Drug Awareness
Identify a true statement about the effects of high consumptions (about 300 mg per day) of caffeine on women
Babies born to women who consume high amounts of caffeine weigh less than normal at birth
The ______ ______ are subcortical brain structures that control muscle tone
Basal ganglia
Why is it logical for deviance-prone young people to use beer or cigarettes as their gateway substances?
Because they are more widely available than psychoactive drugs
Identify the consequences of a significant tax increase on alcoholic beverages by Congress in 1991
Beer tax doubled to $18 per barrel and tax on bottled wine increased sixfold to about 22 cents per bottle
Which of the following smokeless tobacco products was popular in the early 1970s?
chewing tobacco
The result of grinding the cacao kernels is a thick liquid called __________
chocolate liquor
Nicotine in smoke has two forms, the _______ form is more easily absorbed through the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and lungs
electrically neutral
A person addicted to tobacco smoking has difficulty in walking past a room without catching his breath. The person is most likely to be suffering from _________
emphysema
Cigarette smoke inhaled from the environment by nonsmokers is called ________
secondhand smoke
A true statement about the American Revolution is that in 1773, the Parliament allowed the East India Company to _______
sell tea in American colonies without paying tea taxes
A _____ - _____ scale measures a person's preference for variety, rrisk, and various physical sensations
sensation-seeking
Smoke arising from the ash of the cigarette or cigar is called ________, which is higher in many carcinogens than is the firsthand smoke delivered to a smoker's lungs
sidestream smoke
The _____ is responsible for most absorption of alcohol in the body
small intestine
Sales of ________ began to increase in the early 1970s as many cigarette smokers apparently began to look for alternatives that would reduce the risk of lung cancer
smokeless tobacco products
With lower doses of nicotine, respiration rate actually increases because nicotine
stimulates oxygen-need receptors in the carotid artery
The use of a substance in a manner, amounts , or situations such that the drug use causes problems or greatly increases the chance of problems occurring is called ____
substance abuse
Research has indicated that people who consume more than five cups of coffee a day are more likely to ________
suffer from coronary heart disease than nondrinkers
Identify a hormone-related disorder in men that is associated with chronic alcohol abuse
testicular atrophy
Tobacco use was remarkably widespread in _______ in the fifteenth century
the Americas
Identify an event in the united states that made people consider the value of tax revenue from alcohol sale
the great depression
Which of the following physiological effects is observed when high dose levels of caffeine, about 500 mg, are consumed?
the heart rate increases and can produce an irregular heartbeat in some individuals
The phenomenon, seen with many drugs, in which repeated exposure to the same dose of the drug results in a lesser effect is known as _______
tolerance
In acute poisoning, nicotine causes _______
tremors, which develop into convulsions, terminated frequently by death
Drug use might cause criminal behavior when a person is
under the influence of a drug
A true statement about theophylline is that it is ______
very effective at relaxing the bronchial passages
According to the history of tobacco, the assimilation of tobacco into European culture was mainly due to _______
wealthy and powerful members of society in Europe
Until 1912, the United States Food and Drug Administration tested products and pursued any that _____
were adulterated or didn't properly list ant important ingredients
Identify an accurate statement about the cortex of the brain
Higher mental processes such as reasoning occur in the cortex
Psychoactive drugs can influence ______ which is the maintenance of an environment of a body functions within a certain range
Homeostasis
Like amphetamines but to a much smaller degree caffeine ________
prolongs the amount of time an individual can perform physically exhausting work
In the united states, the alcoholic content of distilled beverages is indicated by the term _______
proof
______ ______ ______ (MRI) is a technique that uses powerful magnets to determine the amount of hydrogen atoms at different locations in the body
Magnetic resonance imaging
Match the psychotherapeutic drugs with their features
-Antipsychotics—>help people control hallucinations and illogical thoughts -antidepressants—>help people recover from depressed mood and states
Match the conditions that occur when the dose of a drug increases from the low end with their descriptions
-Axatia—> people stagger or become unable to walk straight -Comatose—> people pass out and cannot be aroused
Match the types of smoke from the tobacco products with their percentages of carbon monoxide
-Cigarette smoke--> 1% -Pipe smoke--> 2% -Cigar smoke--> 6%
Match the mechanisms by which drug tolerance can come about with their definitions
-Drug disposition tolerance—->it is the tolerance caused by more rapid elimination of a drug -behavioral tolerance—->it is the tolerance caused by learned adaptation to a drug from a cold dynamic tolerance it is the tolerance caused by altered nervous system sensitivity
Match the components of the autonomic nervous system or ANS with their characteristics
-Sympathetic branch involved in flight or fight reactions -parasympathetic branch involves effects associated with a relaxed physiological state
