Digestive Connect

The sheets of connective tissue that hold the abdominal viscera in place are called ______.

mesentery

The enzymes that hydrolyze nucleic acids into nucleotides are called _____.

nucleases

When swallowing, a bolus of food moves from the mouth directly into the ____ before reaching the esophagus.

oropharynx

What is the inactive precursor of pepsin?

pepsinogen

A(n) ______ is any enzyme that digests proteins.

protease

The longitudinal wrinkles in the lining of the stomach are called gastric ____.

rugae

Which liver function contributes to the process of digestion?

secretation of bile

The _____ is a thin layer of areolar tissue topped by simple squamous cells on the exterior of the digestive tract.

serosa

Enzymes that digest lipids are called _____.

lipases

Chewing is also known as what?

mastication

How is water absorbed from the digestive tract?

osmosis

In the digestive system, water is absorbed through the process of ______, following the absorption of salts and organic nutrients.

osmosis

What is the semi-liquid mixture of partially digested food within the stomach known as?

Chyme

What is the primary epithelium found in the large intestine?

Simple columnar

Which are functions of the oral cavity?Select all that apply. Speech Absorption of nutrients Respiration Excretion of wastes Ingestion

Speech Respiration Ingestion

What are the functions of the large intestine? Digestion of all nutrients, but the absorption of only protein, water, and electrolytes Water and electrolyte absorption Carbohydrate and fat digestion

Water and electrolyte absorption

Name the layers of the digestive tract, from inner to outer.

Mucose, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa

Which of the following are found in intestinal juice? Select all that apply. Mucus Bicarbonate Secretin Chymotrypsin Water

Mucus Water

The enzyme that digests dietary starch is salivary or pancreatic ______.

amylase

The large intestines begin with a pouch inferior to the ileocecal valve that is known as the _____.

cecum

The stomach receives sympathetic innervation from the ______.

celiac ganglion

____ is released in response to fats in the chyme.

Cholecystokinin (CKK)

What are the three phases of gastric activity?

-gastric phase -intestinal phase -cephalic phase

Which of the following is achieved with small intestinal muscle contractions? Select all that apply: The mechanical digestion of food An increased contact of chyme with the intestinal lining An increased secretion rate The mixing of chyme with secretions The propelling of contents along the intestines

An increased contact of chyme with the intestinal lining The mixing of chyme with secretions The propelling of contents along the intestines

Which substances are absorbed from the stomach? Proteins and sugar Alcohol, fat Aspirin, lipid-soluble drugs

Aspirin, lipid-soluble drugs

True or false. If false, explain why: The stomach is innervated by parasympathetic, but not sympathetic, fibers.

False Both branches of the autonomic system innervate the stomach; the PSNS stimulates the digestive system and the SNS inhibits it.

True or false. If false explain why: Most digestion occurs in the stomach, while most absorption occurs in the small intestine.

False Most digestion and absorption occur in the small intestine.

Minerals in the diet are absorbed in the ____ intestine.

small

How long is the gallbladder?

about 10 cm

The region of the stomach where the esophagus enters is the ______ region.

cardial

The stimulus for the _____ reflex is stretching of the rectum.

defecation

Another name for the act of swallowing is ______.

deglutition

Which are functions of saliva? Select all that apply: Dissolves molecules so they can be tasted Chemically digests proteins Inhibits the chemical digestion of starch Aids in swallowing Cleanses mouth and teeth

Dissolves molecules so they can be tasted Aids in swallowing Cleanses mouth and teeth

What are the segments of the small intestine in the order through which food passes?

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

What are nucleases?

Enzymes that digest RNA and DNA

Which protect the stomach lining from the acidic contents? Select all that apply: Epithelial cell replacement Protective gastric juices Excessive blood flow Tight junctions Mucous coat

Epithelial cell replacement Tight junctions Mucous coat

True or false. If false explain why: The only purpose of intestinal motility is to move residue along the digestive tract.

False Motility also mixes chyme with secretions and brings chyme into contact with intestinal lining.

True or false. If false, explain why: The role of the liver in digestion is to produce digestive enzymes.

False The liver produces bile for fat emulsion. It is the pancreas that produces digestive enzymes.

Which reflexes utilize the myenteric nerve plexus to control digestive activity?

Short

What antibody is found in saliva?

IgA

Which describes the gallbladder? It is a sac on the underside of the liver. It is a blind-ended pouch at initial segment of the large intestine. It is a central hollow space within a lobule of the liver. It is a dilated segment of the pancreatic duct, just before it enters the duodenum.

It is a sac on the underside of the liver.

The gut microbiome refers to the many species of bacteria residing where?

Large intestine

Which are found in saliva? Select all that apply. Lipase Amylase Gastrin Lysozyme Mucus Water Pepsin Fibrin

Lipase Amylase Lysozyme Mucus Water

What are the gastric rugae?

Longitudinal folds in the stomach lining

Which muscles produce the up-and-down crushing action of the teeth during mastication?

Masseter and temporalis

The digestion of starch by amylase results in the production of which of the following? Disaccharides and cellulose Disaccharides and sucrose Oligosaccharides and glycerol Oligosaccharides and maltose

Oligosaccharides and maltose

What part (a cavity) of the digestive system functions in ingestion, speech, and respiration?

Oral cavity

Which is true of chemical digestion in the stomach? Partial digestion of only protein occurs in the stomach. Partial digestion of both protein and fat can occur in the stomach. There is no digestion occurring in the stomach.

Partial digestion of both protein and fat can occur in the stomach.

What is the predominant type of muscle contraction occurring in the stomach?

Peristalsis

Lysozyme, immunoglobulin A, mucus, electrolytes and water are all found in which of the following?

Saliva

Which hormone is secreted by the small intestine in response to the presence of acidic chyme?

Secretin

What are mesenteries?

Sheets of connective tissue that suspend the intestines in the abdomen

Which are stimuli for defecation? Select all that apply: Stretching of the descending colon Stretching of the sigmoid colon Stretching of the stomach Stretching of the rectum

Stretching of the descending colon Stretching of the sigmoid colon Stretching of the rectum

Which is true of the long reflexes that aid in regulation of the digestive tract? They use the myenteric plexuses. They use the vagus nerves and brainstem. They affect functioning of nearby regions of the alimentary canal.

They use the vagus nerves and brainstem.

What are the typical end products of triglyceride digestion? One free fatty acid + diglyceride Two free fatty acids + monoglyceride Three free fatty acids + glycerol

Two free fatty acids + monoglyceride

What does the emetic center of the medulla oblongata stimulate?

Vomiting

The pharynx connects the oral cavity to the ______ and the nasal cavity to the ______.

esophagus, larynx

The mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine are called ______ cells.

goblet

The most common colonic contractions that occur about twice an hour are ____ contractions.

haustral

Blood from the superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein then flows into the ______.

hepatic portal system

The selective intake of food is known as ______.

ingestion

The small intestine receives nearly all of its blood supply from the ______.

superior mesenteric artery

What is deglutition?

swallowing

What is gastroenterology?

the study of the digestive tract

Minerals and _____ are absorbed in the GI tract without being digested first.

vitamins

An enzyme that is secreted in its inactive form is known as a ______.

zymogen