DHMM 202 Exam 2
Which company is used as a case study in Chapter 5?
AT&T
Good Friday earthquake 1964
Alaska, most powerful recorded earthquake in US history (second largest in world history) 9.2, tsunami/landslides = most damage. scientific breakthroughs in minimizing destruction, earthquake monitoring systems, tsunami warning center
University of Texas tower shooting 1966
Charles Wittman going insane (brain tumor), told therapist overwhelming violent thoughts, stabbed wife/mom, hard to stop (in tower)
What are the four NIMS structures?
ICS, EOC, MAC, JIS = MACS
Atomic homefront
Manhattan project illegally dumped 133,000 tons radioactive waste into cold creek, cancer impacts, not thought dangerous for over decade
Interoperable (communication)
able to communicate w/n and across agencies
Accountability (NIMS)
check in/out, span of control, resource tracking, IAP, unity of command
Times Beach Missouri 1982
company spray oil on dust of roads (keep dust down), started mixing dioxin w/ contaminated soil = reproductive/cancer/developmental issues, CDC told everyone to evacuate, demolished town
1927 Bath School disaster (manmade intentional)
deadliest school massacre in US history, 45 deaths, treasurer of school board mad that lost election/bad life, stockpiled explosives, blew up truck, killed wife, blew up school, only half blew up
What is credentialing?
documentation such as ID card or badge verifying qualifications (ex: prove have RN)
Tornadoes elementary school
funnel cloud, demonstration, safety tips
Incident Action Planning
having goals assignments protocols written down
Social Capital
networks of relationships allows for community based disaster preparedness
Common terminology
no codes
What are two presentations that stood out to you?
sirens - partly presentation super engaging, super interesting been around for that long, different types. apps - wouldn't have thought of, survival guide super cool but radio needed wifi so not that helpful
Management by objectives
specific measurable goals
1918-19 Flu pandemic
1/3 of world population got, 2.5-5% of world died, life expectancy down 10 years, 50 million deaths worldwide, dude shot for not wearing mask. known as Spanish flu b/c one of only countries reporting, other countries didn't want to appear vulnerable b/c at war (WWI)
When was the Spanish flu?
1918-19
1928 Okeechobee Hurricane (natural)
2500+ deaths, 3rd most deadly in US history, straight up coast of Florida, dike collapse
EOC activation levels
3 normal operations/steady state, 2 enhanced steady state/partial activation, 1 full activation
1933 Long Beach earthquake
6.3, 230 schools destroyed, realized needed stricter standards, led to 1933 field act - every public building had to meet specifications
EOC activation 1
EOC team activated to support response to major incident/credible threat
1925 Tri-State tornado (natural)
F5, Missouri to Illinois to Indiana, 219 miles, 695 deaths, one of deadliest tornados ever (second most in world history). unique b/c single touchdown
Governmental/federal preparedness
FEMA = national preparedness system w/ 5 phases vs what we use, have resources in place so lower levels can handle - strategic national stockpile
Individual/familial preparedness
FEMA's 12 ways to prepare - ex; practice drills, plan, alerts, supplies
What is the acronym used as an organizational model for emergency management in chapter 5?
FIRESCOPE
What are some earthquakes?
Good Friday, Long Beach, Loma prieta, Northridge
What FEMA region is TN a part of?
IV
Reliable (communication)
able to function in context of any emergency
Secure (communication)
able to protect sensitive/classified info from those who don't need to know
Redundant (communication)
able to use alternate methods when primary systems go out
National preparedness system 5 phases of disaster
all under preparedness = prevention, protection, mitigation, response, recovery
What are some school disasters?
bath school disaster (1927), red lake shootings (2005), Columbine high school massacre (1999), sandy hook shooting (2012), Virginia Tech shooting (2002), University of Texas tower shooting (1966)
What are some manmade intentional disasters?
bath school disaster, Dupont plaza hotel arson, shootings, pacific Southwest Airlines flight 1771
College student disaster preparedness
be informed (potential hazards), ask questions (protocols, safe rooms, evacuation plan), identify resources (emergency numbers)
Terrorism prevention
better evaluation/improvement, rapid id/response
Warning messages
brief, most important info first, EAS (emergency alert system), lots of ways to address
Centralia mine fire
burning trash started fire in Centralia coal mine so keeps burning, cost too much to extinguish, started getting dangerous (sinkholes/fumes). congress paid residents to move, buildings condemned/zip code removed
Hurricane Audrey 1957
category 3, hit Louisiana/Texas, 12 ft storm surge, more deaths b/c sped up = landfall before predicted, 7th deadliest in US history
Hurricane Betsy 1965
category 4, first to cost over 1 billion in damage, Florida/Louisiana vs Carolinas - weird path with two loops.
Hurricane Camille 1969
category 5, hit gulf coast but flooding/landslides in other states, MOST DEATHS IN VIRGINIA, conflicting messages predicting landfall/evacuations, people arrested to save lives
Hurricane Carla 1961
category 5, most SEVERE hurricane to make landfall in US, hit Texas but made it to Canada
EOC activation 2
certain team members activated to monitor credible threat/support response
Great Mississippi flood of 1927 (manmade accidental/natural)
chain reaction of levee system failures contributed to, most destructive river flood in US history, resulted in worlds' longest levee system being built
What are some fires?
cocoanut grove fire, happy land fire, Centralia mine fire, MGM grand fire, Dupont plaza hotel arson
Integrated communications
common plan/system, maintain situational awareness/info sharing
Cvil defense act (CDA) of 1950
dealt w/ wartime possibilities
What are the three levels of operations-based exercises in chapter 5?
drills, functional exercises, full-scale exercises
Unity of command
each person single supervisor
Training
education/practice (ex; ICS), include parts of whole cycle - know vulnerabilities/what resources are available, realistic
EOC
emergency operations center - more complex, supports on scene response through staff from multiple agencies coordinating, collect/analyze/share info
Process of mutual aid
evaluate request against capacity, able to meet own requirements during loss? if can accommodate arranges deployment, receiving can decline if doesn't meet needs.
