Diet 200 Exam 1 quizzes

RDA of carbs

130g/day

normal fasting blood glucose levels

70-100 mg/dL -above 126 = diabetes -below 50 = hypoglycemia -101-123 = prediabetes

The daily amount of a nutrient that is sufficient to meet the needs of nearly all individuals in a life stage is called the

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

Heart disease has both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors that contribute to its development. Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for heart disease?

family history and genetic predisposition

________________ occurs when stomach acid backs up into the esophagus.

heartburn

the site to which monosaccharides are transported

liver

saliva

lubricates food in prep for swallowing

Disaccharide

maltose (2 glucose) sucrose (glucose+fructose)-table sugar lactose (milk sugar)

waist circumference 34in, fasting blood sugar 110mg/dL, triglycerides 100mg/dL, HDL 45 mg/dL, blood pressure 135/90mmHg

metabolic syndrome

waist circumference 42in, fasting blood sugar 145mg/dL, triglycerides 200mg/dL, HDL 65 mg/dL, blood pressure 132/92mmHg

metabolic syndrome

Last summer, Loraine's garden yielded more food than her family could eat. She chose to extend the life of many of her fruits and vegetables by canning them. This is an example of which type of food preservation method?

using heat to reduce number of microbes

Slightly more than 1/4 of the plate is occupied by grains. Within this food group, emphasize ___________ rather than ________________

whole grains; refined grains

The USDA developed MyPlate to help Americans develop a healthy meal plan. Complete each sentence with the appropriate term.

- Enjoy your food, but eat less. -Compare sodium in foods like soup, canned vegetables, and frozen meals and choose the foods with lower numbers. -Avoid oversized portions. -Make half your plate fruits and vegetables. -Switch to fat-free or low-fat (1%) milk.

Microorganisms that cause foodborne illness thrive under certain circumstances. In which of the following situations are bacteria likely to grow? Select all that apply.

- a piece of steak defrosting on counter -a cooked pot of oatmeal left on stovetop -unplugged rice steamer of cooked rice left on counter

Carbohydrates typically comprise the largest proportion of total daily calorie intake. Click to select the meals that are rich sources of carbohydrates. Recall that a "rich" source is one that provides 20% or more of the Daily Value for a nutrient. For carbohydrates, this corresponds to 55 grams (20% of the DV: 275 grams x 0.20 = 55 grams).

-2 cups of whole wheat pasta topped with 1/2 cup of tomato sauce -1 cup of baked beans and 1 2in sq piece of corn bread

Drag the label of the item to its correct portion size sentence.

-A small or medium piece of fresh fruit, one-half cup of baked potato, or one-half of a bagel is about the size of a tennis ball. -Three ounces of meat is equivalent to the size of a deck of playing cards. -One large apple or one cup of a ready-to-eat breakfast cereal is roughly the size of a baseball. -Two tablespoons of salad dressing, peanut butter, or margarine is the same size as a golf ball

Which of the following people are at high risk for foodborne illness? Select all that apply.

-an 80y/o living in long-term care faciiity -40 y/o man being treated for colon cancer -a woman who is 20 weeks pregnant -2 y/o child

foods to reduce

-choose foods with lower sodium -drink water instead of sugary drinks

Marija's mother is constantly calling her and complaining that she is constipated. Marija does some research and makes the following recommendations to her mother to help alleviate constipation. Which of these are the correct recommendations for alleviating constipation? Select all that apply.

-increase water intake to help prevent dehydration, which makes constipation worse -eat more high fiber foods like whole grain breads and cereals -try to develop more regular bowel habits, which will help train large intestine to respond routinely

the two primary causes of peptic ulcers

-infection of stomach by acid-resistant bacteria (H. pylori) -heavy use of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) like aspirin

foods to increase

-make half your plate fruits and vegetables -make at least half your grains whole grains -switch to fat-free or low-fat (1%) milk

The diets of many North Americans are in need of improvement. Click to select the changes needed by most Americans.

-reduce intake of sugared drinks -focus on eating fruits and veggies -replace refined grains with whole grains -minimize intake of sat fat

Marija has a history of ulcers and was recently diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Which of the following meal and lifestyle choices should she follow in order to decrease her symptoms of heartburn? Select all that apply.