Identify the true statements about the consumption of coffee in the English colonies across the Atlantic in the 1700s
-The British Act that taxed tea made coffee the new country's national drink -Tea was still preferred over coffee
Identify the disease associated with immune deficits seen in chronic alcohol abusers
-Tuberculosis-Cholera-Pneumonia
Identify the true statements about Nicotiana tobacum, one of the two major species of the plant genus Nicotiana
-large leaf species -spanish had a monopoly on its production for over 100 years
Identify the ways in which the major U.S. tobacco companies responded to a 1952 article in Reader's Digest called "Cancer by the Carton" that drew public attention to a possible link between smoking and cancer
-they formed the supposedly independent council for tobacco research to look into the health claims -they mass marketed filter cigarettes and cigarettes with lower tar and nicotine content
In 2000, the U.S. Congress passed legislation requiring states to reduce the blood alcohol concentration for driving under the influence, or DUI, conviction from 0.10 to ______
0.08
Arrange the events that were part of regulating tobacco use during the period of 1965 to 1990 in the correct order of occurrence
1. Congres required cigarette packages to include the surgeon general's warning 2. All television and radio advertising of cigarettes was banned 3. Smoking was banned on interstate buses and domestic airline flights
Arrange the stages of the abstinence syndrome that develops after ceasing alcohol use in the correct order of occurrence
1. Tremors 2. Hallucinations 3. Delusions 4. Seizure activity
Arrange the stages of the malting of beer during the production of american beer in the order of their occurrence, from the first to the last
1. barley is steeped in water, sprouted 2. sprouted barley is dried to kill the sprout 3. malt is crushed and mixed with water
Arrange the steps involved in the production of light beers in the correct order of occurrence
1. mash of barley malt and other cereal grains is fermented at a cooler temp for a longer time 2. alcohol content is adjusted by adding water 3. a beverage with considerably less sugar and only a bit less alcohol is produced
It is estimated that _____ of the illegal drug supply in the United States is seized by federal agencies every year
10 to 15%
Match the time taken for the effects on the human body following oral intake of coffee
30 minutes-->peak blood levels of caffeine in the body 2 hours-->maximal CNS effect of caffeine 3 hours-->half life of caffeine
Identify the important classes of drug laws
A group of laws that regulates the practices of entities that manufacture or dispense legal drugs A group of laws that has resulted in the criminalization of certain types of drug use, possession, and sales
The Nero transmitter at neuromuscular junction's in the somatic system is _______ which acts on receptors that excite the muscle
Acetylcholine
Match the kinds of beer with their characteristics
Ale - slightly warm temps are used in the manufacture Lager - cool temps are used in the manufature
According to the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009, Identify a true statement about the regulations authorized by the FDA
All tobacco products will be regulated in a manner similar to drugs
Identify the structures that form part of the limbic system
Amygdala and hippocampus
Match the ways in which a drug exerts its affects directly on neurotransmitter receptors with their features
An agonist—-> mimics the action of a neurotransmitter and directly activates its receptor An antagonist—-> occupies a neurotransmitter receptor and prevents the neurotransmitter from activating it
An action of alcohol on the brain is to decrease the output of the _____ responsible for retaining fluid in the body
Antidiuretic hormone
Match the drawbacks of research on drug use by adolescents and young adults with their descriptions:
Bias in information gathered-->as only those students who are in classrooms can be surveyed. Discrepancy in honesty of answers-->in most cases, there is no way of confirming a student's claims on a questionnaire
Creation of the ______-______ barrier which is a semi permeable structure that protects the brain from potentially toxic chemical circulating in the blood is an important function of glia
Blood-brain
Identify a true statement about the effects of caffeine on a drunk person
Caffeine will not lower the blood alcohol concentration in a drunk person
_________ refers to the excessive use of caffeine
Caffeinism
In the context of the lifecycle of a neurotransmitter the arrival of the action potential in the presynaptic terminals causes _______ channels to open
Calcium
In the context of the actions of drugs on neuro transmitter systems cocaine and most antidepressants block the transporters of dopamine norepinephrine or serotonin by ______
Causing the normally released neurotransmitter to remain in the synapse longer than usual
Match the major regions of a neuron with their characteristics
Cell body—>the central region of a neuron Dendrites—>branchlike structures extending from the cell body Axon—>a thin tube extending from the body Axon terminals—>the end structure of an axon
Match the kinds of names of drugs with their characteristics
Chemical name-->typically used only in laboratory settings Generic name-->official names of drugs in the public domain
Identify the characteristics of withdrawal syndrome of opioids
Chills, diarrhea, cramps, and profuse sweating
Identify a conclusion of the 1988 surgeon general's report on dependence-producing properties of nicotine
