Digestive system & metabolism/nutrition energetics

Define energetics.

Energetics is the study of the flow of energy and its change from one form to another.

Define ingestion.

Entry of food and liquids into the digestive tract through the mouth.

Which hormone inhibits the satiety center and stimulates appetite in the short term?

Ghrelin

Compare glycogenesis and glycogenolysis.

Glycogenesis is the formation of glycogen from glucose. Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

What bacterium is responsible for most peptic ulcers?

Helicobactor pylori

Describe hepatitis.

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver.

________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

Explain the role of glycogen in cellular metabolism.

It serves as an intracellular glucose reserve.

Explain when glycolysis is important in cellular metabolism.

When ATP must be produced anaerobically.

Name the three main parts of a typical tooth.

crown, neck, and root

Poisons like cyanide bind to ________ and prevent electron transfer.

cytochromes

What effects might a shortened frenulum of tongue cause? (Module 22.6D)

difficulty eating or talking

Which step of glucose metabolism yields the greater amount of ATP?

electron transport system

True or false: The sac-like structure that joins the ileum at the ileocecal valve is the haustra.

false

Name the four major regions of the stomach in order from its junction with the esophagus to the small intestine.

fundus, cardia, body, pyloric part

Your patient has inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the stomach. This is known clinically as

gastritis.

Tom has hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe in Tom?

jaundice

The energy content of foods is commonly given in units of

kilocalories (also, kcal or Cal).

Which accessory organ of the digestive system is responsible for almost 200 known functions?

liver

Cite the major mechanisms that regulate and control digestive activities.

local factors, neural mechanisms, and hormonal mechanisms

Name the regions and functions of the pharynx.

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx; to provide a passageway for food to enter the esophagus

Why do cells make new compounds?

new compounds are used to maintain and repair structures, support growth, and store nutrient reserves

Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual.

20

Of all the energy released in catabolism, about ________ percent is lost as heat warms the surrounding tissues.

60

Which one of the following is TRUE?

Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, glucose yields energy the quickest.

The exocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of

pancreatic acini.

Explain the significance of peritoneal fluid.

prevent friction and irritation when digestive organs move

Name the major functions of the large intestine.

reabsorbing water and compacting material into feces, absorbing vitamins, and storing fecal material

Vitamin B2 is

riboflavin.

name the Lobes of the liver

right, left, caudate, and quadrate

What is the function of parietal cells?

secrete intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid

What is the function of the lesser omentum?

stabilizes the position of the stomach and provides a route for structures entering or leaving the liver

Damage to the parotid glands would affect the digestion of which nutrient?

starches

What is the function of the gallbladder?

store and concentrate bile

Name the three pairs of salivary glands.

sublingual, submandibular, and parotid

Which pair of salivary glands contributes most to saliva production?

submandibular

Which pair of salivary glands secretes substances that reduce oral bacteria populations?

submandibular

What anatomical feature of the stomach allows the organ to form chyme?

the 3 muscular layers allows mixing and churning

Homeostatic control of body temperature is termed

thermoregulation.

What is the importance of the mesenteries?

they support and stabilize organs of the abdominal cavity and provide a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

In amino acid metabolism, identify the processes by which the amino group is removed.

transamination or deamination

pellagra, an epithelial and mucosal deterioration, results from a deficiency in

vitamin B3 (niacin).

The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is

vitamin K.

What is the name sometimes given to the third set of molars?

wisdom teeth

Which is not true for smooth muscle cells?

They have sarcomeres.

Define balanced diet.

A balanced diet contains all of the nutrients needed to maintain homeostasis and prevent malnutrition.

Define hepatocyte

A liver cell

Describe a portal triad.

A portal triad consists of an interlobular vein, an interlobular artery, and an interlobular bile duct.

Predict the effect of peripheral vasodilation on a person's body temperature.

Body temperature would decrease.

Define emulsification.

Breakdown of lipid droplets by bile salts

Compare catabolism and anabolism.

Catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones, whereas anabolism is buildup of large molecules from smaller building blocks.

Describe cholecystitis

Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder.

How is heat loss different between conduction and convection?

Conduction is the direct transfer of energy through physical contact and convection involves heat loss as cooler air moves across the surface of the body.

How do the absorptive and postabsorptive states maintain normal blood glucose levels?

During the absorptive state, insulin stimulates glucose uptake by cells and during the postabsorptive state, glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to form glucose.

Describe the roles of LDLs and HDLs.

LDLs deliver cholesterol to tissues and HDLs absorb unused cholesterol and return it to the liver.

Describe leptin and its effect on appetite.

Leptin is a peptide hormone produced by adipose tissues during the synthesis of triglycerides and it signals satiety.

________ is an unhealthy state resulting from inadequate intake of one or more nutrients that becomes life-threatening as the deficiencies accumulate.

Malnutrition

What is the difference between a micelle and a chylomicron?

Micelles are lipid-bile salt complexes, whereas chylomicrons are lipoproteins.

What two coenzymes transfer hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain?

NAD and FAD

Compare oxidation and reduction.

Oxidation is the gain of oxygen, or loss of hydrogen or electrons, whereas reduction is the loss of oxygen, or the gain of hydrogen or electrons.

Briefly describe phenylketonuria (PKU).

PKU is an inherited metabolic disorder resulting from an inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine.

Explain why carbohydrates are preferred over proteins and lipids as an energy source.

Proteins and lipids are more important as structural components of cells and tissues.

Describe the alkaline tide.

The alkaline tide is the sudden influx of bicarbonate ions into the bloodstream.

Distinguish between the exocrine and endocrine secretions of the pancreas.

The exocrine pancreas produces buffers and enzymes and the endocrine pancreas produces hormones.

Define oxidative phosphorylation.

The generation of ATP through the transfer of electrons from coenzymes to oxygen.

Define insensible perspiration.

The loss of water by evaporation from the skin and alveolar surfaces of the lungs.

What is the primary function of the duodenum?

The primary function of the duodenum is to neutralize the acidic chyme entering the small intestine.

Identify the four regions of the colon.

ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

Describe the source of intestinal gas.

bacterial metabolism of indigestible carbohydrates in the colon

Identify when most of the CO2 is released during the complete catabolism of glucose.

citric acid cycle

A(n) ________ contains all of the essential amino acids.

complete protein

On a hot August day at the beach, the lifeguard jumped up and ran into the water, throwing a life-buoy to a troubled swimmer calling for help, and pulling her to safety. He was happy to help the swimmer, and once back on the beach, he realized that being in the water cooled him off a great deal. What form of heat transfer contributed to his feeling cooler?

convection

Name the heat conservation mechanism that conducts heat form deep arteries to adjacent deep veins in the limbs.

countercurrent exchange

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as

gout.

Name the structure that forms the roof of the mouth.

hard palate

Trace a drop of bile from the hepatic ducts to the duodenal lumen.

hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, bile duct, duodenal ampulla and papilla, duodenal lumen

Most of the absorbed nutrients enter into which blood vessel?

hepatic portal vein

A disorder caused by the ingestion of excessive quantities of a fat-soluble vitamin is known as

hypervitaminosis.

A(n) ________ is deficient in one or more of the essential amino acids.

incomplete protein

Define thermoregulation.

the homeostatic control of body temperature