-reducing portions and losing weight if overweight -having oatmeal with a banana for breakfast and decaf coffee -sitting up and knitting after eating lunch rather than nap

insoluble fibers

-the type of fiber that does not dissolve in water -type of fiber responsible for bowel regularity and preventing constipation -fibrous non-carb found in whole grains and wheat bran

soluble fibers

-thickening agent used in jams -type of fiber that absorbs water -type of fiber thought to have cholesterol-lowering properties

1. Eating patterns are the combination of foods and _________ that are consumed over time. 2. To meet nutrient needs within calorie limits, choose a variety of _______ foods within all food groups. 3. An example of an energy-dense food is a food prepared with added _____. 4. Added sugar should be limited to _________ of calories daily. 5. Alcohol, if consumed, should be limited to _________ daily for women and _________ daily for men.

1. beverages 2. nutrient-dense 3. fat 4. 10% 5a. 1 drink 5b. 2 drinks

The scientific method can be applied to many areas, even in your own personal life. Put the components of the scientific method in order as they pertain to Luisa's experiment to determine what is making her stomach hurt.

1. notes her stomach hurts after diary 2. hypothesizes that its dairy 3. 1 week trial 4. observes after one week 5. talks to her family 6. conducts additional experiments

Recommended Dietary Allowances differ for various stages of life and gender. While adult needs for most nutrients are generally greater than those of children, this is not the case for carbohydrate. Because their bodies are developing so quickly, children aged 1-3 have very high carbohydrate needs that equal the same number of grams of carbohydrate an adult should have each day. What is the RDA for carbohydrate for both children aged 1-3 and adults?

130 grams

AI for fiber

14g/1000kcal --> 28g/2000kcal

Carbs

2000 kcal/day 900-1300 kcal from carbs

What is the recommended safe internal temperature for your refrigerator?

40 F

A kilocalorie is a unit of the energy content of food. Which definition best describes how much energy is in one kilocalorie?

A kilocalorie is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 liter of water by 1° Celsius.

The Nutrition Facts panel on a food label compares the amount of nutrients in the food with a set of standards called _____________ which are based on 2 sets of dietary standards: ____________________________________ and ____________________________________

Daily Values Reference Daily Intakes and Daily Reference Values.

The set of scientifically based recommendations designed to promote health and reduce the risk for many chronic diseases through diet and physical activity is known as the

Dietary Guidelines for Americans.

The cause of _______ is not known, but factors that may contribute to it include hiatal hernia, alcohol use, overweight, smoking, and even pregnancy.

GERD

Glycogen

Liver and muscle storage; storage form of glucose

In the United States, people who meet certain income guidelines can qualify for federal assistance to help improve their nutritional status and prevent hunger or malnutrition. The program sometimes known as the Food Stamp Program is called:

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

One of the mothers in Loraine's mothers group has started purchasing raw, unpasteurized milk and feeding it to her children. The other women warn her about the potential health hazards of drinking raw milk. The mother insists that pasteurization degrades the nutritional quality of milk, and that raw milk is nutritionally superior. What does pasteurization do?

The pasteurization process heats foods to kill pathogenic microorganisms and reduce the total number of bacteria.

protein

a little less than 1/4 plate

grains

a little more than 1/4 of plate

mucus

a thick fluid that protects the body cells and lubricates digesting food to help it move smoothly along gi tract

glucose and galactose

absorbed by active transport

fructose

absorbed by facilitated diffusion

7 kcal/gram

alcohol

Proteins

amino acids

starch

amylose and amylopectin

Measuring various aspects of the body including height, weight, circumference, and body composition

anthropometric

Measuring the contents of nutrients and nutrient by-products in the blood, urine, and feces

biochemical

Glucose

blood sugar

We receive energy in the form of _______ contained in foods we eat.

calories

4 kcal/gram

carbs and protein

fiber

cellulose and pectin

In the stomach, food becomes a very acidic, watery mixture containing enzymes that leaves the stomach a teaspoon at a time into the small intestine and is called

chyme

Physical evidence of any diet-related disease (hypertension and skin rashes)

clinical

A cup of ________ appears next to the plate. Depending on personalized calorie recommendations, consumers should have 2-3 cups per day of ________ or fat-free dairy products or other rich sources of calcium.

