Digital Technologies Chapter 6 and Cloud Computing

Two of the biggest problems of file sharing

1. Downloading bogs down when many people access a file at once 2. Some people leech, meaning they download content but refuse to share it.

The TCP performs three basic functions:

1. It manages the movement of data packets between computers by establishing a connection between the computers 2. It sequences the transfer of packets 3. It acknowledges the packets that have been transmitted.

Web site

All the pages of a particular company or individual

enterprise computing ( stage 5 )

All types of hardware were networked, including mainframes, personal computers, smartphones, printers, and many others. Software applications and data now flow seamlessly throughout the enterprise and among organizations.

Service-oriented architecture (SOA)

An IT architecture that makes it possible to construct business applications using Web services.

Packets

Before data are transmitted over the Internet, they are divided into small, fixed bundles

Server farms

Cloud computing providers have placed hundreds or thousands of networked servers inside massive data centers

Broadband bandwidth

Coaxal cable, Fiber optic

Bandwidth

Connects parts of the Intranets of different organizations. It also enables business partners to communicate securely over the Internet using virtual private networks ( VPNs ). offer limited accessibility to the intranets of participating companies, as well as necessary interorganizational communications. They are widely used in the areas of business-to-business (B2B) electronic commerce and supply chain management (SCM).

Web-based call centers

Effective personalized customer contact is becoming an important aspect of Web-based customer support. Such service is provided through Web-based call centers, also known as customer care centers.

Internet Backbone

For the Internet, the backbone is a fiber-optic network that is operated primarily by large telecommunications companies.

Mainframe and dumb terminals ( stage 2 )

Forcing users to go to wherever the mainframe was located was time consuming and inefficient. As a result, firms began placing so-called "dumb terminals"—essentially electronic typewriters with limited processing power—in user departments. This arrangement enabled users to input computer programs into the mainframe from their departments, a process called remote job entry.

stand-alone ccomputers ( stage 3 )

In the late 1970s, the first personal computers appeared. The IBM PC's debut in 1981 legitimized the entire personal computer market. Users began bringing personal computers to the workplace to improve their productivity

Comunication Channel

It consists of two types of media: cable (twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, or fiber-optic cable) and broadcast (microwave, satellite, radio, or infrared).

Embedded LANs

LANs connected to Backbone WANs

client/server computing

Links two or more computers in an arrangement in which some machines, called servers, provide computing for user PCs, called clients.

VPN is a ____ not a network

Method

The Internet is _________ as the world wide web.

Not the same

Stand-alone mainframes ( stage 1 )

Organizations initially used mainframe computers in their engineering and accounting departments. The mainframe was typically housed in a secure area, and only MIS personnel had access to it.

Extranet

Parts of intranets of multiple companies/locations connected together.

Browser

Software applications through which users primarily access the Web. They provide a graphical front end that enables users to point and click their way across the web, a process called surfing.

broadcast/wireless media

The key to mobile communications in today's rapidly moving society is data transmissions over electromagnetic media—the "airwaves."

Top Level Domain (TLD)

The rightmost part (or zone) of an Internet name.

File server / netwrok server

The server typically contains various software and data for the network. It also houses the LAN's network operating system, which manages the server and routes and manages communications on the network.

Packet Switching

The transmission technology that breaks up blocks of text into packets. are reliable and fault tolerant.

Internationalized country code top-level domains (IDN ccTLD)

These are ccTLDs in non-Latin character sets (e.g., Arabic or Chinese).

Generic top-level domains (gTLD)

Top-level domains with three or more characters.

Narrowband bandwidth

Twisted pair wire

Country-code top-level domains (ccTLD)

Two-letter domains established for countries or territories. For example, de stands for Germany, it for Italy, and ru for Russia.

The Internet is an example of a

WAN

Local area networks ( stage 4 )

When personal computers are networked, individual productivity increases. For this reason, organizations began to connect personal computers to local area networks (LANs) and then connected those LANs to the mainframe, a type of processing known as client/server computing.