Cigarettes and other forms of tobacco are addicting
Which of the following is a stimulant
Cocaine
______ Is drug use that is not common within a social group and that is disapproved of by the majority.
Deviant drug use
Identify an effect of depressant drugs
Disinhibition
________ is a process in which the solution containing alcohol is heated, and the vapors are collected and condensed into liquid form again
Distillation
Capillaries in the brain are different from other capillaries in the body because they ______
Do not contain pores
The most prominent neurochemical theory of drug abuse is based on the idea that all rewarding drugs stimulate ______ neurons in the mesolimbic pathway of the central nervous system
Dopamine
Identify the _______ neurotransmitters that have specific transporters built into their terminals
Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
The effectiveness of a new drug must be done using a ______ - _____ procedure which is an experiment in which neither the doctor nor the patient knows which drug is being used
Double-blind
Who drafted the bill that later came to be known as the Harrison act
Dr. Hamilton Wright
In the context of the disease model of alcohol dependence, a consequence of defining alcohol dependence as a primary disease is that _______
Drinking itself should be recognized as a problem
When the use of a drug increases the drugs rate of metabolism or excretion it is referred to as ______ _____ tolerance or pharmacokinetic tolerance
Drug disposition
As part of international efforts aimed at reducing drug supply the ______ has agents in more than 40 countries assisting the local authorities in eradicating truck crops locating and destroying elicit laboratories and interfering with the transportation of drugs out of those countries
Drug enforcement agency
By 1928 individual sentence for ______ comprised 1/3 of the total population in federal prisons in the United States
Drug violations
T/F: According to the conclusion of a 1988 surgeon general's report on nicotine dependence, the behavioral processes that determine tobacco addiction are completely different from those that determine addiction to cocaine
False
T/F: Evidence supports that coffee can help a drinker to sober up
False
T/F: The revolution in America and the colonists' rejection of tea reduced tea sales in Great Britain
False
True or false drug molecules interact with one or more of the stages in the lifecycle of a neurotransmitter chemical because of the structural difference between the molecules of the drug and one of the neurotransmitter chemicals
False
True or false in recent years increasing amounts of evidence indicate that specific glutamate pathways are not important for the expression of some psychoactive drug affects
False
True or false the Harrison at criminalized individual use or possession of certain habit forming drugs
False
True or false: In hookah, the smoke is drawn down through a tube into a water reservoir, which makes the smoke stronger than cigarettes
False
True or false: a higher blood alcohol concentration, or BAC, is necessary to impair the performance of a moderate drinker than to impair the performance of a chronic, heavy drinker
False
True or false: according to a study on the influence of alcohol on sexual behavior, men are less likely to be aroused by violent, erotic films after consuming alcohol
False
True or false: all drugs have reinforcing properties
False
True or false: nicotine is much more effective when swallowed than when inhaled
False
True or false: the culture of extreme drinking necessarily correlates well with overall alcohol consumption
False
Identify a true statement about fatty liver, which is a condition caused by alcohol
Fatty acid droplets increase in size until they rupture the cell membrane, causing death of the liver cells
________ forms the basis for all alcoholic beverages
Fermentation
Match the kinds of american wines with their examples
Generics: chablis, burgundy and rhine Varietals: chardonnay, merlot and zinfandel
By filtering grain neutral spirits through juniper berries and then diluting it with water, a medicinal-tasting drink is produced. This drink is known as _______
Gin
In positron-emission tomography, or PET, technique used for brain imaging, the radioactive chemical used is usually a form of _______ or a drug that binds to specific neurotransmitter receptors
Glucose
In the context of the growth of tobacco trade during the early 1600s, identify a true statement about King James of England
He declared the tobacco trade a royal monopoly when the crop prospered
What happens when heavy alcohol use stops and the alcohol has disappeared from the body of a person who has been drinking alcohol heavily over a prolonged period?
