Dr. Keller's ENV 101 First Test

अब Quizwiz के साथ अपने होमवर्क और परीक्षाओं को एस करें!

What is predation?

All interactions in which one organism consumes all or part of another

What does Stratovolcanoes usually involve?

Alternating layers of pyroclastic material (anything ejected out of the volcano) and rhyolitic lave flows (ex-Mt. St. Helen, Mt. Pinatubo)

What is Heat Capacity?

Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of any substance by 1 degrees Celsius

What is Insolation?

Amount of sunlight striking the Earth's Surface (concentrated at low latitudes i.e. the equator)

What is an hypothesis?

An educated guess (a statement that can be used to build inferences and explanations)

What type of phase change ABSORBS heat?

ENDOthermic Reactions

What are Cap and Trade Policies?

EPA sets a cap of what you can produce and what you can't will be sold/traded on the open market

What type of phase change RELEASES heat?

EXOthermic Reactions

What in the Geologic Cycles is the Seventh Cycle?

Earthquakes

What is Secondary Succession?

Ecological change in an area after a disturbance

What is Primary Succession?

Ecological change in an area where no biological organisms previously existed

What is a Covalent bond?

Electron sharing (shares electrons; H2O)

What is chemical bonding?

Electrostatic force of attraction between atoms of different elements

What are Ions?

Elements that have a net charge created by ionic bonds

Examples of Renewable resources

Energy (from sunlight, wind, solar, hydroelectric), trees and plants, agricultural crops and livestock

What is continually exchanged between living organisms and their environment?

Energy and Matter

What is the FIRST Law of Thermodynamics?

Energy can only be changed from one form to another

What is Kinetic Energy?

Energy of motion

What is Heat?

Energy transfer from one body to another

What is a Predator-Prey Relationship?

Equilibrium between predators and prey (Wolves vs Deer population)

What are surroundings?

Everything outside the system

What is an Open System?

Exchanges energy with its surroundings

What is the Pioneer Community?

First organisms to colonize an area

What are Biogeochemical Cycles?

Flow or cycling of matter through the biotic and abiotic parts of an ecosystem

What is Stress?

Force applied to an object that result in strain

What are Sedimentary Rocks?

Form when pieces of other rocks are cemented together or created from biochemical processes

Examples of Nonrenewable resources

Fossil Fuels, mineral resources, fresh water

The Social Sciences are:

Geography, economics, politics, sociology, law

What are other environmental problems?

Global Climate Change, Pollution (air, water, etc.), Food and water supply, energy resources, and loss of natural habitat and species

Location of earthquakes are linked to...

Global plate tectonics

What is incentives?

Goal of encouraging certian behaviors

What is regulation?

Goal to set legal standards (laws)

The National Environment Policy Act (NEPA) was signed into law in 1969. What did it do?

Government had to consider the environment impact from activities (building roads, etc.)

What does tsunami mean in Japanese?

Great Wave in Harbor

What are examples of Earthquake Hazards?

Ground shaking, Ground failure, Tsunamis, Fires, and Floods

What are Molecules?

Group of atoms held together by Covalent bonds

What is a theory?

Has evidence to support it

What is Latent Heat?

Heat absorbed or released during a phase change without a change in temperature

What is Sensible Heat?

Heat that can be measured by a thermometer

What are primary consumers?

Herbivores. (cows, rabbits, giraffes)

Like Consumers, Decomposers are...

Heterotrophic. They must eat other organisms to get their energy

What are consumers?

Heterotrophs. Organisms that must eat the bodies of other organisms as a food source

In Convection, what happens to air?

Hot air rises and cold air sinks (like convection ovens or air balloons)

What is Relative Humidity?

How close the air is to saturation

What do environmental problems determine?

A price for non market goods

In Conduction, Heat flows from...

A region of higher temperatures to a region of lower tempuratures

When dealing with the economy...

A value or price must be placed on any product

What are externalities?

Consequences that are experienced by third parties

Sustainability depends on the idea of...