dairy; low-fat

Current studies show that most North Americans need to ________ their intake of sugar and _________ their intake of fiber.

decrease; increase

Examination of how a person eats for 24 hours or over several days

dietary

starch aka

digestible carbs 4kcal/g provide energy prevent ketosis

AI aimed to reduce risk of

diverticular disease and CVD

Indigestable Carbohydrates

enhance glucose control, promote bowel health, reduce cholesterol absorption, reduce risk of obesity

balancing calories

enjoy your food but eat less, avoid oversized portions

A person's education and economic background

environmental

You go to your next class, but because you're so full from lunch, you doze off. You awake to your classmate poking you in the arm as you realize the teacher is calling your name to answer a question. With your heart racing, your body now releases __________ that increases glycogen breakdown in the liver and raises your blood sugar.

epinephrine

A nutrient is considered to be _______ if, when left out of the diet, it leads to a decline in biological function.

essential

Development of strains of tomatoes that are resistant to softening while still on the vine:

extended shelf life

If a diet does not provide adequate carbohydrate to meet immediate energy needs, the body compensates by altering its metabolism of other nutrients. Insufficient dietary carbohydrate can lead to elevated levels of ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are the by-products of partial breakdown of

fat

The Daily Values (DV) on the food label are based on a food intake of 2000 kcal per day. If you consume 2500 kcal per day, the DV increases for which of the following nutrients?

fat

________________ cause an immune response as a result of exposure to certain food proteins.

food allergies

________________ are caused by an individual's inability to digest certain food components, usually due to low amounts of specific enzymes.

food intolerances

Half of the plate is covered by _______&________. These foods are dense sources of nutrients and health-promoting _____________ despite their low calorie contents.

fruits and vegetables phytochemicals

Preventing _________ includes maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding rapid weight loss, choosing plant instead of animal protein, eating a high-fiber diet and magnesium-rich foods, using unsaturated fats, such as olive oil, and regular physical activity also is important.

gallstones

symptoms of _______________ can include intermittent pain in the right upper abdomen, pain between the shoulder blades or near the right shoulder, nausea, vomiting, gas, and bloating.

gallstones

A term that refers to the stomach is ________.

gastric

The type of diabetes that may occur during pregnancy is called ____________________________ and the women who have it are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life

gestational diabetes

After a late night, you overslept this morning and woke up late for class. In a rush to leave the house, you failed to eat breakfast. A few hours later, with an empty stomach, your blood glucose drops. This prompts your pancreas to release __________ o stimulate breakdown of glycogen in the liver into glucose.

glucagon

In the liver galactose and fructose are converted to...

glucose

sucrose =

glucose + fructose

lactose =

glucose + galactose

maltose =

glucose + glucose

Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose sugar alcohols, pentoses

nutritive sweeteners

glucose, fructose, galactose --> sucrose, lactose, maltose

Development of strains of rice that are high in vitamin A (e.g., "golden rice"):

greater amounts of nutrients

fruits and vegetables

half of the plate

bile

helps fat digestion by suspending tiny fat droplets in watery chyme in the small intestine known as micelles

________ can be caused by intense pressure during bowel movements, obesity, prolonged sitting, and violent coughing or sneezing.

hemorrhoids

symptoms of ___________ may include itching, pain, and bleeding.

hemorrhoids

type 1 diabetes

hunger, thirst, urination, weight loss, exhaustion, blurred vision 8-12 years old; genetic insulin therapy, nutrition therapy

Fresh vegetable and salad intake needs to _______

increase

Further public health efforts should focus on an _______ in physical activity and a _______ in energy intake

increase; decrease

To promote a more healthful intake, modern lifestyles need to _________ protein from plant sources and __________ protein from animal sources.

increase; decrease

fiber aka

indigestible carbs promote bowel health reduce risk of colon cancer reduce obesity risk reduce cholesterol absorption enhance blood glucose control

Symptoms of______________________ include rectal bleeding, diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, and fever.

inflammatory bowel disease

After morning class, with your stomach growling, you stagger to the cafeteria and devour a large pasta entree for lunch. Following this meal, your blood sugar rises and the pancreas releases __________ in an attempt to shuttle blood sugar into your cells.

insulin

pancreas secretes

insulin (lowers blood glucose levels) and glucagon (increase glucose levels)

