Developmental Psychology Midterm - Aalai, Fall 2022

Which of the following citations reflect proper APA in-text citation for an article by Maggie Smith published in the New York Times on August 8th, 2022?

(Smith, 2022)

The developmental task during this crisis according to Erikson is to develop the desire to make choices and the self-control to regulate one's behavior so that the choices can be actualized:

Autonomy versus shame, doubt

This psychosocial crisis also overlaps with when the child is potty-trained, which could partially influence how the child overcomes the developmental task during this period:

Autonomy versus shame, doubt

Which of the following stages in development prize the parents--or mother in particular, as was common historically--as the primary agent of socialization for the child during this developmental period?

Autonomy versus shame, doubt

This theoretical framework has received increasing attention over the years, including within the field of psychology, identifying the way that systemic inequalities or oppressions can overlap for certain groups, such as women of color, and impact the ways that they are treated in society and/or develop over the course of their lives:

Critical Race Theory (CRT)

In Freud's psychosexual stages of development, if an individual becomes "stuck" in a particular developmental phase, he used this specific term:

Fixation

Development

Genetic effects are modulated across lifespans of environmental interactions

Which of the following reflect changes or refinement to Freud's theory/theories over time?

In regards to the notions of male and female sexuality, he originally conceptualized them as following parallel tracks. Over time, he started to identify female sexuality as more mysterious and elusive, and started to focus on differences between male and female sexuality. In developing the structural model of the psyche, he originally wrote of the id and the ego. The superego would emerge in later writings to complete the theory. In developing the structural model of the psyche, he originally wrote of the id and the ego. The superego would emerge in later writings to complete the theory.

As discussed in class, average age of onset in the United States for getting cell phones adds the potential for digital gadgets and more readily available access to the internet/social media platforms to intersect with the developmental tasks starting during which period of development?

Industry versus inferiority

Undue failure or frustration during this developmental period may hinder successful resolution of the crisis, leading the individual to feel worthless and/or bad about themselves, especially in relation to others:

Industry versus inferiority

What "surprising" finding was identified in the Klass (2011) reading when 200 twin pairs were studied regarding autism rates in July of 2011?

Neither fraternal nor identical twins had particularly high concordance rates for autism

Which of the following reflect autobiographical similarities between Anna Freud and Erikson?

Neither one of them were credentialed or had formal schooling in the field of psychology

"everything that occurs outside of the womb" that has the potential to impact or influence a person's development.

Nurture

What was the primary mode of study that Anna Freud and others conducted as they interacted with children at the Hampstead War Nursery?

Observational design

For purposes of a given study, researchers measure how physically attractive a person is by how symmetrical the features of their face are, and by asking 35 people in a focus group to rate their photos on a scale of 1 to 10 (10 being the most attractive). The researchers then combine the symmetry and focus group scores to come up with a number from 1 to 25 for attractiveness, with higher numbers representing more physically attractive participants. What is this process an example of?

Operationalization

Which of the following processes demonstrates how the principle of empiricism of the scientific method is implemented by researchers as they design their study?

Operationalization

According to Sigmund Freud, why would girls or women be more prone to jealousy than boys or men?

Penis envy in females may be expressed as jealousy

During which of the stages of psychosexual development does the child experience castration anxiety?

Phallic

Female scholars, many of them trained in psychoanalysis, such as Karen Horney, would develop their own interpretations of Freud's theories, challenging some of his assumptions about women. For instance, rather than accepting the notion of penis envy, critics would claim that male anatomy was not envious per se, but rather their elevated social status in the culture, also referred to as this:

Power envy

Which of the following reflect a specific developmental period over the span of a lifetime?

Prenatal Infancy Adolescence

Based on the required reading about Anna Freud's wartime work, what was her original plan that eventually developed into the Hampstead War Nursery?

She planned a temporary war shelter for children, but as the scale and scope of difficulties facing children grew over the course of the war, her plans also grew along with it

What was the purpose or intention behind Anna Freud's inviting six young men—all conscientious objectors who had refused to fight in the war—to come and work in the Hampstead War Nurseries?

She realized that male attachment figures were vitally important in the children's lives, and was attempting to offer such figures in the absence of their actual fathers, most of whom were serving overseas

Which of the following qualities may be associated with fixation during the anal phase?

Sloppiness

In what ways, according to one of our required readings, could emerging adulthood be bad for society?

Societies where young adults are not participating in the labor market would have costly economic repercussions Larger financial and emotional burdens would be placed on older parents Emerging adults of today who eventually become parents themselves may not have the resources to enable their own children to explore identity over an extended period of time

According to Freud, as the individual matures across the psychosexual stages of development, what stops emerging sexuality from turning into incest?

Strong cultural restrictions and the process of socialization shuts down the likelihood of any sexual acts with family or kin by the time the individual enters the genital stage of development

Which of the following reflect similarities between Erikson's stage theory and that of Sigmund Freud's?