Conservation

What is a system?

Consists of multiple interacting parts with defined boundaries

What are example of plate boundaries?

Convergent boundaries (subduction zones), divergent boundaries, and hot spots

Examples of Social System Beliefs:

Culture, Age, Gender, Education, Sexual Orientation, Race, Background, Religion, Politics, Income, Media

What is Ground Shaking in an Earthquake?

Damage to engineered structures

What is Strain?

Deformation in rocks

What happens when the price of a market product is raised?

Demand usually decreases which in turn causes an increase in supply

What happens when the price of a market product is lowered?

Demand usually increases and we must produce more to keep up with demand

Plate tectonics are ... on the layered view of the Earth

Dependent

What is Symbiosis?

Describes close and often long term interactions between different biological species

What is the Rock Cycle?

Describes how rocks can change over time via various geologic processes

What is the testing step in the Scientific Method?

Design an experiment to test or revise the hypothesis. (If it fails, go back to the hypothesis. If it passes, retest multiple times)

The first Earth Day was held on April 22nd, 1970. What did it do?

Designed to increase awareness and appreciation for the natural environment

What is the main function of convection cells?

Determine direction and speed of plates

Examples of Plate Boundaries

Divergent, Convergent, Transform

What is Work?

Done when a force is applied to an object and that object moves a given distance in the direction of the force

What do humans have to accept?

Most natural resources are not always going to be there.

At higher temperatures, molecules...

Move faster and have more kinetic energy

At lower temperatures, molecules...

Move slower and have less kinetic energy

What, in Heat Transfer, is Conduction?

Movement of heat energy between regions of matter due to a temperature gradient

What is Mantle Convection?

Movement of heat in the mantle

What is Oceanic Circulation?

Movement of the oceans composed of surface and deep currents

What is Runoff?

Movement of water across the Earth's surface not in channels (usually by gravity)

What is Evaporation?

Movement of water from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere

What is Precipitation?

Movement of water from the atmosphere to Earth's Surface in any form (Rain, snow, hail, etc.)

What is Infiltration?

Movement of water from the surface into the subsurface (groundwater)

What are Lahars?

Mudflow that is created when upwelling magma melts ice and snow

Examples of disturbances for Secondary Succession to occur

Natural Disasters: Fire, Floods, Earthquakes, etc.

What is NOT present in infinite supply?

Natural Resources

Which type of Resources are linked?

Natural and Human

Electrons are

Negatively charged (Negativity gets the ELECtric chair)

What are Anions?

Negatively charged elements that gain electrons

Neutrons are

Neutral

What are the primary components of the Atmosphere (all are covalent bonds)?

Nitrogen (N2) 78% Oxygen (O2) 21% Others- CO2, Helium, Argon, Neon < 1%

What is Supporting Services?

Nutrient Cycles (carbon and nitrogen)

All Natural Systems are...

OPEN

What are the steps of the scientific method?

Observation, hypothesis, experiment, theory

What are Metamorphic Rocks?

Occurs when changes in pressure and temperature alter pre existing rocks to produce new ones (bury a rock to speed this up)

What is Cellular Respiration?

Occurs when organisms used stored sugars (foods) to perform work and release energy

When does photosynthesis occur?

Occurs when plants trap light energy from the sun and then transform it into chemical energy to produce carbohydrates (sugars)

What in the Earth's Cycles is the Fourth Cycle?

Oceanic Circulation

Energy and matter is constantly cycled between these spheres since they are....

Open systems

What is a volcano?

Opening in the crust which allows hot, molten rock, ash, and gases to escape from below the surface

What are Plate Tectonics?

Outer layer of the Earth is broken into individual plates that move

What is the #1 environmental problem?

Overpopulation

What is two more goals of environmental policies?

Partnerships and Volunteerism

What are Pools?

Parts of an ecosystem where matter resides (atmosphere, oceans, soil, organisms)

What is the order of primary succession?

