describes the response of a typical 6-year-old?

The son searches his mother's hands, up her sleeves, and behind his ear to try to make sense of the event.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the relation between environmental risk and intelligence, according to the environmental risk scale?

The total number of risks is a better predictor of IQ than the presence of any single risk

The "turtle shell" technique is an example of a successful intervention that helps preschoolers cope with what?

Their own anger

Which of the following statements about cyberbullying is NOT true?

There are more children who say they are perpetrators of cyberbullying than children who say they are victims of cyberbullying

Which of the following is NOT a reason why demographic variables such as gender, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are particularly useful to child-development researchers?

These variables tend to be unaffected by environmental factors

Recent research has shown which of the following to be true of children of same-sex parents, compared with children of heterosexual parents?

They are similar in their sexual orientation and degree of gender-typed behavior

Between 6 and 12 months of age, infants typically experience a linguistic perceptual narrowing. What effect does this change have on their language development?

They become increasingly less sensitive to non-native speech sounds.

The HOME was developed to measure the complex influences of family environment on a child's intelligence. Though this measure can be used to predict a child's IQ score, why are researchers not able to conclude that better home environment causes higher scores?

This measure does not account for the influence of parents' genes on the home environment and the child's intelligence.

Chomsky's proposition that humans are born with an understanding of the basic principles and rules that govern all language is known as ______

Universal Grammar

Which of the following describes an infant who is most likely suffering from colic?

Vivian cries for several hours a day for unexplained reasons.

Which of the following statements is NOT true of divorce?

Young children tend to react more negatively to a parent's remarriage than do young adolescents.

Which of the following is a possible explanation for why young infants tend to have more trouble with auditory localization than older infants and children do?

Young infants have smaller heads, which makes it more difficult for them to perceive whether a sound is closer to one ear or the other.

Each of Erikson's stages is characterized by:

a crisis that the individual must resolve

The youth mentoring program Big Brothers Big Sisters for at-risk youth is an example of

a. a secondary prevention program b. an aggression intervention c. a positive youth development program d. Both A and C d. Both A and C

A couple who have just become parents need to continue working outside the home but are concerned that putting their child in a childcare center will interfere with the infant's development. How can you best reassure them?

a. childcare doesn't really matter because children spend more time with their parents b. childcare primarily has negative effects if it is of low quality, so paying attention to quality is important c. high quality home environments are more important that childcare environments. d. Both b and c d. Both b and c

Research by Gelman and Kalish (2006) suggests that infants tend to divide objects into three general categories. Which of the following is NOT one of the general categories as identified by their research?

a. food b. inanimate objects c. people d. other animals a. food

Information-processing theories note several limits on children's thinking. Which of the following is NOT one of these limits?

a. memory capacity b. implementation of task analysis c. speed of processing information d. ability to utilize problem-solving strategies b. implementation of task analysis

Which of the following has been shown to influence the development of conscience?

a. parental discipline style b. genetic factors c. temperament d. all of the above d. all of the above

Which of the following has been shown to influence the development of prosocial tendencies?

a. parental discipline style b. genetic factors c. temperament d. all of the above d. all of the above

Three attachment types were initially identified in research by Mary Ainsworth. Which attachment type was later added to categorize those that did NOT fit well into Ainsworth's initial three categories?

a. securely attached b. disorganized/disoriented c. insecure/resistant d. insecure/avoidant b. disorganized/disoriented

Siblings get along best if

a. their parents also get along b. their parents treat each child similarly c. they live in a collectivist community d. all of the above d. all of the above

The process of adjusting to a new culture while retaining some aspects of one's culture of origin is called ________

acculturation

According to Dweck, whether a child meets a new challenge with a sense of excitement or with a sense of anxiety depends on that child's

achievement motivation

Dodge's approach to social cognition centers on the use of ______ as a problem-solving strategy.

