DHN 101 Final

facts on breast milk

-Breastfeeding provides some advantages that are not achieved with formula feeding; one primary advantage is the production of colostrum, the initial form of breast milk. -This early breast milk provides antibodies and immune system cells and is yellowish in color. -Towards the end of the first week of breastfeeding, the initial milk has transitioned to mature milk. -This later breast milk tends to be bluish in color.

According to results of scientific studies, integrated pest management (IPM) agricultural methods can provide a variety of benefits for farmers and the environment. Select all of the statements that are true concerning IPM.

-Farmers who convert to using IPM generally have greater crop yields than before they used such farming methods. -IPM agricultural methods reduce the use of chemical pesticides.

Tatiana is a competitive athlete who weighs 70 kg. She would like to plan a nutritionally adequate diet that provides enough carbohydrate to maintain her weight and glycogen stores during training and competition. According to expert recommendations, she should consume _____ grams of carbohydrate daily.

420 to 700

Which of the following statements is true?

According to a recent survey, almost 20% of American teenagers did not drink milk during the week prior to the survey.

Which of the following nutrition-related health problems are widespread among American preschool children? Select all that apply.

-iron deficiency -obesity

different methods of preserving foods

-salting (ex- meat) -fermenting (ex- yogurt) -irradating (ex- spices) -aseptic processing (ex- shelf-stable juices)

Pathogenic bacteria are likely to multiply rapidly when environmental temperatures are between

40 and 140 ºF.

Julio wants to cook chicken and bake a pie made with eggs and milk for his roommates. Julio and his dinner guests are likely to experience food-borne illness if he

marinates the cut-up pieces of raw chicken and uses the marinade to make a dipping sauce for the chicken.

Compared to preschoolers, older children tend to eat

more sugar-sweetened beverages.

As a healthier alternative to French fries, a fast food outlet offers pre-sliced, bagged apples as a side option. The ingredients' list includes apples and ascorbic acid. What role does the ascorbic acid play in the product?

Ascorbic acid is an antioxidant that prevents discoloration when the apples are cut and exposed to oxygen.

Which type of food or beverage should you avoid consuming while staying in an area that poses a high risk for developing TD?

unpasteurized milk

Which of the following physical activities metabolizes the most fat?

walking for an hour

How long does TD typically last without any medical treatment?

3-5 days

fat

important energy source for low- or moderate- intensity aerobic exercise of more than 20 minutes

The best example of chemical disinfection of water involves the use of __________.

iodine tablets

Under anaerobic conditions, muscle cells convert pyruvate to

lactic acid

Which of the following U.S. government agencies regulates all domestic and imported food sold in interstate commerce?

Food and Drug Administration

Kim is having guests over for dinner tomorrow. She would like to prepare a pork roast that is currently frozen. Which of the following are appropriate methods to thaw the frozen meat? Check all that apply.

-Thaw the frozen meat in the refrigerator. -Thaw the frozen meat under cold, running water. -Thaw the frozen meat in the microwave.

carbohydrate

-for endurance athletes in training, the majority of calories should come from this macronutrient -the most important macronutrient to consume during exercise that surpasses one hour

Anthony is training for a half-marathon. He trains for more than 90 minutes most days of the week. Calculate the minimum number of kilocalories Anthony should consume daily to maintain his weight while training (165 pounds).

3,750

heatstroke example

While preparing for a marathon in July, Kayla developed a fever and severe weakness. Furthermore, she stopped sweating, despite the hot, dry conditions.

_____ is a common nutrition-related sign of pregnancy that occurs in many healthy pregnant women.

heartburn

Which of the following vitamins is often lacking in the diets of older adults, especially elderly women?

D

Which of the following conditions is often associated with the abuse of anabolic steroids?

Sleep disturbances

Which of the following statements is true?

Certain microbes produce poisonous chemicals that can cause food intoxication.

A woman's prepregnancy body weight classification (BMI) is used to determine how much weight she should gain by the end of her pregnancy. Using each woman's body weight status when she became pregnant, determine the appropriate amount of weight that she should gain by the end of her pregnancy, assuming she is carrying a single fetus.

-underweight at conception: gain 28-40 pounds -healthy weight at conception: gain 25-35 pounds -overweight at conception: gain 15-25 pounds

The USDA recommends that fresh ground meat be cooked until its internal temperature is at least

160 ºF.

Gloria is a healthy 25-year-old woman. According to recommendations of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, she should perform _____ strengthening activities that focus on major muscle groups twice a week.

2 to 5

Bernard weighs 7.5 pounds at birth. Assuming his development proceeds normally, he should weigh about _____ pounds by his first birthday.

22.5

Tammy is a healthy young woman whose energy requirement is 2500 kcal/day. Based on this information, her daily energy requirement would be _____ kcal during her first trimester of pregnancy.

2500

Which of the following statements is true?

Dehydration can result in declines in an athlete's strength and endurance.

After a tornado outbreak, Marie's house was damaged and her neighborhood experienced a power outage that lasted three days. Which of the following steps should she take to avoid food-borne illness during the loss of electricity?

Do not eat raw or cooked foods that have been at room temperature for more than 2 hours

heat exhaustion example

During college football practice in late August, Bernard began to sweat excessively and feel dizzy. His coach became concerned when Bernard reported experiencing weakness and nausea.

Which of the following foods is not a likely source of food-borne pathogens?

dried apricots

Carbohydrates are an important macronutrient for fueling muscles. During exercise, where can the body obtain carbohydrate? Check all that apply:

Glycogen stored in muscles Glycogen stored in the liver cells Glucose that is available in the bloodstream The immediate source of glucose for working muscles is glycogen that is stored in muscles. The liver also helps supply glucose for muscles by degrading glycogen and releasing glucose molecules into the bloodstream.