Pioneer Species (grass, rocks) -> Intermediate species (shrubs, saplings) -> Climax Community (thick trees, organisms)

What in the Geologic Cycles is the Sixth Cycle?

Plate Tectonics

What is a Transform Boundary?

Plate moves horizontally past each other ↑↓

Just like earthquakes, the location of volcanoes is linked to...

Plate tectonics and plate boundaries

What is a Convergent Boundary?

Plates collide into each other creating mountain ranges or subduction zones (created when plates have different densities and the denser plate is pushed underneath) → ←

What is a Divergent Boundary?

Plates move apart from each other (new molten rock [magma] upwells to create new crust) ← →

What is an Ecological Niche?

Position or role of a organism in its ecosystem

Protons are

Positively charged

What are Cations?

Positively charged element that loses electrons

What are the main forms of energy?

Potential and Kinetic Energy

What are the four main processes in the Hydrologic Cycle?

Precipitation, Evaporation, Runoff, Infiltration

What is an Environmental Policy?

Principals that guide the actions of institutions in environmental issues

What is Competition?

Process by which organisms fight for environmental resources

What are deep water currents?

Produced by DENSITY AND TEMPERATURE differences (Thermoholine Circulation) (Dense water that's cold and salty sinks at the poles and initiates them)

What are surface currents?

Produced by winds blowing over oceans that are created through fictional forces between the water and air

What is Provisioning Services?

Production of food (fish and game) and other natural resources (water, minerals, etc.), and energy production (solar, wind)

What is photosynthesis?

Production of organic molecules from inorganic substances (Only occurs in plants)

What is a Stratovolcano?

Steep sided Cone Volcano that erupts explosively but infrequently

What is Potential Energy?

Stored Energy (When an item is off the ground, it has potential energy because it has the potential to be in motion)

What is Economics?

Study of how people use their limited resources to satisfy their needs

What is a Tsunami?

Sudden vertical movement along fault causes the overlying water to be displaced which creates waves that travel outwards. Often caused by underwater earthquakes

What is the flow of energy?

Sun>Plants>Herbivores>Carnivores

What are Pyroclastic Flows?

Superheated cloud of ash and gas

Price controls:

Supply and demand

What are the different biological interactions in Ecology?

Symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism), Competition, and Predation

Conservation Movement started by who and when?

Teddy Roosevelt in the early 20th Century. Known as National Monuments Act

What is the biotic portion of an ecosystem?

The Living Organisms

What is the Abiotic portion of an ecosystem?

The Nonliving Components

What is Thermodynamics?

The study of energy and its transformations

What is Chemistry?

The study of matter and the transformations of matter

What is Ecology?

The study of the relationships between organisms (ecological pyramids) and how the organisms interact with their environment

What is a major obstacle to any economy based on natural capital?

The valuation of non market or non monetary goods

What is Pangea?

Theory of a super continent from 200 million years ago with evidence of its presence (Plates have since drifted apart)

What is Ionic bonding?

electron transfer (gives up an electron; Na+1 -> Cl-1)

What is the result of coevolution?

interdependent evolution of two interacting species. They affect each other's evolution and evolve together

Hardin (1968) illustrated the struggle between what?

short term individual welfare and long term social welfare

Earthquakes often occur along..

fault zones

What is Entropy?

Measure of randomness of system (Amount of energy lost)

Cl^-

# of protons < # of electrons

C^0

# of protons = # of Electrons

Na^+

# of protons > # of electrons

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 12H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

What are phase changes?

A change of phase always involving the transfer of energy (usually in the form of heat)

What is an observation?

A collection of scientific facts (through observing and measuring)

What is an Ecosystem?

A combination of all living organisms and the physical environment they occupy

What is Force?

Any influence that causes an object to undergo a certain change (change in its movement, direction, or shape)

What is the technical definition of Natural Resources?

Any material or substance provided by the environment for human use

What is matter?

Anything that has mass and occupies space

What are hot spots?

Areas where magma from mantle upwells to the surface (Hawaii)

What are faults?