High activity level of the metabolic enzymes continues for 4 to 8 weeks
_______ are large, ornate water pipes imported to the united states from Egypt and other Arab countries where their use has never completely gone out of style
Hookahs
In the context of the action potential match the states of a neuron with their explanations
Hyperpolarized—-> when the membrane potential of a neuron is more negative Depolarized—-> when the membrane potential of a neuron is less negative
At the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis in 1904, ______ for the first time
Ice tea was sold
Studies with monkeys have found that low levels of serotonin metabolites are associated with ______
Impulsive aggression
Most patients with Wernicke's disease, an alcohol-related organic brain disease, also exhibit Korsakoff's psychosis that is characterized by an _________
Inability to remember recent events or to learn new information
One of the functions of the myelin sheath of a neuron is to ______
Increase the information processing speed
Psychoactive drugs alter the availability of a neurotransmitter by _____
Increasing or decreasing the transmitter chemicals rate of synthesis
One of the major concerns of the US Senate in the late 1950s was that some of the most widely sold over the counter medicines were probably _______ and there was no law against this
Ineffective
According to studies on twins about alcohol dependence, it was observed that _______
Inheritance plays a role in alcohol dependence
One of the many advantages of smokeless tobacco over smoking is that smokeless tobacco _______
Is less expensive than cigarettes, with an average user spending only a few dollars a week.
With reference to the marketing of dietary supplements which of the following was cleared by the 1994 dietary supplement health and education act
It broadened the definition of dietary supplements to include not only vitamins minerals and proteins but also herbs and herbal extracts
What did the 1906 pure food and drug act achieve by regulating interstate commerce
It brought the federal government full force into the drug market place
Identify an accurate statement about GABA, or y-amino butyric acid
It exerts generalized inhibitory functions
Identify an advantage of functional magnetic resonance imaging or MRI technique used for a brain imaging
It gives real time information about changes in brain blood flow
In the context of alcohol's mechanism of action, identify a disadvantage of using alcohol as an anesthetic
It has a long duration of action that cannot be controlled
Identify a true statement about mesolimbic dopamine pathway in the central nervous system
It has been proposed to mediate some types of psychotic behavior
Identify a true statement about the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in the central nervous system
It has been proposed to mediate some types of psychotic behavior
The introduction of ______ by the 1986 anti-drug abuse act has contributed greatly to a huge growth in prison populations over the past 20 years
Longer sentences, mandatory minimums, and no parole provisions
Identify a true statement about alcohol-related liver cirrhosis
It is a frequently deadly liver disorder associated with heavy alcohol use
Identify a true statement about the hypothalamus in the brain
It is a link between the brain and the hormonal output of the pituitary gland
Identify an advantage of smokeless tobacco over smoking
It is unlikely to cause lung cancer
Identify the true statements about the impact of prohibition
It led to a decrease in the rates of alcohol-related deaths at the beginning it reduced overall alcohol intake.
Identify a feature of functional magnetic resonance imaging or MRI technique used for brain imaging
It measures a persons blood oxygen level dependent signal
Identify a true statement about alcohol hepatitis, which is a disease caused by prolonged alcohol intake
It occurs in the areas of the liver where cells are dead and dying
Identify an advantage of using positron-emission tomography, or PET, for brain imaging
It provides an indirect measure of potential toxicity to specific neurons
Identify a limitation of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique used for brain imaging
It provides no information about brain functioning
________ had an ideal climate for coffee growing, and with the world's greatest coffee-drinking nation just up the road several thousand miles, it became the world's largest producer
Latin America
The safety margin of the surgical anesthesia level and the minimum lethal level of alcohol is _______ percent blood alcohol
Less than 0.1
Many orphan drugs are extremely expensive with some costing more than 100,000 per patient per year because of the
Limited market for them
Identify a true statement about the effect of drugs on the CYP450 family of enzymes which are the most important drug metabolizing enzymes found in the liver
Many drugs have been found to increase the activity of these enzymes
Identify the drugs commonly administered using the inhalation method
Marijuana, crack cocaine and nicotine
Identify the structures of the brain stem and that connect larger parts of the brain to the spinal cord
Medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
When enzymes and deliver act on a drug molecule the ______, or product of the enzyme reaction on the drug, no longer has the same reaction as the drug molecule
Metabolite
Which of the following is true of the methods used to remove caffeine from coffee?
