Digestive System

n which direction do the persistaltic contractions of the stomach's smooth muscle move contents?

From the fundus to the pyloris

The __________ phase is associated with food stretching the stomach and activating myenteric and vagovagal reflexes, which in turn stimulate gastric secretions.

Gastric

Brush-border enzyme that breaks down oligosaccharides

Glucoamylase

Small Intestine

Jejunum Ileum Duodenum

Mouth-secreted enzymes that increases in activity upon contacting the HCl of the stomach

Lingual lipase

Brush-border enzyme that targets the release of glucose from maltose

Maltase

Starting after it leaves the pyloris, place the following anatomical structures in order to identify the correct sequence that food would pass through the body.

1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum 4. Cecum 5. Ascending Colon 6. Transverse Colon 7. Descending Colon 8. Sigmoid Colon 9. Rectum

Enzyme that breaks down DNA

Deoxyribonuclease

Which of the following is not a process carried out by bacterial flora?

Digestion of most of the proteins we get in the diet.

Gastric Lipase

Digests fat in the stomach

Enzyme that produces two free fatty acids and a monoglyceride

Pancreatic Lipase

Which of the following nutrients must be digested in order to be absorbed?

Protein

In order for digestion to occur, chyme is required to contact the microvilli of the intestinal wall because the __________.

brush border enzymes are not secreted into the lumen

Acid reflux into the esophagus ("heartburn") is normally prevented by __________.

the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

Several digestive enzymes are secreted as zymogens because __________.

they act only in the stomach lumen and do not digest intracellular proteins

Hydrochloric Acid

-Activates pepsin and lingual lipase -Breaks up connective tissues and cell walls of plants -Destroys most ingested pathgens -Converts iron to an absorbable form

Pepsin

-Active form of a zymogen -Digests proteins -Autocatalytic

Digestive Tract

-Buccal Cavity -Duodenum -Jejunum -Ileum -Colon -Rectum

Intrinsic Factor

-Dysfunction could cause penicious anemia -Essential to the absorption of vitamin B12

Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then arrange each sentence into a logical paragraph order. Word in () is the answer

-In the gastric gland, the (chief) cells secrete pepsinogen. -Also in the gastric gland, the parietal cells will secrete (HCl). -HCl will remove some amino acids from pepsinogen and turn it into (pepsin). -Pepsin will then be used in a(n) (autocatalytic) effect and aid in the conversion of more pepsinogen. -The build up of pepsin will then digest (proteins).

Mechanical digestion

-Mastication -Segmentation -Churning -Peristalsis -Haustral Contractions -Bolus Formation

Small Intestine

-Plicae -Brush border -Microvilli -Villi -Maximized surface area for absorption -Peyre Patches

Stomach

-Rugae -Gastic Pits -Oblique layer in muscularis -Maximized size for storage and -mixing

Chemical digestion

-Salivary amylase -Pepsin -Hydrochloric Acid -Pancreatic lipase

Gallbladder

-Stores the substance that breaks globules of fat into droplets -Contraction is induced by cholecystokinin

Liver

-Synthesizes bile -Synthesizes bile acids -Releases its secretions into the bile canaliculi

Accessory Organs

-Teeth -Salivary Glands -Liver -Gallbladder

Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the appropriate position. Word in () is the answer

-Three main vessels make up the (hepatic triad). These include the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile ductules. -Blood arrives at the liver through both the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery, although the hepatic portal vein delivers nutrient rich, oxygen (poor) blood to the liver cells. -The (hepatic artery) is responsible for delivering oxygen (rich) blood to the hepatocytes and thus providing for the large metabolic demand for this tissue. -The (bile ductules) collect bile produced in the hepatic lobules and deliver it to the hepatic ducts on their way to the (gallbladder) for storage.

Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then arrange each sentence into a logical paragraph order to explain protein digestion and absorption. Word in the () is the answer

1. The act of protein digestion begins in the mouth with (mechanical) digestion. 2. Once in the stomach, (pepsin) hydrolyzes peptide bonds. 3. Then, in the small intestine, trypsin, chymotrypsin and (carboxypeptidase) continue the breakdown of proteins. 4. The (brush border) of the small intestine will finish the breakdown and begin absorption.

Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the appropriate position. Then rearrange the sentences so they accurately explain the chronological order of digestive processes. Word in the () is the answer

1. The digestive process begins with the (ingestion) of foods. 2. Starting in the mouth, the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food is referred to as the process of (digestion). 3. Once foods are broken down into chemical monomers, the digestive system works to move nutrients from the GI tract into the cells of the body via (absorption). 4. Indigestible residues along with some of the non-reabsorbed secretions of digestive organs, undergo (compaction) where the fluids are removed and a remaining solid is created. 5. The final step requires (defecation), where the fecal matter resulting from compaction is excreted from the body.

Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then arrange the sentences to accurately describe the process of starch digestion from beginning to end. Word in the () is the answer

1. The entire process of starch digestion begins in the (mouth) with amylase. 2. Starch is digested first into (oligosaccharides), then into disaccharides. 3. The disaccharide, starch, is catabolized into (maltose), which is then converted into glucose. 4. Glucose can then be absorbed by the (small intestine).

Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then arrange each sentence into a logical paragraph order describing the activation of pancreatic enzymes. Word in the () is the answer

1. When stimulated, the (pancreas) will secrete trypsinogen. 2. The duodenum, in turn, will secrete enterokinase which will convert trypsinogen into (trypsin). 3. Trypsin will digest dietary (proteins) and also catalyzes the conversion of more trypsinogen into trypsin. 4. Finally, trypsin will also activate two other pancreatic (zymogens), called chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase.

Drag each label into the appropriate position in order to identify which type of macromolecule is the target of each digestive enzyme or compound

Protein -Pepsin -Chymotrypsin -Carboxypeptidase Lipid -Lingual Lipase -Pancreatic Lipase -Gastric Lipase Carbohydrate -Salivary amylase -Maltase -Sucrase

Large Intestine

Rectum Cecum Ascending Colon Transverse Colon Descending Colon Sigmoid Colon

Enzyme that breaks down RNA

Ribonuclease

Which of the following is not associated with the large absorptive surface of the small intestine?

Rugae

Hydrolyzes starch, but is deactivated in the stomach

Salivary amylase

Pancreas

Secretes inactive enzymes that, when activated, will digest proteins -Secretes zymogens - Secretes enzymes that digest fats -Secretes deoxyribonuclease -Secretes an enzyme that digests carbohydrates

The oral phase of swallowing is under __________ control and the pharyngo-esophageal phase is __________.

central nervous system; controlled by autonomic reflexes

The muscle tone of the __________ along the colon contracts it lengthwise, causing its walls to bulge and form pouches called __________.

taeniae coli; haustra