aggression

Critical to an infant's growth is the development of a positive emotional connection to a primary caregiver, such as a parent. This enduring emotional bond is known as

attachment

Some people believe that men are supposed to protect women. They may also believe that men and women possess complementary traits, such as men are leaders and protectors, and women are submissive and nurturing. These attitudes reflect_________

benevolent sexism

Studies have shown that the link between attachment security and genetic make-up

can be differentially impacted by the quality of the child's environment

Kamar is happily counting all of his holiday candy, reciting a number as he touches each piece: "One,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine," He holds up the final piece and states, "I have seven pieces of candy!" Kamar's counting skills suggests he lacks an understanding of _______________.

cardinality

In Krascum and Andrews' experiments, young children were better able to classify wugs and gillies after being told stories explaining each creature's unique appearance. Their findings support the importance of

causal relationships

Which process of prenatal development is critical to the specialization of cells?

cell differentiation

The disproportionately large head of a 5-month-old fetus is a typical result of the normal process of

cephalocaudal development

The first basic step in using the scientific method involves

choosing a question

An infant is startled by a loud noise and begins to cry. Her mother calms her by playing with her and speaking soothingly to her. This interaction is an example of ______

co-regulation

The two main ways that parents structure children's peer interactions are through

coaching and monitoring

An individual who is high in both assertion and affiliation is likely to display which of the following communication styles?

collaboration

Preschoolers Ahmed and Max are talking together. Ahmed says that his father is old. Max says that he likes cars. Ahmed says that his father is probably more than 10 years old. Max says that he likes blue cars the best. According to Piaget, Ahmed and Max are engaging in ______.

collective monologues

Language _____ refers to the understanding of what others say; language _____ refers to the process of speaking.

comprehension; production

Severe antisocial and aggressive behaviors, such as cruelty to animals and patterns of bullying, are examples of ______.

conduct disorder

Alex tends to be cooperative and sociable but also prone to outbursts and can be disruptive in class. Alex is well liked by some classmates but disliked by others. Which of the following best describes Alex's sociometric status?

controversial

Sarah, Katie, and Jimmy are playing "house," in which Katie pretends to be the baby daughter, Jimmy pretends to be the daddy, Sarah pretend to be the mommy, and together the three eat an imaginary meal. These children are engaged in

cooperative play

Rose is a 9-year-old girl. She strongly prefers wearing t-shirts and jeans to dresses and other "girly" clothes. She loves sports and hates playing with dolls. Rose's preferences are an example of __________.

cross-gender-typed behavior

Sociocultural theories emphasize the child's

direct interactions with others

Overlapping waves theory explains children's ability to

discover new strategies that lead to more efficient problem solving

The tendency of specific sounds to frequently recur in a language is known as _______

distributional properties

Although Piaget argues that infants younger than 8 months fail the A-not-B error test due to a lack of object permanence, proponents of dynamic-systems theories argue their failure is

due to a combination of habit, memory demands, and focus of attention

According to Piaget, children's coding of locations of objects relative to their own bodies is referred to as ______ representations.

egocentric spatial

Thinking that does not factor in the viewpoints of others is known as

egocentrism

A decreased reliance on self-comforting behaviors, an increased ability to inhibit motor behavior, and an improved ability to distract oneself when distressed all result from developments in ________

emotion regulation

Jaden is playing with a toy car. Sam comes over and takes it from her, which makes Jaden sad. Omar watches this happen and feels sad as well. Omar is displaying what kind of emotional response?

empathy

Alex is a 6-year-old boy. His father disapproves when Alex plays with his sister's dolls, but happily engages with him when Alex plays with trucks. This scenario is an example of the influence of _______ in shaping Alex's gender identity.

enactive experience

The fact that a variety of factors can each lead to a given mental disorder is known as ________

equifinality

Ted believes that the reason his dog barks, wags her tail, and likes to go outside is because the dog has an inner "dogness." Ted's belief is an example of

essentialism

Six year old Aliya loves to read. Her parents aren't particularly engaged in reading themselves, but because of Aliya's evident interest, they surround her with books and read to her. According to Sandra Scarr, the relationship between Aliya's interests and her parents' actions is an example of __________.