Methylene chloride is the solvent that is most widely used for decaffeinating coffee beans
States that did not allow sales of liquor became fewer until in 1966 _______, the last dry state, allow sales of liquor
Mississippi
Identify the drugs that do not seem to fit into any class of drugs
Nicotine and cannabis
Identify a true statement about the physiology effects of nicotine
Nicotine first stimulates and then blocks the acetylcholine receptor
Snuff and chewing tobacco contain potent carcinogens including high levels of tobacco-specific _______
Nitrosamines
It is likely that stimulant drugs use _____ pathways in the central nervous system to induce wakefulness
Norepinephrine
Pathways containing acetycholine arise from cell bodies in the ______ in the lower part of the brain and project widely throughout the cerebral cortex
Nucleus basalis
Match the types of tea with their descriptions
Oolong tea-->consists of partially oxidized tea leaves Green tea-->obtained from nonoxidized tea leaves Black tea-->obtained from oxidized tea leaves
Substantial loss of cells along the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway in the central nervous system leads to ______
Parkinson's disease
______ laws in the united states now protect drugs for 20 years, and after that time the finding is available for use by anymore
Patent
The broadest impact on drug use in the United States during the late 19th century and early 20th century came from the widespread legal distribution of ______ which were dispensed by traveling peddlers and we're readily available at local stores for self medication
Patent medicines
_______ dependence on a drug is defined by the presence of a withdrawal syndrome in the user
Physical
________ dependence of a user on a drug is indicated by frequent use of the drug, craving for the drug, and a tendency to relapse after quitting its use
Physiological
The _______ of a drug refers to the amount of drug required to obtain a particular response
Potency
Match the brands of electronic cigarettes marketed by Reynolds with their features
Premier-->contains catalytic crystals coated with tobacco extract Eclipse-->contains tobacco but its not burned
Which of the following are used to help people quit smoking?
Prescription nicotine chewing gum and nicotine skin patches
In 1954, the tobacco industry fought against warnings from the surgeon general about the health effects of tobacco by establishing the Council for Tobacco Research to _________
Provide funds to independent scientist to study the health effects of tobacco use.
As of 2012 the legality of random suspicionless urine testing for _____ has not been established at the federal level
Public school students
In terms of beneficial aspects of alcohol on the heart, there has been speculation that _______ might have better effects than other forms of alcohol due to the presence of antioxidants
Red wine
In June of 2009, President Obama signed the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, authorizing the FDA to ________
Regulate tobacco products themselves in specific ways.
Drugs that are inactive in the original form and become active only after they are altered by the liver enzymes are known as __________
prodrugs
Match the correlates of drug use with their effect on drug use: -Risk Factors -Protective Factors -Increased rate of drug use -Decreased rate of drug use
Risk Factors --> Increased rate of drug use Protective Factors --> Decreased rate of drug use
Which of the following is a true statement about the effects of secondhand smoke?
Secondhand smoke, a known carcinogen , is responsible for several thousand lung cancer deaths.
Animal research has suggested one or more roles for ________ in the complex control of food intake in the regulation of body weight
Serotonin
During the 18th century, _______ replaced the pipe in England
Snuff
The mechanism through which local anesthetics reduce pain is selective blockade of _____
Sodium, or Na+ channels
Match the kinds of effects of a drug with their features
Specific effects—->depend on the presence of the chemical at certain concentrations in the target tissue Nonspecific—->derived from a users unique background and particular perception of the world
In the context of the lifecycle of a neurotransmitter calcium aids the movement of small vesicles filled with neurotransmitter toward the axon terminal membrane so that the neurotransmitter is released into the ______
Synapse
In the context of the lifecycle of a neurotransmitter the forming of a neurotransmitter by the action of enzymes on precursor molecules is known as ______
Synthesis
A complex product of burning tobacco is called ________ which is the sticky brown stuff that can be seen on the filter after a cigarette is smoked
Tar
Which law was passed as a result of the poisoning of 107 people by Elixir sulfanilamide
The 1938 food drug and cosmetic act
Identify a true statement about the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN)
The DAWN system collected data on drug related emergency room visits.
What is otherwise known as "an act to provide for the registration of, with collectors of internal revenue, and to impose a special tax upon a persons who produced, import, manufacture, compound, deal in, dispense, or giveaway opium coca leaves, their salts derivatives were preparations and for other purposes?"
