Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Which condition is digital rectal exam used for assessment? Benign prostatic hyperplasia Erectile dysfunction Hematocele Peyronie's disease

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Which of the following statements would suggest a nursing student has a correct understanding of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)? BPH is a rare condition. BPH may cause changes in urination. BPH is also known as "erectile dysfunction." BPH is essentially a vascular issue.

BPH may cause changes in urination.

Which of the following terms indicates the failure of one or both testes to descend? Orchitis Priapism Cryptorchidism Hypospadias

Cryptorchidism

Which of the following conditions are disorders of the testes? Select all that apply. Cryptorchidism Benign prostatic hyperplasia Orchitis Hypospadias Priapism

Cryptorchidism Orchitis

As prostate enlargement can play a role in erectile dysfunction, which of the following may the clinician use to assess the status of John's prostate? Select all that apply. DRE Penile blood flow study EG PSA levels X-ray

DRE PSA levels Direct rectal examination (DRE) can help assess the size of the prostate gland and changes in the prostate tissue that may be related to cancer. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels are measured in the blood. A PSA test can help rule out prostate cancer, but diagnosis of prostate cancer cannot be made solely on PSA values.

Which of the following are associated with BPH? Select all that apply. BPH is a rare condition. DRE is a diagnostic procedure for BPH. Alpha-blockers are commonly used to treat BPH. Changes in urination, related to hesitancy and incomplete bladder emptying are common with BPH. BPH commonly occurs in males 15-25 years of age.

DRE is a diagnostic procedure for BPH. Alpha-blockers are commonly used to treat BPH. Changes in urination, related to hesitancy and incomplete bladder emptying are common with BPH.

Which of the following are true statements about erectile dysfunction? Select all that apply. Phosphodiesterase activators are the most common form of treatment. Diagnosis is dependent on PSAPSA levels. Erectile dysfunction may manifest with other conditions such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. DRE is the testing procedure most commonly used for erectile dysfunction. Medications for erectile dysfunction work by enhancing the effects of nitric oxide.

Erectile dysfunction may manifest with other conditions such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Medications for erectile dysfunction work by enhancing the effects of nitric oxide.

If John's PSA value returns higher than normal, which of the following is the most appropriate response? John needs to be scheduled for immediate surgery. Further follow-up may be considered, such as doing another PSA test or a needle biopsy of the prostate. Nothing, as high PSA vales have no diagnostic value. John needs to begin taking medications to block PSA.

Further follow-up may be considered, such as doing another PSA test or a needle biopsy of the prostate. CORRECT. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels can vary between individuals and are not the sole diagnosis for prostate cancer. Thus, the best approach is to do follow-up assessment to get a clearer picture of the relation of the PSA level and prostate health.

Which of the following are correctly matched? Select all that apply. Hematocele - "bag of worms" sensation CA-125 - testicular cancer Hypospadias - prolonged erection Vasectomy - vas deferens PSA - prostate cancer

Hematocele - "bag of worms" sensation Vasectomy - vas deferens PSA - prostate cancer

John is a 54-year old male who has arrived at the medical office for his yearly check-up. John suffers from type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. In addition to his check-up, he wants to get help with a "personal problem." He feels he is unable to get or maintain an erection.John tells the clinician he understands that getting and maintaining an erection may be more difficult with age. Which of the following may increase the risk for erectile dysfunction? Select all that apply. Hypertension Regular exercise Low-stress lifestyle Diabetes mellitus Atherosclerosis

Hypertension Diabetes mellitus Atherosclerosis CORRECT. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is primarily a vascular disease. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis can result in disrupted blood flow to the penis.

John also tells the clinician that he has recently begun taking an antidepressant and knows some medications can play a role in erectile dysfunction. What other risk factors should the clinician assess with John? Select all that apply. Low testosterone Alcoholism High stress Enlarged prostate Smoking

Low testosterone Alcoholism High stress Enlarged prostate Smoking CORRECT. Low testosterone levels, alcoholism, high stress levels, an enlarged prostate, and smoking can play a role in erectile dysfunction, which often results from a combination of factors.

Which medications are contraindications for PDE inhibitor usage? Antibiotics NSAIDs Antihypertensives Nitrates

Nitrates CORRECT. PDE inhibitors may potentiate the vasodilatory effects of nitrates, resulting in significant hypotension.

Although several testing options are available to the clinician to assess John's erectile dysfunction, the clinician knows the initiation of treatment of most patients for ED is primarily the result of which of the following? Patient's symptoms Physician intuition Extensive blood analysis Penile blood flow studies

Patient's symptoms CORRECT. In many cases, treatment of ED is based on the patient's subjective symptoms.

The clinician believes John would benefit from treatment with medication for his erectile dysfunction. Which of the following medication class is effective in treating ED? Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors Beta-blockers Statins Alpha-blockers

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors CORRECT. PDE inhibitors, known as phosphodiesterase inhibitors, enhance the effects of nitric oxide levels in the penis. Nitric oxide causes vasodilation, leading to erection of the penis.

Which of the following terms refer to a prolonged erection? Orchitis Vasectomy Priapism Peyronie's disease

Priapism

Sometimes use of a PDE inhibitor results in a prolonged erection that will not resolve. What is the term for a prolonged erection without continued stimulation? Paraphimosis Phimosis Priapism Prismatic

Priapism CORRECT. Priapism is a prolonged erection without continued stimulation. Medical evaluation is needed for an erection lasting longer than 4 hours.

Which of the following statements is true about testicular cancer? Testicular cancer is more common in men over 65 years of age. Testicular cancer requires detorsion surgery. Testicular cancer has a high cure rate. Testicular cancer presents with problems in urination.

Testicular cancer has a high cure rate.

Which of the following is a medical emergency requiring surgical correction? Testicular torsion Phimosis Paraphimosis Varicocele

Testicular torsion

To diagnose ED, which of the following tests may the physician consider for John? Select all that apply. Testosterone levels LH levels Penile blood flow studies Nocturnal penile tumescence testing Urinalysis

Testosterone levels LH levels Penile blood flow studies Nocturnal penile tumescence testing Urinalysis CORRECT. Testing of testosterone levels and LH levels, as well as penile blood flow studies and nocturnal penile tumescence testing, can be done to help identify ED and the possible roles hormones may play in the development of ED. Urinalysis may also be performed to look for red blood cells, white blood cells, protein, and glucose.