Div 02 Sitework

1. Concrete 2. Bituminous surfacing

Paving and surfacing materials

1. Physical barriers 2. Chemical barriers 3. Colony Elimination

Three types of termite proofing

1. Hot mix asphalt or asphaltic concrete 2. Cold mix asphalt or asphaltic concrete 3. Asphaltic macadam 4. Asphalt overlay

Types of bitumnous surfacing

Unified Soil Classification System

USCS

Liquid limit (LL)

(Atterberg limits) is that moisture content at which a soil changes from the liquid state to the plastic state, measured when soil in a shallow dish flows to close a 12.5 mm groove after 25 drops from 1 cm.

Plastic Limit (PL)

(Atterberg limits) the water content at which a silt or clay material will just begin to crumble when rolled into a thread approx 3.2mm (1/8 inch) in diameter.

1. Subsurface 2. Erosion control 3. Sediment control

(Geotextiles) The separate categories of filtration

Sediment control

(Geotextiles) are exclusively those used for silt fence applications. While they serve the purpose of "filtering" runoff, the mechanism by which they function is different than subsurface drainage or erosion control applications.

Subsurface

(Geotextiles) those employed in sub-surface drainage applications, such as filters around under-drains or edge drains, or under paving.

Erosion control

(Geotextiles) those employed to protect cut slopes or drainage features. When used in conjunction with a stone lining or riprap, they would serve a secondary function of separation.

GW, GM, GP

(USCS) Gravels with > 50% retained on No. 200 sieve and > 50% further retained on No.40 sieve.

SW, SM

(USCS) or Sands with > 50% are retained on No. 200 sieve and 50% or more passes No.40 sieve.

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

AASHTO

Gravel

AASHTO particles size 75mm to No. 10 sieve

Coarse sand

AASHTO particles size No. 10 to No. 40 sieve

Fine sand

AASHTO particles size No. 40 to No. 200 sieve

Boulders

AASHTO particles size above 75mm

Silt-Clay particles

AASHTO particles size passing No. 200 sieve

American National Standards Institute

ANSI

American Society for Testing Materials

ASTM

Atterberg limits

Are tests performed on soils passing the No.40 sieve

1. Geotextiles 2. Geomembranes 3. Geocomposites 4. Geonets 5. Geocells

Categories of geosynthetics

Geosynthetics

Construction materials consisting of synthetic components made for use with or within earth materials

Dept. of Public Works and Highways

DPWH

Thermoset polymer

Geomembrane, Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) frequently used for membrane roofing applications

Theromoplastic products

Geomembranes manufactured from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

1. Theromoplastic products 2. Thermoset polymer

Geomembranes most frequently used for ground applications

1. Banda y banda 2. Escombro 3. Escombro - bulik (for riprap)

Local borrow fill materials

1. Termite resistant sand 2. Termite mesh 3. Home construction

Methods of physical barrier termite proofing

P5000 per 15 16 cubic meters

Price of escombro local borrow fill

1. Reinforcement 2. Separation 3. Filtration 4. In-plane drainage

Purposes of geotextiles

1. Borrow material 2. Base course material 3. Choker aggregate

Subgrade and base course materials

Colony Elimination (Bait) System

The objective of this method is to attract the termite workers to forage on a slow-acting insect-growth regulator (IGR) called hexaflumuronthat will work to eliminate the termite workers population and eventually result in the death of the queen and any subsequent future queens, and therefore the entire colony. The system employs baiting and monitoring devices, installed where evidence of infestation is found: on the ground outside the house, on walls, floors, ceilings inside the house.

Chemical barriers

The objective of this method is to establish a continuous termiticide barrier or treated area between potential soil access routes and the structure to either kill or repel subterranean termites that attempt to reach the structure. A termiticide is a type of chemical used to control termites.

Gabion system

Wire-enclosed riprap

Riprap (Rock lining)

a constructed layer or facing of stone, placed to prevent erosion, scour or sloughing of a structure or embankment.

