Digestive System

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hydrochloric acid

(HCl) works in the stomach in the presence of pepsinogen . Used in protein digestion. Breaks down protein into large polypeptides.

amount of gastric juice produced by gastric glands each day

2-3 L

length of GI tract (living and cadaver)

5m/16ft and 9m/30ft

4 fat soluble vitamins

A, D, E, K

duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum

After the food leaves the stomach, in what order does it travel through the lower digestive tract?

vitamin k

Bacteria in the large intestine is responsible for producing this vitamin.

hormones secreted during intestinal phase of gastric activity

CCK, secretin, GIP

bile

Chemical produced by the liver that enters the small intestine to help digest fats

salivary amylase

Chemical secreted into the mouth that digests carbohydrates

enteroendocrine cells in the stomach and the hormone they secrete

G cells; gastrin

immunoglobulin found in saliva and its funciton

IgA; inhibits bacterial growth

gastric pits

Inside the rugae of the stomach are ____________.

intestinal villi

Most carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and water are absorbed through this part of the small intestine

small intestine

Most nutrient absorption occurs in this organ

segmentation

Muscular contractions that churn and fragment food

carbohydrates

Pancreatic amylase digests __________.

fats

Pancreatic lipase digests __________.

proteins

Pancreatic protease digests ____________.

gallbladder

Pear-shaped muscular sac that stores bile.

plica

Ridges in the wall of the small intestines

stomach

Segmentation mainly occurs in the ___________.

esophageal sphincter

Structure located at entrance of stomach that closes so food does not regurgitate into the esophagus

pyloric sphincter

Structure located at the exit of the stomach that closes and prevents movement of stomach contents into small intestine

tongue

Structure that moves food around and has taste receptors that promotes the hunger drive

parietal cells

Structures in the gastric pit that produce hydrochloric acid and digest proteins

chief cells

Structures in the gastric pit that produce pepsin and digest proteins

teeth

Structures that break down food through mastication

salivary glands

Structures that produce chemicals that help lubricate and break down food

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, water, vitamins, minerals

The GI tract absorbs which six nutrients?

digestion

The breakdown of nutrients into components that can be absorbed into the body

inner

The defectation reflex relaxes which anal sphincter?

pancreas

The enzymes produced by this organ enter into the small intestine for the purpose of digestion.

mucosal

The innermost layer of the GI tract

bacteria

The large intestine contains ___________ which is important for the production of vitamin K and the digestion of proteins and carbohydrates

plica, intestinal villi

The lining of the small intestine is made up of these two structures.

deglutition

The process of food passing through the pharynx and esophagus

absorption

The process of nutrients being taking into the blood and carried to tissues and cells

secretion

The process of producing and releasing chemicals that aid in digestion

ingestion

The process of taking in food.

excretion

The removal of waste

90

The small intestine absorbs _______ percent of nutrients.

aspirin, alcohol

The stomach can absorb two chemicals: _________ and _________.

3

The stomach has _________ layers of muscle.

rugae

The stomach is lined by ridges called _________.

hepatocytes

These form the hepatic portal system.

gastric pits

These structures are lined with cells that produce chemicals that help the stomach digest food.

liver, gallbladder, pancreas

These three structures produce chemicals that travel into the small intestine and aid in digestion

mucus layer

This lines the stomach protecting it from acids

liver

This organ filters blood and regulates nutrient levels.

small intestine

This organ plays a key role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients.

liver

This organ produces bile and detoxifies blood

ileocecal valve

Valve that separates the ileum and cecum

blood clotting

Vitamin K is important for this bodily function to occur.

peristalsis

Waves of muscular contractions that move the food along the length of the digestive tract

salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

What are the four accessory structures of the digestive system?

mucosal, submucosal, muscularis, serosa

What are the four layers of the gastrointestinal tract?

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

What are the four parts of the colon?

ingestion, taste, secretion, digestion, absorption, excretion

What are the six functions of the digestive system?

cecum, colon, rectum

What are the three major parts of the large intestine?

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

What are the three sections of the small intestine?

digestive tract, accessory structures

What are the two major subsystems of the digestive system?

accessory

What structures collectively produce chemicals that aid in digestion?

outer

Which anal sphincter do we have control over?

stomach

Which organ contracts strongly to break up and liquify food?

buccal

Which phase of deglutition do we consciously control?

esophageal

Which phase of deglutition involves food being pushed down into stomach through peristalsis?

pharyngeal

Which phase of deglutition involves the food being pushed down the pharynx?

amylase, lipase, protease

Which three enzymes are produced by the pancreas?

large intestine

While this organ absorbs some nutrients, its main function is to excrete waste.

bile

a digestive juice secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder; aids in the digestion of fats.