The Harrison act of 1914
Identify a true statement about the methods used to remove caffeine from coffee
The Swiss water process removed more of the flavor from coffee beans
When the United States imported Chinese workers after the Civil War mainly to help build the rapidly expanding railroads what did some of them bring with them
The habit of smoking opium
Identify an issue that was cleared up by the 1994 dietary supplement health and education act regarding the marketing of dietary supplements
The labels are permitted to make general statement about their contribution to overall health and well-being
In the context of tobacco use, which of the following incidences took place in America after the Revolutionary War?
The new Congress put a luxury tax on tobacco in 1794 to emphasize the fact that snuff was a nonessential. Ordinary Americans rejoiced and rejected snuff as well as tea and all other things British.
After determining that many violations of the 1906 pure food and drug act were unintentional the FDA began developing assay techniques for various chemicals and products and collaborated extensively with ________ to improve standards
The pharmaceutical industry
Identify a true statement about the behavioral effects of blood alcohol concentration, or BAC
The rate at which BAC rises is a factor in determining behavioral effects of a person.
In the context of alcohol distribution in the body, women might be more susceptible to the effects of alcohol because ______
The stomach enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase is more active in men than in women
Identify the one plant from which hundreds of varieties of teas are produced
Thea sinensis
Identify the plant from which chocolate is derived
Theobroma cacao
After the narcotics division in the United States arrested around 25,000 physicians between 1919 and 1929 for supplying opioids and cocaine to dependent users ______
There was no legal way to obtain these drugs then
Identify a true statement about the effects of plant-produced chemicals
These chemicals produce useful effects in controlled doses.
Identify an accurate statement about the effect of drug molecules of LSD on the brain
They affect the brain systems that depend on serotonin
identify a true statement about neutral grain spirits, which contain relatively pure alcohol
They are essentially tasteless
Identify a feature of endorphins
They are known to play a role in pain relief
Which of the following statements is true of liqueurs, or cordials?
They are usually consumed in small amounts
How were physicians, dentist, and veterinary surgeons affected by the Harrison Act of 1914?
They had to register to be potential lawful distributors of opioids and cocaine
Identify a limitation of brain imaging techniques
They involve many assumptions and complicated statistical analysis that are not standardized
_______ is America's true killer weed and is a bigger public health threat than all the other drug substances combined, including alcohol
Tobacco
True or false there are specific receptors for each neurotransmitter and most neurotransmitters have more than one type of receptors in the brain
True
True or false: the chemistry of the drug molecules determines if some drugs act quickly and others more slowly
True
Identify the adverse health problems that have been linked to smoking
cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer
True/False: Any drug that produces effects might produce some benefit when used carefully and has the potential to produce harm when abused
True
According to the monoamine theory of mood match the amount of activities of the monoamine neurotransmitters with their effects
Two little activity—-> causes depression Too much activity—> causes manic states
In the lifecycle of a neurotransmitter active ______ is an energy requiring mechanism by which selected molecules are taken into the cells
Uptake
One of the precursors to the pure food and drug act was the 1906 publication of blank which exposed to horribly unsanitary conditions in the meat packing industry and shocked Congress in America
Uptown Sinclair's The Jungle
Identify the over-the-counter drugs that contain 200mg of caffeine in one caplet
Vivarin and NoDoz
After the passage of the Harrison act of 1914 physicians _______
We're still free to prescribe heroin cocaine or any other available drug
According to the 1906 pure food and drug act the packaging of drugs had to indicate _______
What proportion of habit forming drugs they included
When does a pharmaceutical company desiring to introduce a new drug supply to the FDA a "notice of claimed investigational exemption for a new drug"
When it is ready to study the effects of a compound on humans
Most of the general anesthetics have been thought to affect the central nervous system by a general influence on the _____ of a neuron
cell membrane
When are prescription drugs illicit?
When they are manufactured or sold illegally
________ is a Greek word meaning yellow, the color of the residue that remains after heating this stimulant with nitric acid until dry
Xanthine
In the contacts of the notions of ancient times about behavior patterns match the dispositions on behavior by the Chinese with their descriptions
Yin—-> the moon representing the cool passive and feminine nature Yang—-> the sun representing the warm active and masculine nature
Beginning in the mid-1950s with the mass marketing of filter cigarettes, the tobacco companies began to promote the idea of ______
a safer cigarette
In the context of drug use, antecedents are _____
characteristics that predict later initiation of drug use
In the primary metabolic system, the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase converts alcohol to _______
acetaldehyde
It has been suggested that the accumulation of ________ which is quite toxic even in small quantities, contributes to the nausea and headache during a hangover due to alcohol consumption
acetaldehyde
Caffeine and the other xanthines block the brain's receptors for a substance known as ________, which is a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator
adenosine
What has been the trend of cigarette smoking in Third World countries in recent years as sales of cigarettes have decline in developed countries?
