Digestive and urinary

Shortly after a meal, the gallbladder contracts in response to stimulation by secretin cholecystokinin histamine gastrin

cholecystokinin

Which of the following is not an organ of the urinary system? Urethra Collecting duct Ureter Urinary bladder Kidney

collecting duct

All of the following are located in the renal cortex, except collecting ducts renal corpuscles proximal convoluted tubules distal convoluted tubules afferent arteriole

collecting ducts

Urine is prevented from flowing back into the ureters from the bladder by compression of the ureteral openings the external urethral sphincter the internal urethral sphincter the ureteral sphincters ureteral valves

compression of the ureteral openings

t/f The stomach is lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium that is located along the surface of many tubelike gastric pits

false

Renal papillae drain into minor calyces major calyces the renal pelvis renal columns the ureter

minor calyces

A renal pyramid passes urine into a minor calyx major calyx renal medulla renal papilla ureter

minor calyx

The structural and functional units of the kidney are called nephrons renal papillae renal pyramids renal columns renal tubes

nephrons

Proton-pump inhibitors prevent the antiport of H+ and K+ in parietal cells. As a result,

pH of the stomach lumen will increase.

If the hepatopancreatic ampulla was blocked by a gallstone. pancreatic juice could pass through the accessory pancreatic duct. bile could not pass through the cystic duct. pancreatic juice could not pass through the interlobular ducts. pancreatic juice could not pass through the intralobular ducts.

pancreatic juice could pass through the accessory pancreatic duct

The kidneys are located behind the ____________ membrane on the posterior side of the _______________ wall. peritoneal; abdominal peritoneal; pelvic renal; abdominal renal; pelvic pleural; pelvic

peritoneal; abdominal

Lymphatic nodules called __________ are numerous in the mucosa and submucosa of the ileum, and initiate immune responses against microorganisms that enter the digestive tract. intestinal glands crypts of Lieberkühn Brunner glands Peyer patches

peyer patches

The enteric plexus is composed of the _________ and the __________.

submucosal plexus; myenteric plexus

Mass movements of the colon are integrated by the enteric plexus parasympathetic reflexes. local reflexes. the enteric plexus and parasympathetic reflexes. parasympathetic reflexes and local reflexes.

the enteric plexus

The renal corpuscle consists of the renal pelvis and the renal tubules. the glomerulus and Bowman capsule Bowman capsule and the renal pelvis. the proximal convoluted tubule and the glomerulus. afferent and efferent arteriole

the glomerulus and Bowman capsule

The proximal convoluted tubule is lined with epithelial cells that lack microvilli. the site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption. permeable to water if ADH is present. impermeable to water. the site of water secretion.

the site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption

t/f Distention of the stomach has a direct stimulatory effect on the gastric glands.

true

t/f The enteric nervous system is an extensive network of the submucosal and myenteric plexuses within the walls of the digestive tract

true

t/f The muscular tunic of the esophagus differs from other parts of the digestive tract because the superior part has skeletal muscle instead of smooth muscle

true

t/f The muscularis of the stomach consists of three layers: an outer longitudinal layer, a middle circular layer, and an inner oblique layer.

true

t/f The two major neurotransmitters used by the enteric nervous system are acetylcholine and norepinephrine.

true

t/f Upper and lower esophageal sphincters regulate movement of materials into and out of the esophagus.

true

Arrange the following structures in the order that urine would flow from where it is formed in the kidney to where it is eliminated from the body: (1) ureter(2) renal pelvis(3) calyx(4) urinary bladder(5) urethra

3, 2, 1, 4, 5

Diabetes insipidus is a consequence of a loss of ADH production insulin production aldosterone production angiotensin II production glucagon production

ADH production

The submucosa of the duodenum contains coiled, tubular mucous glands called __________, which open into the base of the intestinal glands. plicae circulares crypts of Lieberkühn Brunner glands Peyer patches

Brunner glands

Which of the following would occur in an individual if they had their stomach removed?

Difficulty absorbing vitamin B12

functions of the digestive system

Ingestion/Mastication/Propulsion/Mixing/Secretion/Digestion/Absorption/Elimination of waste/

Which of the following inhibits the secretion of the gastric glands?

Low pH in the duodenum

Which component(s) of the pharynx are normally involved with digestion?