Routers

a communications processor that routes messages from a LAN to the Internet, across several connected LANs, or across a WAN such as the Internet.

Internet Service Provider (ISP)

a company that provides internet connections for a fee.

Extensible markup language ( XML )

a computer language that makes it easier to exchange data among a variety of applications and to validate and interpret these data. is a more powerful and flexible markup language than ( HTML ).

Search Engines

a computer program that searches for specific information by key words and then reports the results. A search engine maintains an index of billions of web pages. It uses that index to find pages that match a set of user-specified key words.

Hyperlink

a connection from a hypertext file or document to another location or file, typically activated by clicking on a highlighted word or image on the screen, or by touching the screen.

Digital Signals

a discrete pulse, either on or off, that conveys information in a binary form ( 0s and 1s )

Intranet

a network that uses internet protocols so that users can take advantage of familiar applications and work habits. Intranets support discovery (easy and inexpensive browsing and search), communication, and collaboration inside an organization.

utility computing

a service provider makes computing resources and infrastructure management available to a customer as needed. The provider then charges the customer for its specific usage rather than a flat rate.

Computer Network

a system that connects computers and other devices via communications media so that data and information can be transmitted among them

Cloud Computing

a type of computing that delivers convenient, on-demand, pay-as-you-go access for multiple customers to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., servers, networks, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly and easily accessed over the Internet.

Cloud Computing allows customers to

acquire resources at any time and then delete them the instant they are no longer needed.

Web services

applications delivered over the Internet (the cloud) that MIS professionals can select and combine through almost any device, from personal computers to mobile phones.

Analog signals

are continuous waves that transmit information by altering the amplitude and frequency of the waves.

Network Access Points (NAPs)

are exchange points for Internet Traffic. They determine how traffic is routed. are key components of the Internet backbone.

Backbone Networks

are high-speed central networks to which multiple smaller networks (such as LANs and smaller WANs) connect.

Infrastructure-as-a-service ( IaaS )

cloud computing providers offer remotely accessible servers, networks, and storage capacity. They supply these resources on demand from their large resource pools, which are located in their data centers.

Software-as-a-service ( SaaS )

cloud computing vendors provide software that is specific to their customers' requirements. SaaS is the most widely used service model, and it provides a broad range of software applications. SaaS providers typically charge their customers a monthly or yearly subscription fee.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

connects many devices over a wide geographic area. They typically connect multiple LANs. They are generally provided by common carriers such as telephone companies and the international networks of global communications services providers.

Enterprise Network

connects multiple LANS or WANs together. Organizations today have multiple LANs and may have multiple WANs.

Local Area Netowrk (LAN)

connects two or more devices in close proximity, usually within the same building, so that every device on the network can communicate with every other device.

Domain names

consist of multiple parts, separated by dots, that are read from right to left.

Internet protocol ( IP )

consists of sets of numbers, in four parts, separated by dots. For example, the ______ of one computer might be 135.62.128.91. You can access a website by typing this number in the address bar of your browser.

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

coordinates these unique addresses throughout the world. Without that coordination, we would not have one global Internet.

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

creates private network connecting two computers together; strong security

Platform-as-a-service ( PaaS )

customers rent servers, operating systems, storage, a database, software development technologies such as Java and .NET, and network capacity over the Internet. The PaaS model allows the customer to both run existing applications and to develop and test new applications.

Software Defined Network (SDN)

decisions that control how network traffic flows across network devices are managed centrally by software. The software dynamically adjusts data flows to meet business and application needs.

Internet2 (I2)

develops and deploys advanced network applications such as remote medical diagnosis, digital libraries, distance education, online simulation, and virtual laboratories. It is designed to be fast, always on, everywhere, natural, intelligent, easy, and trusted. Note that It is not a separate physical network from the Internet.

distributed processing

divides processing work among two or more computers. This process enables computers in different locations to communicate with one another through telecommunications links.