advertising and promotions in third world countries have resulted in large increases in exports of American cigarettes
According to the 1956 Narcotic Drug Control Act, ______ had to result in a jail term, and no suspension, probation, or parole was allowed.
any drug offense except first offense possession
When tax revenues from alcoholic beverages started to decline with the increasing popularity of tea, the British government _________
banned Dutch Imports of tea in 1669
The idea that substance dependence is like a disease takes a broad, _____ perspective that dependence might be related to dysfunctions of biology, personality, social interactions, or a combination of factors.
biopsychosocial
The _______ name of a drug specifies a particular manufacturer, and the trademark belongs to that manufacture
brand
it was discovered many years ago in spain that if enough _____ is added to a newly fermented wine the fermentation will stop
brandy
Which of the following is a negative consequence of prohibition?
buying and selling of alcohol illegally
Match the species of coffee with their characteristics
caffea Arabica-->they have a milder flavor and require a near-tropical climate to grow properly caffea robusta-->they have a stronger and more bitter flavor and a higher caffeine content
The vasoconstrictive effects of _________ are considered to be responsible for the drug's ability to relieve migraine headaches
caffeine
When alcohol is formed during distillation, other alcohols and oils that are known as _____ are also formed
congeners
The largest-selling imported beer in the united states is _______ from mexico
corona
If doses of a drug are taken in extremely short intervals, the maximum blood level will increase with each dose and can result in ______ effects
cumulative
Generalized loss of brain tissue that results from direct alcohol toxicity is associated with alcoholic ________ which is a global decline of intellect
dementia
A true statement about energy drinks and soft drinks is that they _________
do not contain as much caffeine as coffee
the term ___ refers to any substance, natural or artificial, other than food, that by its chemical nature alters structure or function in a living organism
drug
___ refers to a state in which an individual uses a drug so frequently and consistently that is appears that it would be difficult for the person to get along without using the drug.
drug dependence
the notion that " " forms the basis of arguments in favor of passing laws to regulate drug use and drug users.
drug use changes a user's personality in a lasting way
In the context of the survey on cigarette use in the united states, by far the single biggest factor influencing smoking rates among adults is their ________
educational level
The facial and developmental abnormalities associated with the mother's alcohol use during pregnancy is known as _______ _______ syndrome
fetal alcohol
To prove that all compulsive behaviors have some common physiological or biochemical action int he brain, theorists have " "
focused on studying dopamine, an important neurotransmitter in the brain
Canadian and Scotch whiskys are made _______
from about two-thirds straight whiskey and one-third grain neutral spirits
Identify a true statement about the relationship between the dose and the effect of a drug
further additions of a drug have no effect at the point where the response system shows maximal response
According to the dose-response relationship of smoking and pregnancy, the more the woman smokes during pregnancy, the _______
greater the reduction in birth weight
It is likely that the relationship between illicit drug use and other forms of deviant behavior is strengthened by the fact that " "
illicit drug use is a crime
Identify the personality factors that describe an alcoholic personality
impulsive, depressed, passive
Part of the tolerance that develops to nicotine results from the fact that either nicotine or the tars ______
increase the activity of the liver microsomal enzymes that are responsible for the deactivation of drugs
in the context of substance use, a significant development has been
increased efforts by governments to limit access to dangerous drugs
Alcohol dilates the peripheral blood vessels in the central nervous system, and this _______
increases heat loss from a drinker's body
Inhaling while smoking one cigarette has been shown to _______
inhibit hunger contractions of the stomach for up to an hour
A new drug is likely to be safer when given to humans if ______
it has a greater therapeutic index (TI) than existing drugs
In the context of the transportation of a drug through the blood, alcohol exists in the bloodstream primarily in the unbound form because it ________.
it has a low affinity for binding with plasma protein in the blood
A feature of theobromine is that _______
its physiological actions closely parallel those of caffeine
Benjamin Rush, a prominent Philadelphia physician who authored the first writings indicating negative views on alcohol, found a link between heavy drinking and _______
jaundice
Why had measurement of impulsivity become more popular recently among studies aiming to correlate rate of substance use to personality of users?