evocative effects

Core-knowledge theories argue that ______ play(s) a role in cognitive development.

evolution

Parental-investment theory stresses the _____ basis of many aspects of parental behavior.

evolutionary

Friendships in adolescence tend to be more _______

exclusive

Cooperation is a form of prosocial behavior that may be driven by both sympathy and a child's sense of

fairness

For sexual-minority youth, the process of first recognition is noted by

feelings of alienation resulting from the realization that they are different from others

The DeCasper and Spence study, in which pregnant women read aloud twice a day from the same book during their last 6 weeks of pregnancy, was designed to assess

fetal learning

Chris is an elementary school student who is good at putting together puzzles, identifying which object doesn't belong to a given set, and thinking on the spot. Chris's proficiency in these various intellectual tasks is an indication of his level of ______ intelligence.

fluid

Belle is 3 years old. She loves bananas and other yellow foods, but when her father places a piece of broccoli, which she has never eaten, on her plate, she closes her mouth and refuses to open it. Belle is demonstrating

food neophobia

Finnegan, a 5-year-old boy, is given a choice between playing with a toy truck or a ballerina doll. He chooses the truck because he has learned that boys play with trucks and girls play with dolls. This episode illustrates the child's ______

gender schema filter

The tendency of adolescents to integrate elements of traditional gender roles into their personal values, which can lead to increased gender discrimination, is known as ________

gender-role intensification

Small but consistent gender differences have been found in all of the following domains except ________

general intelligence

The genetic material an individual inherits is called the

genotype

When asked to solve the problem 2+3+4=____+4, 10-year-old Nevin gives the incorrect answer 9, but explains his answer by pointing to all four numbers, rather than just the three that come before the equal sign. Nevin's behavior illustrates _________

gesture-speech mismatch

Two 6-year-old boys, Cal and Sam, accompany their class to the library. Sam grabs a book from the shelf and sits quietly to read. Cal is unable to sit still or quietly and ends up disrupting other children. The different reactions that these two boys have to this situation are the result of __________.

goodness of fit

For children with a specific variant of the gene SLC6A4, low maternal responsiveness is associated with high levels of conscience in early childhood. This pattern is an example of

goodness of fit between temperament and environment

In recent decades, researchers have come to the conclusion that, after infancy, most developmental changes occur......

gradually

Five-year-old Marcus is learning gymnastics. He's having trouble on the balance beam, so his teacher assists by holding his hand as he walks across. This interaction can be described as _______

guided participation

Five-month-old Kenji is lying in his crib. His mother hides out of view, then pops out above him and yells, "Boo!" Kenji squeals with delight, but after his mother repeats her actions a few times, his excitement dissipates and his attention wanders to the mobile hanging overhead. Kenji's response is an example of _____________

habituation

Logan's dad is thrilled as Logan laughs each time he shows him a new toy: a monkey that squeaks when he pushes on its belly. After repeated exposure to the squeaking monkey, Logan becomes bored and no longer laughs. This process is known as

habituation

The concept of the "active child" refers to.....

how children contribute to their own development

An infant's attachment to his or her mother will more reliably predict that child's long-term security if there are no significant disruptions in the home environment. This example illustrates

how continuity in individual differences is influenced by continuity in the environment

As an individual moves from early childhood into adolescence and adulthood, the influence of genetic factors on intelligence ___________

increases

The experience that children in an experimental group receive- and which children in a control group do NOT receive- is referred to as the.....

