DNA Replication

____ is the process where a DNA molecule unzips into two single strands of nucleotides and makes a copy of itself using each strand as a template.

DNA replication

A ____ molecule consists of two strands of nucleotides with guards and phosphates on the outside and bases paired by ____ bonding on the inside.

DNA; hydrogen

What makes up each nucleotide?

Deoxyribose sugar Phosphate Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine

Helicase

Enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases that hold the two strands of the DNA molecule. This allows for two single strands, each of which can serve as a template.

DNA polymerase

Enzyme that builds the new DNA molecule by bringing in the correct nucleotide using the template/parent strand as a guide. DNA polymerase follows the base pairing rules and creates a newly synthesized strand (daughter strand) with A binding with T and C with G

Each time a new cell is made, what must the cell receive?

Exact copy of parent cell DNA

Briefly explain the purpose of DNA replication.

For each new cell, DNA needs to be replicated so that the cells have DNA to function and identical chromosomes are present after cell division

DNA, the genetic material of organisms, is composed of ____ kinds of ____.

Four; nucleotides

The researchers, ____ and ____, who are celebrated as the discoverers of the DNA molecule, used models to determine the structure of the DNA model.

Francis Crick and James Watson

What holds the two strands of the double helix molecule together?

Hydrogen bonds

What must be broken to separate the two strands of the double helix? What enzyme is responsible for this separation of DNA strands?

Hydrogen bonds must be broken by the enzyme helicase

Why does the structure of DNA molecule often described as a twisted-zipper?

The structure of the bases: AT and GC alternate along with the phosphate and sugar Ugg's, thus creating a double helix

Chargaff's Rule

There is always an equal quantity of thymine and adenine in any given DNA molecule along with an equal quantity f guanine and cytosine

When you finished the replication process, how many DNA molecules did you have?

Two if you start with one initially because it is twice the amount you start with

What happens to the molecule when DNA is ready to copy?

Molecules unzips itself with the help of enzyme helicase and new nucleotides are added to each side forming a daughter strand with the help of the enzyme DNA polymerase

What does replication ensure?

New cells can function because it receives the instructions and information needed to function

How do the molecules you produced compare to each other (DNA)?

New strands of DNA are identical but the daughter strands are complimentary to the parent

Monomers of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides

Where does replication occur in the cell and how do you know this?

Nucleus of a cell because the nucleus is the main place that tells cells what to do, therefore there needs to be proteins DNA to give information

At the end of the process, how much of the molecule is old and how much is new?

One strand is new and one strand is old

Define parent or template strand. Define daughter strand.

Parent templet is the strand that are still coiled around each other that have not unwound and it is what the daughter strand copies. When DNA is ready to copy, the parent DNA uncoils and new strands wrap around the parent strand which is called duaghter strand (identical to parent strand)

What make up the backbone of DNA?

Phosphate and sugar bonds

Replication

Process of copying DNA

Instead of copying a complete new strand of DNA, the process of replication ____ or ____ one of the original strands known as the ____ strand.

Saves; conserves Parent or template

What is the importance of the sequence of nucleotides in genetic information?

Sequence determines proteins and the sequence determines like appearances, which allow for the diversity of life in which everyone i different.the sequence provides information for proteins and genes

If there are only 4 nucleotide types in DNA, why are all living things so different?

Sequence of nucleotides differ in every species, which allows different proteins

When the replication process is complete, how many parent or template strands were required for the process?

2

When the replication process is complete, how many daughter strands were produced? How do the daughter strand compare to each other and to the original parent strand?

2 were needed and they are opposite of each other and opposite to the parent strand (complimentary)

What is the purpose of DNA replication or why do cells undergo DNA replication?

Cell needs genetic information so each time a new cell is made, the cell needs to receive an exact copy of the parent cell of DNA so that the new cells can function

What rules do the DNA polymerase enzymes follow in adding the correct nucleotide to the newly synthesized strand?

Chargaff's Rule that A bind with T and G bind with C

What is a geno?

Code that determines behavior of organisms, tissues, and organs that is all of the genes plus extra that make up an organism

What make up the bases of the DNA?

Cytosine and guanine Adenine and thymine

The ____ determines the proteins of an organism.

DNA code (sequence of nucleotides)

What enzyme is responsible for adding the new nucleotides to the newly synthesized DNA strand?

DNA polymerase