Hot mix asphalt or asphaltic concrete

a dark brown to black cementitious material, solid or semi-solid, composed of bitumens which when mixed with graded aggregates is used as paving material by placing, shaping, and compacting while hot over a prepared base.

Termite resistant sand

a layer of sand with uniform size particles. The sand must be large enough to prevent the termite from moving through it effectively and of a consistency that prevents its use in "tunnel" construction. Sometimes used around the foundation of a home during construction.

Pre-construction chemical barriers

are almost always applied during construction, to the soil and foundation. There are also termite resistant building products, from drywall to floor joists. These are often treated with borates before use in home construction. Pre-construction applications must use enough insecticide (often 100 gallons or more) at a sufficient concentration to erect an adequate barrier.

Geomembranes

are continuous polymeric sheets that are impermeable.

Geotextiles

are the most common geosynthetics, and consist of woven or nonwoven fabric made from polymeric materials such as polyester or polypropylene generally used for reinforcement, separation, filtration, and in-plane drainage.

Geocells

are three-dimensional prefabricated polymeric systems ranging from 100 to 200 mm (4 to 8 inches) high. The [,blank,] systems are collapsed for delivery to the site. Upon arrival at a site, they are spread open and filled to form a three-dimensional reinforced mattress. Originally developed to rapidly stabilize soft subgrades for mobilization of large equipment, they are now frequently used for protection and stabilization of steep slope surfaces and protective linings for channels

Geocomposites

consist of a combination of geosynthetic components; are usually sheet or edge drains consisting of a prefabricated core to which a geotextile filter is bonded.

Base Course Materials

hard durable fragments of stone and a filler of sand or other finely divided mineral matter, free from vegetable matter and lumps of clay

Home Construction

in particularly high-risk termite environments, homes are sometimes designed on high concrete pillars to physically separate the home from the distance termites can travel from their colony.

Choker course

is a filter layer of finer material that is installed over a coarse road base material. Its purpose is to provide a stable foundation of fine-grained aggregate for the construction of a pavement.

Geonet

is a type of geosynthetic that consists of a continuous extrusion of polymeric ribs that form void space through which provide in-plane flow capacity.

Cold mix asphalt or asphaltic concrete

is asphaltic concrete prepared with a relatively light and slow-curing asphalt, placed over a prepared surface without heat. This hardens to a state that is less firm and durable than hot-mix asphaltic concrete.

Plasticity Index (PI)

is defined as the Liquid Limit minus the Plastic Limit: LL -PL = PI, that is the range of water content over which sediment behaves

In-plane drainage

particular thick-needled nonwoven geotextiles having sufficient in-plane flow capacity for use as flow conduits in drainage applications.

Asphaltic macadam

paving for roads and other surfaces formed by grading and compacting layers of crushed stone or gravel, then the top layer is bound by asphalt to stabilize the stone, provide a smoother surface, and seal against water penetration.

Borrow Fill

selected laboratory-approved pit-run gravel, disintegrated granite, sand, shale, cinders or other similar materials with not more than 35% fraction passing the No. 200 sieve.

Granular Fill or Filters

soil materials with sand equivalent of not less than 50%; used to prevent the movement of fine particles out of soils and other natural materials through which seepage occurs; conforming to ASTM C 33, size 67.

Fill materials

soil, crushed stone, and sand used to raise an existing grade, or as a man-made-deposit; generally used under footings, pavers, or concrete slabs on grade

Termite mesh

steel mesh product that is fine enough to keep even tiny termites from passing through it. Termite Mesh is used in slab construction (concrete slabs are poured over or with the mesh). It is also used to wrap pipes and other access areas.

Asphalt overlay

when one or more courses or layers of asphalt an asphalt leveling course made of an asphalt and aggregate mixture of variable thickness to correct the contour of existing surface, are placed on existing pavement.

Reinforcement

when the geotextile fabric lends its strength to low load-bearing soil to increase the overall design strength and decrease the amount of sub-base and base course material.

Separation

when the geotextile is placed between dissimilar materials to prevent migration of one of the materials into the other.

Filtration

when the geotextile is used to prevent the movement of fine particles from soil through which seepage occurs