________ comes from swallowed air and the breakdown of undigested carbohydrates by bacteria in the large intestine.

intestinal gas

The stomach also produces an important substance called _________ that is important for the absorption of vitamin B-12.

intrinsic factor

Eliminating dairy products (which contain lactose), wheat, bananas, corn, potatoes, milk, eggs, peas, and coffee provides relief to some with

irritable bowel syndrome

________________________ may be caused by a variety of factors, including abnormal intestinal motility, alterations in the gut microbiota, and/or decreased threshold for abdominal pain

irritable bowel syndrome

symptoms of ________________ include irregular bowel function (diarrhea, constipation, or alternating episodes of both), abdominal pain, and abdominal distension.

irritable bowel syndrome

Formerly called ______________, this is an autoimmune disease that results in _________________

juvenile-onset diabetes no pancreatic insulin production.

glucose + galactose

lactose (milk sugar)

simple sugars

lactose, sucrose

Development of strains of corn that are resistant to herbicides:

less crop loss to herbicides

9 kcal/gram

lipids (fat)

type 2 diabetes

most common insulin resistance lifestyle changes

Where salivary amylase is produced

mouth

Metabolic syndrome diagnosis

needs at least 3/5 risk factors: -waist circum larger than 35 (women) and 40 (men) -fasting triglycerides above 150mg/dL -HDL below 40mg/dL (men), 50mg/dL (women) -elevated blood pressure (normal is 120/80mmHg) -fasting blood glucose above 110mg/dL

bicarbonate

neutralizes stomach acid when it reaches small intestine, thereby protecting the small intestine from damage by acid

dairy

next to the plate

food security

no indications of food-access problems or limitations 1 or 2 indications of food-access problems, little or no change in diet or food intake

waist circumference 29in, fasting blood sugar 78mg/dL, triglycerides 105mg/dL, HDL 35 mg/dL, blood pressure 110/90mmHg

not metabolic syndrome

waist circumference 44in, fasting blood sugar 95mg/dL, triglycerides 135mg/dL, HDL 30 mg/dL, blood pressure 120/80mmHg

not metabolic syndrome

Chemical substances that are found in foods are called

nutrients

The science of _______ involves the relationship between food and health.

nutrition

site of amylase and dextrinase secretion

pancreas

digestable carbohydrates

prevent ketosis, provide energy, spare protein

enzymes

promotes breakdown of nutrients into components that are small enough for absorption

The remaining space on the plate is reserved for sources of ___________. Specifically, the Dietary Guidelines recommend lean meats, poultry and fish, plus ________ and nuts, several times per week.

protein; beans

At the base of the stomach is the ____________ that controls the rate at which food leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine.

pyloric sphincter

oligosaccharides

raffinose and stachyose

food insecurity

reduced quality, variety, or desirability of diet, little to no reduced food intake multiple indications of distrupted eating patterns and reduced food intake

Large meals and foods such as citrus fruits, chocolate, caffeinated drinks (e.g., coffee), fatty and fried foods, garlic, onion, spicy foods, and tomato-based foods (e.g., spaghetti sauce and pizza) may increase _________

reflux

Fermentation is a method of food preservation that relies on the production of acid or alcohol to deter microbial growth. Select all of the foods that are products of fermentation.

sauerkraut, cheese, yogurt, wine

mineral

selenium, manganese

has alkaline environment and is where the majority of carbohydrate digestion and absorption occurs

small intestine

Polysaccharides

starch (digestible) fiber (indigestible)

complex carbohydrates

starch, fibers

Carbohydrates

starch, glucose

has acidic environment where salivary amylase is inactivated

stomach

__________________________ is the most common treatment for gallstones

surgical removal of the gallbladder

Marija has heard that the acidic environment of the stomach is similar to that of a car battery. If the stomach is so acidic, why doesn't the acid eat away at the stomach lining and cause holes in the stomach?

the stomach is lined with layer of mucus that protects it

lipids

triglycerides, linoleic acid

Approximately 10% of diabetes cases are

type 1 diabetes

Diabetes is a disease of improper glucose regulation that results in approximately 200,000 deaths per year in North America. The majority of people with diabetes in North America have _________ This type of diabetes is characterized by?

type 2 diabetes insulin resistance