Determine whether each physiological process or health condition increases or decreases as humans age.

INCREASES: -heartburn and constipation -hardening of the arteries DECREASES: -saliva production -activity of bone-forming cells -brain weight -cardiac output -thyroid hormone production -kidney cell function

Using a meat thermometer is the most accurate way to determine internal temperature of meat while it is cooking. Where is the best area to insert the meat thermometer for accurate temperature readings?

In the thickest part of the muscle tissue

Which of the following statements is true?

It is not unusual for children to have food jags.

heat cramps example

Last summer, Monique developed painful muscle spasms in her calf muscles while playing tennis match outdoors. The spasms forced her to quit the match.

How can you tell if a food has been irradiated to preserve it?

Look for the Radura symbol on the package

Terry recently got a pet turtle. He should wash his hands thoroughly after handling the turtle because the reptiles are potential carriers of:

Salmonella

What is exercise?

Skeletal muscle contractions that are planned and conducted to increase muscle mass. OR Physical activities that are planned and conducted to have fun.

Consider each statement about protein for athletes and determine whether it is true or false.

TRUE: -the amino acids from dietary protein included in a small meal or snack after strenuous exercise can help muscle cells repair damaged muscle tissue by synthesizing new proteins -excess protein may be stored as fat -the National Academy of Sciences maintains that no additional dietary protein is suggested for healthy adults undertaking resistance or endurance exercise FALSE: -protein is a major biological fuel used during activity -excess protein is stored in muscle tissue -according to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, protein intake for athletes should be at least 4.0 g/kg/day

Microstrainer filters remove both bacteria and viruses, making water safe to drink.

false

Which of the following statements is true?

The major life stages for males include the prenatal period, infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and "older adults" period.

Bethany is an American college student who plans to spend spring break in a rural African village. Before leaving for Africa, Bethany asks her doctor to recommend a preventive medication for TD. Based on this information, her physician is likely to recommend a product that contains

bismuth subsalicylate

According to scientific evidence, which of the following substances may benefit muscle recovery after intense exercise?

branched-chain amino acids

BJ wants to follow the "Check Your Steps" rules for food safety. When he prepares high-risk foods, he washes his hands before and after touching the food; sanitizes surfaces that come in contact with all foods; avoids cross contamination; cooks meats to their proper internal temperatures; and after meals, he keeps serving dishes with cooked food on the table, so his guests can nibble on the items. After eating one of his meals, he and his dinner guests developed a food-borne illness. Based on this information, which step did he fail to take?

chill

protein

contribution of this macronutrient to fueling muscles is generally small

Breast milk is naturally formulated to meet the nutritional needs of a growing infant. Cow's milk is not recommended for infants, primarily because its nutritional profile does not match a human infant's needs. Indicate whether human milk has more, less, or about the same amount of each nutrient when compared to the same volume of cow's milk.

more than whole cow's milk: fat, carbohydrate, cholesterol less than whole cow's milk: protein, calcium -same as whole cow's milk: iron

Harold grows apple trees on his small farm. He practices organic farming methods, so he doesn't use pesticides. This fall, he would like to make minimally-processed organic apple juice that does not contain preservatives. He wants to sell the beverage at the local farmer's market. Based on this information, Harold should _____ before bottling the juice to make it safe for consumers.

pasteurize the juice

Cindy is pregnant with her first baby. Recently, she began to eat clay from a hole that she dug in her yard. Cindy's behavior is an example of

pica

Caregivers should not feed _____ to infants.

semisolid food in a baby bottle

Bacterial pathogens are responsible for most cases of TD.

true

Boiling is the most reliable method to make impure water safe to drink.

true

Quinn is a healthy breast-fed baby. Kelley, Quinn's mother, would like to introduce solid foods into her son's diet. What factors can help Kelley determine whether Quinn is physiologically ready for solid foods? Check all that apply:

-Quinn can control the position of his head. -When Kelley places a small amount of mashed carrots into Quinn's mouth, the baby does not thrust his tongue forward to push the food out.

Aerobic glucose breakdown

-breakdown products are carbon dioxide and water -supplies more ATP than the other type of glucose breakdown -occurs when plenty of oxygen is available in the muscle

Anaerobic glucose breakdown

-glucose degrades into pyruvate under these conditions -provides most of the energy needed fro events that require a quick burst of energy, ranging from about 30 seconds to 2 minutes -occurs when oxygen supply in the muscle is limited -produces relatively small amounts of ATP

steps of aerobic respiration

-glucose is degraded to form pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP -pyruvate moves from cytoplasm into mitochondria -under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is completely degraded, forming CO2, H2O, and ATP -CO2 is exhaled and H2O helps maintain body water volume

It is normal for women to gain weight during pregnancy. In addition to the fetus, certain maternal tissues increase in weight. Place the following components of a healthy maternal weight gain in order from greatest (1) to least (4) number of pounds.

1. maternal fat, protein, and retained fluid 2. uterus and breasts 3. placenta and amniotic fluid 4. blood

Anthony is training for a half-marathon. On long-run days, which of the following snacks would be the most appropriate to consume after one hour of running and why?

A banana and pretzels because they provide carbohydrate, which helps prevent fatigue.

is the primary source of direct energy ("energy currency") for cells.

ATP

There are three primary energy systems utilized by exercising muscles. Match each system with the duration of exercise the system supports:

PCr-ATP Energy System: Exercise lasting a few seconds correct Lactic Acid Energy System: Exercise lasting 30-40 seconds correct Oxygen Energy System: Endurance exercise activities correct