independent variable

Researchers design an experiment in which 8-to-10-month-old infants are placed in a highchair with a string attached to one of their arms. When they lift their arms, the string tips a small cup that spills cereal onto the table in front of them. A few weeks later, these same infants are placed in a different chair but outfitted with a similar string and cup mechanism. The fact that these infants will remember that lifting their arms will result in cereal being dispensed is an example of ____________

instrumental conditioning

The summary measure that is the result of an intelligence test is referred to as a person's _________

intelligence quotient

The tendency of an infant to look longer at a smiling face that is paired with a happy voice is an indication of that infant's _________

intermodal perception

The complex web of influences-including gender, sexual orientation, race, social class, and other group affiliations- that shape an individual's social identity and experiences is known as __________

intersectionality

The process of synaptogenesis

involves the formation of connections between neurons

Jamal is walking with his mother. He taps her on the arm, points to an animal, and says, "Doggie!" This is an example of ________

joint attention

Comprehension monitoring describes an individual's ability to

keep track of one's ongoing understanding of a text

According to information-processing theories, the ability to encode, store, and retrieve information is referred to as________

memory

Epigenetic effects have been demonstrated in studies with rats in which the absence of specific grooming behaviors from the mother results in reduced levels of glucocorticoid receptor gene activity in her pups. This processing of gene expression silencing is known as

methylation

Harry and Ron are genetically identical twins and are referred to as ________. Althea (a genetic female) and Stephen (a genetic male) are also twins but are clearly _____ twins.

monozygotic; dizygotic

The smallest units of meaning in a language, such as the English words dog or mom, are called _______

morphemes

The belief that infants are born with some sense of fundamental concepts, such as time, space, and number, is a basic component of

nativism

Children who are neither liked nor disliked by their peers are considered to be _______

neglected

The knowledge that the number 5 represents a unit that falls between the numbers 4 and 6, regardless of whether one is referring to distance, weight, set size, or some other measurement, is known as _________

numerical magnitude representations

A noted accomplishment during Piaget's sensorimotor stage is ________

object permanence

The understanding that two objects are separate, even when they are touching, is referred to as ____________

object segregation

Social learning theory emphasizes _____ as the primary mechanism(s) of development.

observation and imitation

Exposure to high levels of prenatal androgens in genetic females may influence the development of their nervous system in such a way that results in certain cross-gender-typed behaviors. This example demonstrates the effect of _________

organizing influences

A father who responds quickly to the needs of his child and shows emotional warmth by smiling, laughing, and communicating positively to his child is demonstrating

parental sensitivity

One-month-old Bella is shown a small cube that is close to her. Next she is shown a larger cube that is farther away from her. Because the two cubes are at different distances from Bella, they appear to be the same size. Bella's actions indicate that she recognizes that the second cube is larger, signifying that she has __________

perceptual constancy

Six- to 8-month-old infants are better able to distinguish between phonemes spoken in a non-native language than are infants who are just a few years older. This phenomenon is explained by

perceptual narrowing

Self-concept in adolescence is characterized by a reemergence of a form of egocentrism, exemplified by the individual overly differentiating his or her feelings from those of others. This type of egocentrism is called the

personal fable

Marcus has red hair, green eyes, and freckles. He is very active but shy. These characteristics are a reflection of Marcus's

phenotype

Performance on measures of ________ is the strongest predictor of a kindergartner's later ability to sound out and spell words.

phonemic awareness

As children's cognitive abilities increase, their self-concepts shift from focusing on ______ characteristics to ______ qualities

physical; psychological

The capacity of the brain to be molded or changed by experience is referred to as

plasticity

The understanding of the cultural contexts of language-including shifts in tone and body language, which allow two strangers who speak the same language to successfully communicate- is known as _______ knowledge.

pragmatic

Two-year-old Ravi goes to the zoo with his mother. Even though he has never heard of a giraffe or seen one before, when his mother points to an animal and calls it a "giraffe," Ravi then calls that animal a giraffe. This exchange demonstrates Ravi's use of _______.

pragmatic cues

Jane is a 2 month old infant. She wants to get her hands on the rattle that is lying next to her; however, all she can do is make very clumsy swiping movements in the general vicinity of the toy. Jane's movements are known as ________

pre-reaching motions

Friendships emerge in early childhood as children become more capable of cooperation and coordinated interactions, and as they learn to trust those individuals whom they consider to be friends. Which of the following statements is NOT true of these early childhood friendships?