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

When urination is desired, decreased action potentials along which of the following causes relaxation of the external urinary sphincter? Neurons that pass from the urinary bladder to the sacral region of the spinal cord Parasympathetic neurons that pass from the spinal cord to the urinary bladder Somatic motor neurons Ascending spinal pathways to the pons and cerebrum Neurons in the spinal cord

Somatic motor neurons

the __________ cells of the mucosa have microvilli and digestive enzymes on their surface. goblet chief absorptive parietal

absorptive

Removal of the posterior pituitary will immediately cause a decrease in urine volume. an increase in urine volume. no change in urine volume.

an increase in urine volume

In the parietal cells, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase causes a reaction between __________.

carbon dioxide and water

If the cystic duct was blocked by a gallstone, bile would not be able to pass from the gallbladder to the small intestine. bile would not be able to pass from the liver to the small intestine. bile would not be able to pass from hepatocytes to the bile canaliculi. bile would not be able to pass from the bile canaliculi to the hepatic duct branches.

bile would not be able to pass from the gallbladder to the small intestine.

Which of the following would occur after removal of the gallbladder? Difficulty digesting a fatty meal Decreased absorption of glucose, resulting in hypoglycemia Inability to convert pepsinogen to pepsin Decreased secretion of gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin

difficulty digesting a fatty meal

Ion exchange molecules in the plasma membrane of the parietal cells

exchange bicarbonate ions going out for chloride ions coming in.

t/f Most of the nervous control of the digestive tract is local, but what is under general control is mediated mainly by the sympathetic division of the ANS

false

t/f The esophagus is about 25 cm long and lies in the mediastinum, anterior to the vertebrae and the trachea

false

t/f The largest part of the stomach is the pyloric region and is composed of the antrum, canal, orifice, and sphincter.

false

t/f The stomach is an enlarged segment of the digestive tract located in the left inferior part of the abdomen

false

Mass movements in the colon are stimulated by food in the stomach. chyme in the duodenum. feces in the rectum. food in the stomach and chyme in the duodenum. food in the stomach, chyme in the duodenum, and feces in the rectum.

food in the stomach and chyme in the duodenum.

The hormone _________ stimulates gastric gland secretions.

gastrin

The __________ cells of the mucosa are also known as Paneth cells and may help protect the intestinal epithelium from bacteria. goblet granular absorptive endocrine

granular

The juxtamedullary nephrons have long loops of Henle. are found next to the renal capsule. comprise 85% of all nephrons. have their renal corpuscles located in the medulla.

have long loops of Henle

Blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter enter or leave the kidney at a region called the renal sinus renal fascia hilum fibrous capsule renal medulla

hilum

All of the following are substances found within saliva, except

hydrochloric acid

Hydrochloric acid is formed when

hydrogen ions and chloride ions join in the duct of the gastric gland.

Lasix is a diuretic that blocks the reabsorption of sodium in the ascending loop of Henle. The result of giving this drug would be increased urine output decreased aldosterone production decreased osmolality of the filtrate increased osmolality of the urine decreased urine volume

increased urine output

Aldosterone exerts its effect on the kidney tubules by increasing tubular renin production. increasing tubular permeability. increasing osmosis into the tubule cells. increasing the synthesis of the transport proteins for sodium. decreasing tubular permeability

increasing the synthesis of the transport proteins for sodium.

Voluntary micturition involves higher brain centers. involves control of the internal sphincter. is a reflex action. is common in infants. involves control of smooth muscle.

involves higher brain centers.

Defecation is stimulated by the enteric plexus. local reflexes. parasympathetic reflexes. the enteric plexus and parasympathetic reflexes. local and parasympathetic reflexes

local and parasympathetic reflexes

Increased aldosterone causes increased urine volume. sodium secretion. potassium secretion. reabsorption of hydrogen ions. filtrate formation.

potassium secretion

Regions containing cortical tissue that are located between the pyramids are referred to as calyx tissue renal papillae renal columns medullary rays renal corpuscles

renal columns

The kidney is protected from mechanical shock by the hilum renal fascia renal fat pad renal capsule renal cortex

renal fat pad

Abdominal organs that lie against the body wall and have no mesenteries are said to be

retroperitoneal

The oral cavity secretes _________, which neutralizes bacterial acids, flushes bacteria from the oral cavity, and has weak antibacterial activity.

serous saliva

Segmental contractions are mixing contractions that occur predominantly in the

small intestine

Segmental contractions are mixing contractions that occur predominantly in the _________________. oral cavity large intestine esophagus stomach small intestine

small intestine

Where does the chemical digestion of disaccharides occur Small intestine Large intestine Mouth Stomach Esophagus

small intestine

Which of the following is not a tunic of the gallbladder wall? Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis Serosa

submucosa