3 sources of blood supply

abdominal aorta --> celiac --> hepatic a. sm. intestine --> hepatic portal vein hepatic veins --> inferior vena cava

deglutition

aka swallowing. Is the result of skeletal muscle activity and occurs in two phases: buccal (mouth) and pharyngeal-esophageal.

3 alternate names for the digestive system/tract

alimentary, enteron, gastrointestinal

cell types that make up pancreatic islets

alpha and beta cells

term for socket in which a tooth sits

alveolus

brush border enzymes: protein digestion

aminopeptidase, dipeptidase. Works in the small intestine.

lipase

an enzyme secreted in the small intestine that catalyzes the breakdown of fats into individual fatty acids that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

effect of CCK

bile and pancreatic enzyme release

alternate name for microvilli

brush border

enzyme produced by parietal cells that aids in production of HCl in stomach

carbonic anhydrase (CAH)

3 brush border enzymes found in the small intestine

carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, dipeptidase

4 regions of the stomach

cardiac, fundic, body, pyloric

pouch-like region at the beginning of the large intestine

cecum

blood supply to the stomach

celiac artery --> gastric artery

covering of the tooth below the gum

cementum

central drainage of a lobule

central vein

3 phases of gastric activity

cephalic, gastric, intestinal

hydrolysis

chemical reaction in which water reacts with a compound to produce other compounds; involves the splitting of a bond to break down into monomers.

cells that produce pepsinogen in the stomach

chief cells

hormone secreted by the duodenum upon arrival of fats

cholecystokinin

term for food mixed with gastric secretions

chyme

2 actions of trypsin

chymotrypsinogen is converted to chymotrypsin procarboxypeptidase is converted to carboxypeptidase

alternate name for swallowing

deglutition

hard yellowish tissue that makes up majority of the tooth

dentin

alternate name for "teeth"

dentition

cells that release HCO3- in the pancreas

ductal cells

effect of secretin

ductal cells release HCO3-

3 regions of small intestine from start to finish

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

covering of the tooth above the gum

enamel

enzyme produced by brush border cells

enterokinase

salivary amylase

enzyme produced by salivary glands and secreted into the mouth. Used in carbohydrate digestion. Breaks down starch into dissacharides.

temperature in enzyme activity

enzymes work best at 37-40* C. Any higher temperature would denature them and they would not function properly.

3 types of lingual papillae

filliform, fungiform, vallate

intestinal villi

finger-like projections in the small intestine that aid in digestion and absorption

structure that stores and concentrates bile

gall bladder

ridges in the stomach

gastric rugae

hormone secreted by alpha cells

glucagon

alternate name for "taste"

gustation

pouches on the midline of the large intestine

hastrum

3 vessels that compose the hepatic triad

hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, bile ductile

cells in liver that oxygen and nutrients from sinusoids

hepatocytes

cells in liver that produce bile that is sent to the bile ductule

hepatocytes

process of chemical digestion that breaks down carbs, fats, protein

hydrolysis

2 muscle layers of the muscularis externa and the type of muscle

inner circular, outer longitudinal, both smooth muscle

hormone secreted by beta cells

insulin

depressions in the small intestine surface

intestinal crypts

brush border enzymes: carbohydrate digestion

lactase, maltase. Works in the small intestine.

component of saliva that breaks down lipids

lingual lipase

lipase that requires gastric acid activation

lingual lipase

name of enzyme group that breaks down lipids

lipases

subunit of the liver

lobules

segmental movements

local constrictions of the organ wall that occur rhythmically. Mixes foodstuffs with digestive juices and increase the rate of absorption.

antibacterial enzyme found in saliva

lysozyme

enzyme produced by paneth cells

lysozyme

region of brain that controls swallowing reflex

medulla oblongata and pons

folds/projections on the surface of cells

microvilli

4 layers of the esophageal wall

mucosa (inner), submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

cells that produce mucus in stomach

mucous cells

type of tissue that covers the tongue

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

name of enzyme group that breaks down nucleic acids

nucleases

enzyme that breaks oligosaccharides into disaccharides

pancreatic amylase

chymotrypsin

pancreatic enzyme that works in the small intestine. Works in protein digestion. Breaks down large polypeptides into small polypeptides.

trypsin

pancreatic enzyne that works in the small intestine. Works in protein digestion. Breaks down large polypeptides into small polypeptides.