The "crisis" of each stage that Erikson identified is similar to the philosophical notions of psychic conflicts Freud presented to many of his theories, and the role of balance in reflecting resolution or stability of the ego in overcoming such inner conflict

Which of the following represent influential ethical guidelines that often drive debates regarding proper ethical protocols in conducting research today?

The Nuremberg Code

What historical event was the catalyst for the APA formally codifying an ethical code or set of guidelines within our field?

The end of WWII

Which of the following influences does NOT reflect "nature" on the nature & nurture continuum?

The epigenome

Which of the following reflect what ego integrity may be associated with, or how it would be demonstrated/achieved in one's later life?

The gaining of wisdom Accepting the time and place of one's own life cycle Not having regrets

Which of the following influences does NOT reflect a potential nurture-based exposure?

The genome

Which of the following reflect an argument made in the required reading in favor of adding a stage between adolescence and young adulthood?

The period between 18-25 reflects one of the only times of life in which nothing is normative demographically

According to Sigmund Freud, what is the ego regulated by?

The reality principle

Strictly speaking, this is the only research design that can determine cause and effect:

Experimental method

Based on the lecture on nature and nurture, what examples were used to demonstrate processes or development of specific features that exclusively reflect nature?

Eye color

When looking at particular risk factors for autism, what may constitute an "environmental" factor associated with developing the disorder?

A chemical the fetus is exposed to via the placenta Rubella infection during pregnancy Toxic exposures during pregnancy, including chemicals or air pollution

Given that intimacy is far more difficult for individuals who do not have a strong and stable sense of self, resolution of the intimacy versus isolation conflict is heavily dependent on the crisis that occurs in the developmental stage right before it, which is during this approximate developmental period:

Adolescence

What are some of the challenges, from a research methods perspective, that arise when including individuals with DDs in study samples?

Because of the vulnerabilities of individuals within these groups, there may be additional bureaucratic hurdles researchers need to go through to obtain IRB-approval The vulnerability of this population makes it difficult to know whether they are able to give informed consent or defend themselves within the context of a study Because there may be multiple comorbidities or health concerns with individuals with DD, it may be more difficult to isolate variables or control for biases when studying these populations

What specific type of trauma or incident was Anna Freud referring to when she wrote that, "Observers seldom appreciate the depth and seriousness of this grief of a small young child:"

Children's reactions to sudden separations from their family members

According to both our required readings and lecture in class, what has been the catalyst(s) for the modification or insertion of a distinct developmental phase between adolescence and young adulthood by more contemporary scholars since Erikson?

Cultural changes in industrialized nations such as delays in the age of first childbirth Cultural shifts regarding what constitutes milestones marking adulthood Cultural changes in industrialized nations demonstrate potential for greater exploration during this period of development

This step of the scientific method is when researchers determine whether differences between groups is greater than what one would expect to see by chance alone:

Data analysis

If one fixates on the oral phase, what would be a potential way this fixation could manifest in adulthood?

Depression Dependency Gullibility

Which of the following reflect true statements and/or quotes that Sigmund Freud wrote or said in regards to women and/or female sexuality?

Despite working closely with female patients, Freud noted that one of the reasons why female sexuality was difficult to gain insight into was because women could not be trusted regarding the accuracy of the accounts they would give regarding their sexual experiences Freud conceptualized women as essentially failed men Freud noted at one point in an essay on female sexuality that the developmental processes in girls that he constructed remained, "unsatisfactory, incomplete, and vague"

This has been proposed by some scholars as a new conception of development representing a distinct developmental period of late teens through the twenties, with a focus on ages 18-25:

Emerging adulthood

Which of the following reflects how Freud conceptualized or defined the concept of the libido?

Energy that comes from drives or instincts that direct our behaviors

This is the first step of the scientific method:

Establishing a hypothesis

Which of the following reflect true autobiographical feature(s) about Sigmund Freud, consistent with the notion that he retained a sense of himself as an "outsider" or rebel over the course of his lifetime?

He proposed that men can also develop symptoms of "hysteria," despite the fact that he received backlash and even mocking among other intellectuals in the field at the time Incorrect Response He wrote that homosexuality did not represent sin, criminal behavior, degeneracy or behavior of a madman, despite it commonly being pathologized or criminalized during his time period In response to being driven out of his home in Nazi-occupied Austria, when signing a document presented by the Nazis as a testament to the now-elder Freud's well treatment by the regime, aside his signature he wrote: "I can most highly recommend the Gestapo to everyone."

Arguments made against the notion of the new developmental stage proposed by Arnett (2000) reflected in a required reading make which of the following criticisms?

