Digestive System

____- process of eating food.

Ingestion

Has multiple functions: Peristalsis - large movements of larger amounts of materials via rhythmic contractions. Digests bacteria. Bacteria colonizes in large intestine and forms a symbiotic relationship. Absorbs nutrients. Causes the process of defecation (pooping).

Large intestine

Large food molecules must be broken down into smaller subunits in order to be absorbed by the lining of the____. This is accomplished by enzymes through ____ . The many enzymes involved in chemical digestion are summarized below.

alimentary canal, hydrolysis

During mastication, the teeth reduce ingested food material to smaller particles to increase surface area for _____. Collectively, a bowl of ping-pong balls has far more surface area than a basket-ball. The muscular movements of the stomach and intestines also result in mechanical breakdown of food, thus increasing surface area for digestion.

chemical digestion

ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum

large intestine

resorbs water and stores and eliminates undigested food

large intestine

water is reabsorbed along with vitamins. mechanical digestion

large intestine

- Digestion Is a process that takes about ____ which includes both the chemical and mechanical means

24 hours

____ - movement of molecules from digestive tract to adjacent blood and lymphatic vessels.

Absorption

____ - include teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

Accessory Organs

____ - secreted by liver and stored in gallbladder. Used to aid in the digestion and absorption of fats.

Bile

____ - gathering chewed food into a ball in order to be swallowed.Saliva contains water, and digestive enzymes to help digest food and protect body from pathogens.

Bolus

____- process of breaking down food chemically.

Chemical Digestion

____ involves breaking down the food into simpler nutrients that the cells in the body can use.

Chemical digestion

stomach Mixes food with water and gastric juice which produces a creamy medium called ____.

Chyme

____ - eliminates undigested material through the anus.

Defecation

____- breakdown of food into small molecules.

Digestion

____ - continuous tube with two opening: a mouth and anus. Includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

Digestive Tract (Alimentary Canal)

Digestive system is broken down into two parts:

Digestive Tract, Accessory Organs

This structure prevents food from entering the larynx as the food is swallowed. the food can enter only the esophagus. Mechanical digestion

Epiglottis

Muscles in the esophagus push food into the stomach via the process of peristalsis. mechanical digestion

Esophagus

____ 10-inch-long tube that connects to the stomach.

Esophagus

____ is responsible for storing the excess bile

Gallbladder

____ has different functions: Bile is produced. Proteins are synthesized. Ammonia is converted to urea. Vitamins and minerals are stored. Toxic substances like poisons and drugs are broken down.

Liver

____ is used to produce bile.

Liver

Teeth are also located in the mouth and assist in the process of digesting food. _____ - chewing.

Mastication

____ - process of breaking down food into smaller pieces. Begins with chewing of food and muscular churning of the stomach.

Mechanical Digestion

____ begins in the mouth as the food is chewed

Mechanical digestion

____- also known as oral cavity.Where food enters the digestive tract.Tongue helps position the food and gathers the chewed food into a ball.

Mouth

saliva moistens the food as salivary amylase breaks down starches. chemical digestion.

Mouth

teeth grind food as the tongue helps mix food with saliva. Mechanical digestion

Mouth

stomach has four layers

Mucous membrane Submucous layer Muscular layer Serous layer

____ secretes enzymes called pancreatic juices. Endocrine cells in the pancreas create hormones like insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic peptide.

Pancreas

____ - large movements of larger amounts of materials via rhythmic contractions.

Peristalsis

____ - also known as the throat.Receives food from mouth after swallowing.

Pharynx

____ - movement of food along the digestive tract.

Propulsion

___ - digestive enzymes that breakdown food.

Secretion

- Nutrients are absorbed through the walls of the _____ - The amino acids and simple sugars derived from proteins and carbohydrates are absorbed directly into the blood

Small intestine

Has multiple functions: Mechanically digests food. Chemically digests food. Absorbs nutrients from food. Absorbs the nutrients via villi (elongated projections set closely together on a surface that increase the surface area.)

Small intestine

____ Has multiple functions:Stores food. Mixes food with water and gastric juice which produces a creamy medium called chyme. Physically breakdown food through churning stomach muscles. Chemically breakdown food. Secretes hydrochloric acid that functions to kill bacteria and aid in digestion of food.

Stomach

____ Organ that expands to store food.

Stomach

- Small fingerlike projections called ____ greatly increase the surface area of the intestinal wall

Villi

During mastication, the teeth reduce ingested food material to smaller particles to increase surface area for ____. Collectively, a bowl of ping-pong balls has far more surface area than a basket-ball. The muscular movements of the stomach and intestines also result in mechanical breakdown of food, thus increasing surface area for digestion.

chemical digestion

Main function of the digestive system is ___and ____.

digestion, absorption

Small Intestine Divided into three parts

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

- During ____, the teeth reduce ingested food material to smaller particles to increase surface area for chemical digestion. Collectively, a bowl of ping-pong balls has far more surface area than a basket-ball. The muscular movements of the stomach and intestines also result in mechanical breakdown of food, thus increasing surface area for digestion.

mastication

- The ____ also contributes water to dilute the chyme and bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acid from the stomach

pancreas

stores fecal matter before being defected via the anus

rectum

villi and microvilli increase the surface area of the small intestine and greatly increase the level of absorption of nutrients. mechanical digestion

small intestine

Churning helps break down food and mix it with gastric juices to form chyme. Mechanical digestion

stomach

hydrochloric acid breaks down the food and kills bacteria. Pepsin breaks down proteins. chemical digestion

stomach