Federal disaster relief act of 1950
first comprehensive legislation pertaining to federal disaster relief, gave president authority to issue disaster declarations (not same as national emergency - usually diplomatic)
Mann v Ford
ford motor company dumping toxic waste into abandoned mines - corrupted soil, tasted good = kids sick. recession so families only $8000 to help pay for cancer, mad at rich CEOs
Levels of preparedness
government/federal, organizational/community, individual/family
1920 Wall Street Bombing (manmade intentional)
horse drawn wagon bomb, maybe Italian anarchists
Chain of command
how authority flows
Evaluation and improvement
how did we do? what could we do better? easy to bypass but all other steps may be useless w/o this one (ex; hurricane pam, airport security)
Which hurricane had the most total deaths?
hurricane Jeanne
Comprehensive resource management
id requirements, get/track resources, restock. people, supplies, equipment
ICS
incident command system - on scene response, tactical level
What does the NIMS communication system need to be?
interoperable, reliable, scalable, portable, resilient, redundant, secure
JIS
joint information system - ensures coordinated/accurate public messaging from other three, address rumors. JIC central location. gather, verify, coordinate, disseminate
IFRC definition of preparedness
measures taken to prepare for/reduce effects of disasters. predict/if possible prevent disasters, mitigate impact on vulnerable populations, respond/effectively cope w/ consequences
What is qualifying?
meet minimum established standards - training, experience, fitness - to fill position (ex; did nursing school)
Modular organization
modular development based on complexity
1947 Texas City disaster (manmade accidental)
most deadly workplace disaster in US history, first lawsuit against US government (eventually overturned), freighter carrying ammonium nitrate exploded, people knocked off feet 10mi, windows broke 40mi
1938 New England Hurricane
most powerful/deadliest hurricane in New England history
MAC
multi-agency coordination - support ICS/EOC through policy/scarce resource allocation, decision making w/ incident commander/officials, big picture make situation better vs actual response
When is EOC activated?
multiple agencies, similar past incident, could expand rapidly, imminent threat,
1921 Tulsa Race Riot
national guard had to stop, media tried to wipe from records
1930s Dust storms (dust bowl) (natural or manmade accidental?)
natural from drought vs too much farming. 10 million acres lost 5 inches of topsoil, led to largest migration in US history till Katrina
Unified command
no single responsibility, joint commanders
EOC activation 3
normal, no incident, routine watch/warning
What was it like 1950-1970?
not many disasters but very unstable - right after WWII, Korean War, Vietnam war, civil rights, Cold War. more focused on protecting people from war than natural disasters (ex; nuclear war)
Manageable span of control
number of individuals under one supervisor, optimal 5
1937 Ohio River flood
one million homeless, Cincinnati river reached 80ft
1928 St. Francis Dam failure (manmade accidental)
one of worst American civil engineering disasters of 20th century, 2nd greatest loss of life in CA
1944 Balvano Train Disaster (manmade accidental)
one of worst railway disasters ever, almost 500 deaths, stuck in tunnel, left train running = carbon monoxide poisoning.
Dispatch/deployment (NIMS)
only deploy if asked
Naming of hurricanes
originally done w/ numbers but hard to id location/date/landfall. now WMO (world meteorological organization) names alphabetically, 6 years reuse A-TWV, if more = greek alphabet (first female 1950ish, both 1970ish). extreme hurricane = retire (ex; Katrina)
Resilient (communication)
perform despite damaged/lost infrastructure
Preparedness cycle
planning, organization/equipment, training, exercise, evaluation/improvement
Incident facilities and locations
points of distribution, triage, incident command post
What are superfund sites?
polluted locations w/ hazardous waste requiring long term cleanup. right now 40,000 across country, so bad federal government has to take over, lets EPA clean up contaminated sites. ex: dumping pesticides polluting groundwater
Exercise
practice what we've been taught, try to identify problems before they arise (ex; hurricane pam)
Disaster preparedness apps
prepare by installing - find gas, connect w/ neighbors, radio, survival guide
Organizational/community preparedness
preparedness cycle (technically could have in any level)
What is certification?
recognition from AHJ or third party of completed qualification for a position (ex: have RN license)
Planning
risk assessment, vulnerabilities - location, population, demographics, size, connections (who rely on if something happens), organization (who there to help). ask what ifs and plan for
1942 Cocoanut Grove Fire (manmade accidental)
second deadliest single building fire in history, almost 500 deaths. owners convicted for negligence - side doors bolted, glass window boarded, doors opened inward. rescue efforts passed out
What is mutual aid?
sharing services/resources between jurisdictions/organizations
Strategic national stockpiles
spaced out around country to be prepared for disasters/get resources very quickly. w/n 12 hours ship to anywhere in US, drugs/medical equipment for major events
Portable (communication)
standardized radio technologies protocols frequencies
Scalable (communication)
suitable for large or small scale
Information and intelligence management (NIMS)
threat related info
Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster (manmade accidental)
tunnel for mining, only engineers/executives wore masks = workers w/ silicosis lung disease, 450,000 deaths over 5 years
Elderly preparedness in disasters
understand them/conditions, confusion, unique needs (ex; transportation, medication), honesty
Best preparedness emergency supply kit (NY times)
water/food, first aid, hygiene, tools, storage
Organization and equipment
what do we have? (enough shelters?) what do we need? not just things also people, not just having them but ready to use them (ex; unskilled volunteers)