His theory is dangerous in that it seems to represent a psychology of the affluent middle classes in Western societies, with other groups being seen as deviating from that norm The construction of this new developmental stage does not advance our knowledge or understanding of human development in any meaningful way By elevating the ideas associated with emerging adulthood to the status of a theory, scholars are repeating an error psychology made historically when it regarded male behavior as the norm, ignoring the lack of universality to this developmental period

Given the intricate and complex relationship between biology and environment, for purposes of understanding development, what type of question regarding nature and nurture would be most apt for a researcher to pose today?

How are genetic effects modulated across lifespans of environmental interactions?

This part of the structural model of the psyche or mind according to Freud is present at birth, and regulated by the pleasure principle:

Id

Based on the video of epigenetics that we watched in class, which of the following conclusions were drawn?

Identical twin pairs show marked differences in their epigenomes as they get older, suggesting that epigeneteic influences accumulate over time and reflect variations in gene expression based on changes in environmental exposures between twin pairs.

According to posthumous statements made by one of his daughters, which particular crisis or conflict appeared to impact Erikson himself over the course of his lifetime?

Identity versus identity confusion

The critical developmental task during this period is related to cultivation of a sense of self:

Identity versus identity confusion

In questioning Arnett's (2000) conception of an additional developmental stage across the lifespan, his critics in one of our required readings also pose this point regarding an assumption Arnett makes:

If there is a prolonged or delayed course in reaching adulthood, is it always marked as being positive, as Arnett (2000) appears to be suggesting with his focus on the role of exploration and choices marking this period?

Historically, individuals with DDs have been excluded from research for which of the following reasons?

Larger costs associated with their inclusion

Which of the following factors increases the generalizability of a given study's results?

Larger sample size

This is defined as how consistently a method measures something, and can be quantified by researchers through various techniques over the course of constructing the study design:

Reliability

What is the relationship between validity and reliability in a research design?

Reliability can exist without validity, as the measurement can be consistent but wrong, but if a measure is valid, reliability to a certain extent is built into it

What is one of the flaws of traditional twin studies in regards to how concordance rates are interpreted by researchers?

Researchers have assumed when identical twins have higher concordance rates that this reflects higher shared genes, rather than accounting for the likelihood that shared environment may also be more similar for identical twins than fraternal pairs.

At the start of the roll out of vaccines to protect against COVID-19, many pregnant women were unsure regarding whether or not it would be safe for them to receive these shots. They were also getting mixed messages from the CDC regarding vaccine safety, as well as from their doctors. Much of this confusion was based on the lack of representation of pregnant women in the clinical trials for the vaccine, a common bias in samples that reflects a lack of this feature in clinical trials:

Sample Diversity

According to Freud, boys do not take the threat of castration seriously until this incident occurs over the course of their development:

They observe the genitals of girls, and see their lack of a penis

Over the course of her observation of children, Anna Freud noted that their mode of communication regarding the wartime traumas they had endured varied from that of adults. In fact, one of the most observable and prominent ways that children would communicate about the bombings they had witnessed or the deaths they had experienced was through this:

Through play, and in particular, acting out of war games

What purpose does the step of publication serve regarding the scientific method?

To share study results with a wider population To allow for other researchers and consumers to get the most up-to-date findings on a given topic To expose a research team's study to outside scrutiny

If this crisis is not successfully resolved, the individual establishes a basic mistrust of others and is vulnerable to developing a wariness of others and becoming fearful:

Trust versus mistrust

The first psychosocial crisis according to Erikson in infancy reflects which of the following conflicts?

Trust versus mistrust

As discussed in class, which of the following reflect markers or indicators of intimacy in relationships?

Trust-building, which includes mutual self-disclosure

Why is it important for there to be wider research participation of children in studies within our field, and in particular, children who have Developmental Disabilities (DD)?

Until there is greater representation in studies, research is unlikely to benefit groups proportionately Oftentimes, it is individuals from these groups, such as children with DD, who would benefit the most from such research studies Greater representation of traditionally marginalized groups, such as those with DD in samples would allow for greater generalizability of research results

This is defined as the extent to which the study results reflect accuracy or credibility, and is based on the decisions researchers make that enable them to protect the integrity of the study design:

Validity

Which of the following measures can researchers take to protect their experimental study from bias?

When doing a clinical trial, make sure they have blinds in place Use random assignment in determining which condition participants are placed in Operationalize the variables of interests in ways that reflect the underlying meaning or truth to how those variables play out in the real world

According to Freud, children go through two experiences prior to the Phallic stage that sets the stage for them to fear the loss of valued body parts, contributing to castration anxiety that is one of the processes demonstrated during this developmental period. Which of the following represent at least one of those two experiences?

Withdrawal of the mother's breast following the oral stage

In the Syed et al. (2018) article, the researchers identify that invisibility of these individuals within the field of psychology is not only based on their lack of representation as research participants in studies but also their exclusions from the ranks of those doing the research:

Women Racial/ethnic minorities LGBTQ+