4 active enzymes produced by acinar cells

pancreatic lipase, pancreatic amylase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease

cell type found in intestinal crypts

paneth cells

neural reflex that stimulates pancreatic juice production

parasympathetic

cells that produce IF and HCl in the stomach

parietal cells

3 sets of salivary glands

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

protease found in the stomach

pepsin

the active form of pesinogen

pepsin

enzymes activated by HCl

pepsin and lipase

pH in enzyme activity

pepsinogen and HCl (combine to make pepsin), work best at pH of 2, an acidic environment to enable gastric digestion and the breakdown of food to occur. Intestinal digestion occurs at pH 6, and enables the further breakdown so that absorption can take place.

connective tissue that lines the alveolus and penetrates the cavity and tooth to hold it in place

periodontal ligament

tissue covering the digestive organs

peritoneum

alternate name for lymphatic nodules found in the ileum

peyer's patches

name of enzyme group that breaks down proteins

proteases

2 areas of tooth that contains arteries, veins, nerves, and loose connective tissue

pulp cavity and root canal

network of ducts that dump into the small intestine

r. and l. hepatic ducts --> common hepatic --> joins cystic duct --> joins pancreatic duct --> hepatopancreatic ampulla --> sm. intestine

function of large intestine

reabsorb water and electrolytes

2 nucleases found in pancreatic juice

ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease

2 regions of the liver

right hypochondriac and epigastric

component of saliva that breaks down starch

salivary amylase

enzyme in mouth that breaks carbs into oligosaccharides

salivary amylase

hormone secreted by duodenum upon arrival of acid

secretin

3 hormones secreted by the duodenum

secretin, cholecystokinin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide

chyme

semi-solid acidic food mass that enters the duodenum from the stomach.

cell type of endothelium of large intestine

simple columnar epithelium

cell type of mucosa of stomach wall

simple columnar epithelium

organ where emulsification of lipids occurs

small intestine

digestion of protein and lipids lab

starting material: litmus milk enzymes: pancreatin powder reagent: litmus in the milk results: digestion occurs in the presence of an acidic environment (test tube turned purple-red). The product of protein digestion is amino acids, and the product of lipids are fatty acids. Because these products are acids, they increase acidity overall.

gastric digestion lab

starting material: powdered albumin enzymes: pepsin, hydrochloric acid, gastric juice (pepsinogen and HCl combined) reagent: Biuret results: gastric digestion occurs only with gastric juice and proper temperature of 37* (test tube turned pink-purple). Acidic environment is necessary.

digestion of starch lab

starting material: starch solution enzymes: pancreatic juice reagent: iodine-potassium iodide solution results: digestion occurs only with proper temperature (body temp of 37*) (test tube turned light brown). Too hot denatures the enzyme. The product of starch digestion is glucose.

small intestine absorption lab

starting material: starch, glucose enzymes: none reagent: Benedict's solution, iodine-potassim iodide results: glucose has small molecules that can be absorbed by the small intestine. starch molecules are too large (macromolecules) and can't fit through the pores of the small intestine.

3 layers of the mucosa

stratified squamous epithelia, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

muscle type that composes the pharynx

striated skeletal muscle

two salivary duct orifices

sublingual and submandibular

two parasympathetic nerve plexuses of the enteric nervous system

submucosal (Meissner) myenteric (Auerbach)

connection between upper lip and gums

superior labial frenulum

neural reflex that inhibits pancreatic juice production

sympathetic

peristaltic movement

the major means of propelling food through most of the digestive viscera. Waves of contraction followed by waves of relaxation that squeeze foodstuffs through alimentary canal.

serosa

the outermost layer of the GI tract

submucosal

the second layer of the GI tract (from the inside)

muscularis

the third layer of the GI tract (from the inside)

action of enterokinase

trypsinogen is converted to trypsin

3 zymogens produced by acinar cells

trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase

muscle composure of length of esophagus

upper 1/3rd = skeletal lower 1/3rd = smooth

finger-like projections of the small intestine

villi

pancreatic amylase

works in the small intestine and used in carbohydrate digestion. Breaks down starch into dissacharides.

pepsin

works in the stomach in the presence of HCl. Used in protein digestion. Breaks down protein into large polypeptides.


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