DNA

DNA is read in terms of how many bases?

3

which of the following needs to be present in order for a substance to be considered a nucleotide?

5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group

choose the correct complementary bases for dan strand shown below (TCAGGA)

A G T C C T

Which are the correct mRNA bases, complementary to the following DNA strand " TGCA":

ACGU

Nucleic acids are small biomolecules essential to all known forms of life. They are composed of nucleotides, which are monomers.

All nucleotides consist of a 5-carbon sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.

which of these is NOT a type of RNA?

CRNA

Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life. They are composed of nucleotides, which are monomers made of three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.

DNA is a long molecule that contains our unique genetic code. It holds the instructions for making all the proteins in our bodies. DNA is a double helical structure that contains the four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. Each base forms hydrogen bonds with another base on the complementary strand. The bases have a precise bonding pattern. Adenine bonds with thymine and guanine bonds with cytosine (remember: AT/GC). Because of this method of bonding, the strands can be replicated, producing identical strands of DNA.

The message carried by the mRNA is read by a carrier molecule called transfer RNA (tRNA). The mRNA is read three letters (a codon) at a time. Each codon specifies a particular amino acid.

Each amino acid is attached specifically to its own tRNA molecule.When the mRNA sequence is read, each tRNA molecule delivers its amino acid to the ribosome and binds temporarily to the corresponding codon on the mRNA molecule. Once the tRNA is bound, it releases its amino acid and the adjacent amino acids all join together into a long chain called a polypeptide. This process continues until a protein is formed.

Translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus. Once mRNA is produced, it leaves the nucleus and protein synthesis - translation - occurs in the cytoplasm. The message carried by the mRNA is read by a carrier molecule called transfer RNA (tRNA). The mRNA is read three letters (a codon) at a time.

Each codon specifies a particular amino acid. Each amino acid is attached specifically to its own tRNA molecule. When the mRNA sequence is read, each tRNA molecule delivers its amino acid to the ribosome and binds temporarily to the corresponding codon on the mRNA molecule. Once the tRNA is bound, it releases its amino acid and the adjacent amino acids all join together into a long chain called a polypeptide. This process continues until a protein is formed.

What happens to mRNA once its message has been translated?

It is degraded and the nucleotides are recycled

there are four types of RNA:

Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries codes from the DNA in the nucleus to the sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm (the ribosomes). Transfer RNA (tRNA) which brings protein sub-units (amino acids) to ribosomes during translation. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which together with ribosomal proteins, makes up the ribosomes, the organelles that translate the mRNA. Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) which together with proteins, forms complexes that are used in RNA processing in eukaryotes. (These are not found in prokaryotes).

Translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins after the transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus.

Once mRNA is produced, it leaves the nucleus and protein synthesis - translation - occurs in the cytoplasm.

Transcription is when the DNA in a gene is copied to produce an RNA transcript called messenger RNA (mRNA). This is carried out by an enzyme called RNA polymerase which uses available bases from the nucleus of the cell to form the mRNA.

RNA is a chemical similar in structure and properties to DNA, but it only has a single strand of bases and instead of the base thymine, RNA has a base called uracil.

In RNA, the complement of adenine (A) is uracil (U) instead of thymine (T), so the pairs that form are adenine: uracil and guanine: cytosine.

Remember: DNA: AT/GC RNA: AU/GC

RNA

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is one of the three major biological macromolecules that are essential for all organisms along with DNAand proteins.

While the sugar-phosphate "backbone" of DNA contains deoxyribose, RNA contains ribose instead.

Ribose has a hydroxyl group attached to the pentose ring in the 2′ position, whereas deoxyribose does not. The hydroxyl groups in the ribose backbone make RNA less stable than DNA because it is more prone to hydrolysis.

When the mRNA sequence is read, each tRNA molecule delivers its amino acid to the ribosome and binds temporarily to the corresponding codon on the mRNA molecule. Once the tRNA is bound, it releases its amino acid and the adjacent amino acids all join together into a long chain called a polypeptide. This process continues until a protein is formed. Several polypeptide chains may be needed to make a complete protein molecule. Eventually, the chain is ended at what is called a stop codon.

Stop codons are sequences of DNA and RNA that are needed to stop translation. At this point, the chain is released into the cytoplasm, and the protein folds into itself and forms its complete confirmation. Once mRNA has been translated the strand is degraded and the nucleotides are recycled.

which of the following is a stop codon in DNA?