Presence services

enable users to know where their intended recipients are and if they are available, in real time.

HTML5

enables users to embed images, audio, and video directly into a document without add-ons.

Swarming

enabling all users to share little pieces of a file at the same time

Fat Clients

have large storage and processing power and therefore can run local programs (such as Microsoft Office) if the network goes down.

Internet

is a global WAN that connects approximately 1 million organizational computer networks in more than 200 countries on all continents. It has become so widespread that it features in the daily routine of some 5 billion people.

Hypertext markup language ( HTML )

is a page-description language for specifying how text, graphics, video, and sound are placed on a Web page document. was originally designed to create and link static documents composed primarily of text.

Hypertext

is the underlying concept defining the structure of the world wide web. It is the text displayed on a computer display or other electronic device with references, called hyperlinks, to other text that the reader can immediately access, or where text can be revealed progressively at additional levels of details.

Thin Clients

may have no local storage and only limited processing power. Thus, they must depend on the network to run applications. For this reason, they are of little value when the network is not functioning.

Cable Modems

modems that operate over coaxial cable. They offer broadband access to the Internet or to corporate intranets.

World Wide Web (WWW)

one application that the Internet supports - interface is a web browser. a system of universally accepted standards for storing, retrieving, formatting, and displaying information through a client/server architecture. handles all types of digital information, including text, hypermedia, graphics, and sound. It uses graphical user interfaces (GUIs)

DSL modem

operate on the same lines as voice telephones and dial-up modems. they always maintain a connection, so an internet connection is immediately available.

Grid Computing

pools various hardware and software components to create a single IT environment with shared resources.

cloud computing and mobile computing ( stage 6 )

provides access to a shared pool of computing resources, including computers, storage, applications, and services, over a network, typically the Internet.

Electronic chat rooms

refers to an arrangement in which participants exchange conversational messages in real time in a chat room. Chat programs allow you to send messages to people who are connected to the same channel of communication at the same time as you are. Anyone can join in the conversation. Messages are displayed on your screen as they arrive.

collaboration

refers to efforts by two or more entities—that is, individuals, teams, groups, or organizations—who work together to accomplish certain tasks.

Internet Protocol (IP)

responsible for disassembling, delivering, and reassembling the data during transmission.

Metasearch Engines.

search several engines at once and then integrate the findings to answer users' queries.

protocal

set of rules and procedures governing transmission of data across a network.

Unified Communications ( UC )

simplifies and integrates all forms of communications—voice, voice mail, fax, chat, e-mail, instant messaging, short message service, presence (location) services, and videoconferencing—on a common hardware and software platform.

On-premise computing

that is, they own their IT infrastructure (their software, hardware, networks, and data management) and maintain it in their data centers. incurs expenses for IT infrastructure, the expert staffs needed to build and maintain complex IT systems, physical facilities, software licenses, hardware, and staff training and salaries.

electronic mail (e-mail)

the largest-volume application running over the Internet. Studies have found that almost all companies conduct business transactions through e-mail, and the vast majority confirm that e-mail is tied to their means of generating revenue.

Workflow

the movement of information as it progresses through the sequence of steps that make up an organization's work procedures.

Transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP)

the protocol of the Internet. uses a suite of protocols, the primary ones being the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP).

wireline/cable media

use physical wires or cables to transmit data and information. Twisted-pair wire and coaxial cables are made of copper, and fiber-optic cable is made of glass.

Clients

user PCs

server virtualization

uses software-based partitions to create multiple virtual servers—called virtual machines—on a single physical server. The major benefit of this system is that each server no longer has to be dedicated to a particular task.

crowd sourcing

which an organization outsources a task to an undefined, generally large group of people in the form of an open call.

Web crawlers

which are computer programs that browse the web and create a copy of all visited pages.

home page

which is a text and graphical screen display that usually welcomes the user and provides basic information on the organization that has established the page. In most cases, the home page will lead users to other pages.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

which points to the address of a specific resource on the web.