preschool friends quarrel less with each other than they do with nonfriends

According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, young children will often talk aloud to themselves as a means of controlling their behavior. This is referred to as _________ speech.

private

The continual switching on or off of specific genes at specific times throughout development is the result of a chain of genetic events primarily controlled by

regulator genes

Though younger children realize that someone else can have a perspective different from theirs, it is not until adolescence that we are able to compare our perspective to a generalized other. This ability represents the fourth stage in Roger Selman's _______ theory.

role-taking

Average at-birth length has increased in some industrialized nations over the course of the past few generations, possibly due to improvements in health and nutrition for pregnant women. This development is an example of

secular trends

How do self-conscious emotions differ from the set of basic emotions discussed in this chapter? (chapter 10)

self-conscious emotions develop after the child has acquired a sense of himself as separate from others.

__________ involves a person's overall subjective evaluation on oneself and the feelings associated with that evaluation.

self-esteem

Two-year-old Lani walks by a mirror and notices chocolate around her mouth. She uses the bottom of her shirt to carefully wipe it off. Lani is displaying

self-recognition

The gender similarities hypothesis emphasizes that in areas of cognitive behaviors and social abilities

similarities between boys and girls far outweigh differences

Children develop a conscience

slowly over time, and this development is affected by parental disciplinary practices

An infant's ability to follow the path of a moving object is a demonstration of ________

smooth pursuit eye movement

The process through which children acquire the values, knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate in their culture is known as _________

socialization

The physical, social, cultural, economic, and historical circumstances that make up a child's environment are known as the......

sociocultural context

The degree to which a child is liked or disliked by peers is a measure of that child's ___________

sociometric status

The points at which neurons communicate with one another are called

synapses

Using the structure of a sentence to derive the meaning of a novel word is known as _________

syntactic bootstrapping

By administering the same test to the same group of participants under similar conditions two or more times, a researcher can measure ___________ reliability.

test-retest

Looking preferences, self-initiated activities, self-socialization, and even the manner in which infants react to their parents are all examples of

the active role children play in their development

Which of the following statements accurately expresses a key understanding regarding the continuity and discontinuity of development?

the apparent continuity or discontinuity of a given developmental trait depends on the timescale on which it is considered

According to Skinner, everything we do in life is an operant response influenced by

the outcomes of past behavior

Gender typing refers to

the process of gender socialization that occurs during development

Internalization is best described as

the process through which a child learns and accepts a desired behavior as a result of appropriate discipline

In the context of mechanisms of developmental change, the study of the development of "effortful attention" provides insights into...

the role of brain activity, genes, and learning experiences

Five-week-old Johnny is touched on the cheek and promptly turns his head to the side that was touched. Johnny is displaying

the rooting reflex

An individual's genetic sex is determined by

the sex chromosomes contributed by the father

Babies who grow up in African tribes that strongly encourage infants' motor development tend to walk and reach other motor milestones earlier than do infants in the United States. This is an example of the effect of _____ on development

the sociocultural context

Piaget's theory of cognitive development, Freud's theory of psychosexual development, and Erikson's theory of psychosocial development are all examples of

the stage approach to development

Gender segregation refers to

the tendency of young children to associate with same-gender peers and avoid other-gender peers.

Chronic high-level stress that is experienced without the mitigating benefits of support or treatment is referred to as ________ stress.

toxic

Which is NOT a symptom of fetal alcohol syndrome?

underactivity

Dual Representation refers to one's ability to ___________

understand a symbolic artifact as both a real object and as a symbol for something else.

Bandura's Bobo doll experiment demonstrated

vicarious reinforcement

Prosocial behavior is best defined as

voluntary behavior intended to benefit another

The single cell that forms when two gametes merge during conception is called......

zygote