Areas where rocks fracture (break) and one side moves relative to the other

What are Earth's interacting spheres?

Atmosphere (Air), Hydrosphere (Water), Biosphere (Life), Lithosphere (Outer rocky layer)

What in the Earth's Cycles is the Third Cycle?

Atmospheric Circulation

What are producers?

Autotrophs. Any plant that is able to make its own food. They obtain nutrients and energy by harnessing sunlight through photosynthesis (or through chemical processes)

What are examples of decomposers?

Bacteria, Fungi, and certain insects (snails, worms, slugs)

Why is it called Contingent Valuations?

Because people are asked to state their willingness ti pay, dependent on a specific hypothetical scenario and description of the environmental service

What in Earth's cycles is the first cycle?

Biogeochemical Cycles

What is Succession?

Biological Communities that change over time

What are decomposers?

Break down dead organic material for energy

What are the two types of Deformation in rocks?

Brittle and Ductile deformations

What are Shield Volcanoes?

Broad domes with gentle sloping sides that have gentle and continuous eruptions

What is the equation for Cellular Respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O → 12H2O + 6 CO2

Things you create in a lab are...

CLOSED

What are secondary consumers?

Carnivores (turtles, birds, fish, bats)

What are tertiary consumers?

Carnivores - top predators (Humans, bears, tigers)

Why does the Earth shake?

Caused by sudden movement along the fault

The physical sciences are:

Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Geology

What is the Hydrologic Cycle?

Circulation of water on Earth driven by solar radiation

Important US Environmental Laws

Clean Air Act (1970, Governs Air pollution), Clean Water Act (1972, Governs water pollution), Endangered Species Act (1973, Protects species close to extinction), Safe Drinking Water Act (1974, Allowed EPA to set standards for certain contaminants in drinking water), Toxic Substances Control Act (1976, Regulated manufacture and sale of chemicals that pose risks to environment)

What is Regulating Services?

Climate regulation and waste decomposition

What are the types of systems in Thermodynamics?

Closed and Open Systems

What must multiple stakeholders do?

Come to an agreement on how to solve the environmental problem

What in the Earth Cycles is the Second Cycle?

Hydrologic Cycle

What are Earth Cycles?

INTERCONNECTED Natures of the Earth

What is Sustainability?

Ideas that the environment can meet the needs of the current generations without sacrificing the needs of future generations

What are the three types of rocks?

Igneous, Metamorphic, and Sedimentary rocks

What is Gas Matter?

Indefinite volume and shape (assumes both the size and shape of its container)

What is Conservation?

Management or protection of a finite resource in order to reach sustainable conditions for current and future generations

What is commensalism?

Interaction between two species where one receive benefits without affecting other species (other species receives neither benefits nor harm)

What is Environment Science?

Interdisciplinary field that involves both the physical and social sciences

What is the Atmosphere?

Invisible layer of gases that surround the Earth's Surface held in place by gravitational forces

What is INTERspecies Competition?

Involve members of DIFFERENT species (scorpions vs spiders)

What is INTRAspecies Competition?

Involve members of the SAME species (colors in male birds)

What is the Contingent Valuation (CV) method?

Involves surveys in which people are asked how much they would be willing to pay (donations, taxes, etc.) for specific environmental services

What are the three types of chemical bonding?

Ionic, Metallic, and Covalent Bonds

Degradation is often...

Irreversible or extremely difficult to reverse

What is a Closed System?

Isolated system that doesn't exchange energy with its surroundings

What happens to a host's fitness when interacting with a parasite?

It is reduced

What does the magnitude (size) of an earthquake mean?

It means how much energy is released

What drives Plate Tectonics?

Mantle Convection

What is Absolute Humidity?

Mass of vapor in a given volume of air

What is Solid Matter?

Matter with constant volume and shape (does not deform under pressure)

What is the Climax Community?

Last and Most stable area

What are some Volcanic Hazards?

Lava Flows, Pyroclastic flows, Pyroclastic materials, Lahars, Tsunamis, Toxic Gases

What is Liquid matter?