TGA TAG TAA

Transcription is the process when the DNA in a gene is copied to produce an RNA transcript called messenger RNA (mRNA). This is carried out by an enzyme called RNA polymerase which uses available bases from the nucleus of the cell to form the mRNA. RNA is a chemical similar in structure and properties to DNA, but it only has a single strand of bases and instead of the base thymine, RNA has a base called uracil.

The DNA template strand is the one that mRNA is complementary to during transcription - it is the template used to produce a protein!

DNA is a long molecule that contains our unique genetic code. It holds the instructions for making all the proteins in our bodies. DNA is a double helical structure (like a twisted ladder) that contains the four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. Each base forms hydrogen bonds with another base on the complementary strand.

The bases have a precise bonding pattern. Adenine bonds with thymine and guanine bonds with cytosine (remember: AT/GC). Because of this method of bonding, the strands can be replicated, producing identical strands of DNA.

Stop codons are sequences of DNA and RNA that are needed to stop translation (protein synthesis). At this point, the chain is released into the cytoplasm, and the protein folds into itself and forms its complete confirmation.

There are three DNA stop codons: TAG, TAA, and TGA.

Transcription is when the DNA in a gene is copied to produce an RNA transcript called messenger RNA (mRNA).

Transcription is carried out by an enzyme called RNA polymerase which uses available bases from the nucleus of the cell to form the mRNA.

Messenger RNA is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to ribosomes, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.

Transcription is when the DNA in a gene is copied to produce an RNAtranscript called messenger RNA (mRNA). This is carried out by an enzyme called RNA polymerase which uses available bases from the nucleus of the cell to form the mRNA.

The DNA template strand is the one that mRNA is complementary to during transcription, it is the template used to produce a protein!

Transcription takes place in the cell nucleus.

Ribonucleic acid, or RNA is one of the three major biological macromolecules that are essential for all organisms along with DNAand proteins. When the cell needs to produce a certain protein, it activates the protein's gene and produces multiple copies of that piece of DNA in the form of messenger RNA or mRNA. The multiple copies of mRNA are then used to translate the genetic code into protein through the ribosomes. Thus, RNA expands the quantity of a given protein that can be made at one time from one given gene, and it provides an important control point for regulating when and how much protein gets made.

Unlike DNA, RNA is composed of only one polynucleotide chain - it is single-stranded.

RNA is a chemical similar in structure and properties to DNA, but it only has a single strand of bases and instead of the base thymine, RNA has a base called uracil.

You may use the diagram below as a visual for the process of synthesizing mRNA from DNA.

which of the following represent a base pair in RNA?

adenine and uracil

proteins are chains made of:

amino acids

Messenger RNA transfers Information:

from DNA to ribosomes

Translation occurs after the messenger RNA (mRNA) has carried the transcribed 'message' from the DNA to protein-making factories in the cell, called ribosomes.

he message carried by the mRNA is read by a carrier molecule called transfer RNA (tRNA). The mRNA is read three letters (codons) at a time. Each codon specifies a particular amino acid. As there are only 20 amino acids but 64 potential combinations of codons, more than one codon can code for the same amino acid. For example, the codons 'GGU' and 'GGC' both code for glycine. Each amino acid is attached specifically to its own tRNA molecule.

What type of bond forms between base pairs in DNA?

hydrogen

translation takes place:

in the cell cytoplasm

Transcription takes place:

in the nucleus

DNA is

nucleic acid

RNA is composed of:

one single stranded polynucleotide chain

Which of the following is the pentose sugar in RNA?

ribose

Transcription is:

synthesizing mRNA from DNA

what is considered the template strand in transcription?

the DNA strand that the mRNA's nucleotides pair with

DNA is a long molecule that contains our unique genetic code. It holds the instructions for making all the proteins in our bodies. DNA is a double helical structure (like a twisted ladder) that contains the four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. Each base forms hydrogen bonds with another base on the complementary strand.

the bases have a precise bonding pattern. Adenine bonds with thymine and guanine bonds with cytosine (remember: AT/GC). Because of this method of bonding, the strands can be replicated, producing identical strands of DNA.

Proteins are made up of smaller building blocks called amino acids, joined together in chains called polymers.

there are 20 different amino acids. some proteins are just a few amino acids long, while others are made up of several thousand.

which base would pair with adenine in a molecule of DNA?

thymine