DNA Transcription

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___ turns cytosine into uracyl.

Deamination

How does RNA polymerase know when it has reached the end of the gene?

It recognizes a termination signal that forms an intrastranded hairpin loops

How does the RNA polymerase know where a gene begins and ends?

It requires promoters

What is the function of the two strands in a promoter?

One has the code and the other is just a place holder

What recognizes AAUAAA?

Poly(a) polymerase

What is responsible for recognizing the promoter? What is it?

Sigma factor; an RNA polymerase subunit

What are operons?

a set of codons in a bacterial cell that work towards a certain goal

What does RNA polymerase II transcribe?

all protein coding genes and some small RNA genes

What are proteins made of?

aminoacids

Genes are turned on or off at different levels in different tissues or cells- how?

by how many copies of the DNA and RNA re made

What do eukaryotes use instead of operons?

coding and non-coding sites

Where does transcription occur in a prokaryotic cell?

in the cytoplasm

Where else does transcription occur in a eukaryotic cell?

in the mitochondria or chloroplast but resembles a prokaryote

Where does transcription occur in a eukaryotic cell?

in the nucleus

What occurs during splicing?

introns are cut out and exons remain

Why would a cell use splicing?

it can get more than one protein per gene depending on which introns are removed

What type of RNA carries information of the DNA that codes for a protein?

mRNA

What is the difference between mRNA in a prokaryote and eukaryote?

mRNA in a prokaryote can immediately be used for translation while in eukaryotes, it must be highly modified in the nucleus before being exported for use

Why do eukaryotic organisms have more evolved polymerases than prokaryotes?

more regulation is needed

What does RNA polymerase I transcribe?

most rRNA genes

What are introns?

parts of the code that aren't needed to make a protein

What is at the 3' end of mRNA?

polyadenylation- AAUAAA

What type of RNA is most abundant in the cell and what does it make up?

rRNA; makes up ribosomes

What does RNA polymerase III transcribe?

tRNA genes, 5S rRNA genes, and some genes for some small structural RNAs

What happens when no lactose is present in a prokaryote?

the lac operon shuts off to save energy

Which strand becomes the template strand?

there is no set rule; it depends on the gene that is being coded

What are promoters and what do they do?

they are special regions of double-stranded DNA in the front of a gene that promotes transcription

What is the function of tRNA?

to convert linear nucleotide information to a protein

What is the function of the lac operon?

to make enzymes that breakdown lactose


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