Matter with constant volume but has no definite shape (assures the shape of its container)

Atoms are composed of:

Protons, neutrons, electrons

What is an element?

Pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom that make up all matter

What are Fluxes?

Rate at which matter moves from one pool to another

We must establish practices to...

Reduce consumption of natural resources for future generations

What is Albedo?

Reflectivity of materials (color; lighter materials reflect more than dark materials)

What is parasitism?

Relationship between two different kinds of organisms in which parasite receives benefits from other by causing damage to its host (mosquitoes, leeches, ticks)

What is Saturation?

Represents the maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold

What are Ecosystem Services?

Resources and processes supplied by natural ecosystems as a result of cycling energy and matter

What are Natural Resources?

Resources produced by nature

What are Human Resources?

Resources produced by us

What is Natural Capital?

Resources provided by the environment from which humans derive a wide range of goods and services.

Earthquakes are Earth's....

Response to stress

What is Brittle Deformation?

Results in a rupture in the Earth (faults)

What is Ductile Deformation?

Results in folds (plastic strain)

What in the Geologic Cycles is the Fifth Cycle?

Rock Cycle

What are the two types of heat?

Sensible and Latent Heat

What are the three physical states or phases of matter?

Solid, Liquid, and Gas

What are Igneous rocks?

Solidify and crystallize from magma (molten rock) either deep within the Earth or at the Earth's surface

What do Shield Volcanoes usually emit?

Spews fluid basaltic lava in the air (ex- Mauna Loa on Hawaiian Islands)

What is Cultural Services?

Spiritual and Recreational benefits (sacred Indian grounds, swimming in Lake Mead)

What is the major obstacle to Sustainability:

The Tragedy of the Commons

What is Humidity?

The amount of water vapor in the air (Increases as temperature increases)

What is temperature?

The average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance

What are atoms?

The basic component of all matter (Smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of that element)

What is energy?

The capacity or ability to do work

What are the three spheres of Sustainability?

The environment, the economy, and the social system

What is the Tragedy of the Commons?

The individual will sacrifice the long term good of the society to satisfy their immediate short-term needs (individuals will consume natural resources today rather than to conserve resources for the entire society in the long term)

Market based policies are...

The most common and use a combination of both regulation and incentives

What do all economics depend on?

The natural environment for raw materials

What are Plate Boundaries?

They Create areas where plates want to meet

What happens when natural resources are incorporated into an economy?

They become natural capital

What happens when a parasite infects their host?

They can spread diseases (lyme disease, malaria, etc.)

What are some characteristics of Environmental Problems?

They're Multidimensional and Multidisciplinary

What, in Heat Transfer, is Convection?

Transfer of heat in fluid or air caused by the movement of the heated air or fluid itself

What can Biogeochemical Cycles include in their cycle?

Transport and transformation of elements (carbon and nitrogen cycles) or the flow of other compounds (water, rocks, chemicals)

O^2-

Two more electrons than protons

Environmental problems involve...

Uncertainty and risk

What is Atmospheric Circulation?

Uneven heating of the Earth's surface caused by air movements (winds)

This agency formed in July 1970

United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)

What is a law?

Universal CONSTANT; cannot be disproven (gravity)

What are Earthquakes?

Vibration caused by the sudden release of energy within the subsurface

What in the Geologic Cycles is the Eight Cycle?

Volcanoes

What is the specific matter than can exist in all three states?

Water (ice is solid, melts to become liquid, RANDOM water in clouds and air)

What us Ground Failure in an Earthquake?

When certain geologic materials are shaken violently, they can either move down a slope (landslides) or behave as a liquid (liquefaction)

What is the SECOND Law of Thermodynamics?

When energy is converted from one form to another, some of that energy is lost (entropy) to the environment in the form of heat

Trees in a forest are natural resources. How can they be used for natural capital?

When they are cut down, they are used for lumber

What is mutualism?

any interaction between two species that benefits both (Ex- Bees and flowers)


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