large-scale survey studies of the general population have yielded weak correlations with other personality traits
Identify a true statement about using intramuscular injections to administer drugs
larger volumes of material can be deposited in a muscle than can be injected subcutaneously
Concerns about the effects of secondhand smoke have led to _____
laws prohibiting smoking in public
A hazard of chewing tobacco is _______, which is characterized by a whitening, thickening, and hardening of the tissue
leukoplakia
Death resulting from acute alcohol intoxication usually is the result of respiratory failure when the ______
medulla is depressed
The french physician Jean Nicot was successful in curing ______ of Catherine de Medici, queen of Henry II of France, which made tobacco use popular
migrane headaches
Nicotine has the unusual ability to act as a ______
mild stimulant
The most common type of oral smokeless tobacco in the united states is _____
moist snuff
Topical application of drugs to the skin is not widely used as a route of administration because _______
most drugs are not absorbed well through the skin
Match the drinks with the amount of caffeine they contain
mountain dew-->54 mg in a 12-ounce can red bull-->80 mg in a 8.4-ounce can jolt cola-->72 mg in a 12-ounce can
The symptoms of low-level nicotine poisoning are ________
nausea, dizziness, and a general weakness
Identify an accurate statement about substance use:
not all substance use is abuse
There is considerable evidence that 200 to 300 mg of caffeine will _________
partially offset fatigue-induced decrement in the performance of motor tasks
In the context of routes of drug administration, insufflation ensures quick access of a drug to the general blood circulation by ______
passing through blood vessels lining the nasal cavity
match the parameters used by the University of Michigan for its Monitoring the Future Project:
perceived risk of regular use-->it essentially is a mirror image of the trend in rates of using marijuana
Play a small role in whether someone tries alcohol or marijuana but a larger role in whether that use develops into a serious problem
personality variables and genetics
Ryan, a 20 year old university student, attended a college party. He and his friends drank a lot of alcohol at the party. One of Ryan's friends, John, was about to pass out after drinking alcohol. In this scenario, Ryan should _______
place John on his side so that any vomit is less likely to be aspirated
As most american beer is sold in bottles or cans, yeast must be removed in order to ______
prevent spoiling after packaging
Jenna, a smoker, discovers that she is pregnant. In this scenario, she should ________
quit smoking
In the context of the dose-response relationship of smoking and pregnancy, the diminished growth rate observed in the fetus of smoking women is attributed to the ________
reduced availability of oxygen
In psychology, " " is a procedure in which a behavioral event is followed by a consequent event such that the behavior is then more likely to be repeated
reinforcement
Identify the charges that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) made against the Coco-Cola when it seized supply of Coca-Cola syrup in 1909
the syrup contained no coca and little if any cola; the drink contained caffeine, which was poisonous
A disadvantage of using intravenous, or IV, injection to administer drugs is that _____
the vein wall loses some of its strength in the area around the injection site
Identify a true statement about french champagne
they are naturally carbonated sparkling wines
After the 1965 drug abuse control amendments for the first time the bureau of narcotics and dangerous drugs faced widespread disregard of drug laws by young people who _______
We're not members of the under privileged and criminal classes
according to the 1906 pure food and drugs act, ____ covered "any statement, design, or device regarding... a drug, or the ingredients or substances contained therein, which shall be false or misleading in any particular"
misbranding
Why were morphine and heroin popular among lower class opium users when states and municipalities in the United States began to outlaw opium dens
They were readily available and inexpensive
Why was marijuana smoking been used as an indicator for much of the research on correlates of drug use (check all that apply)
-its use has been a matter of some concern -Enough people have tried it so that meaningful correlations can be carried out
Identify the protective factors most likely associated with lower rates of marijuana use among adolescents according to a study conducted by the National Survey on Drug Use and Health
-participating in two or more extracurricular activities -Being committed to school -Believing that religion is important and frequently attending religious services
In the context of duration of effects of drugs, match the types of toxicity (in the left column) with their definitions (in the right column) -acute toxicity and chronic toxicity
Acute toxicity: The short-term effects of a single dose of a drug Chronic toxicity: The long-term effects from repeated use of a drug
______, Who became the first commissioner of the Bureau of narcotics in 1932 was known as the first drug czar and had almost total control of federal efforts and drugs education prevention and treatment and enforcement of 30 years until 1962
Harry Anslinger
Drugs are said to be ___ when they produce effects that interfere with normal functioning in such a way as to produce dangerous or potentially dangerous consequences
Toxic
Match the drug testing methods (in the left column) with the number of days up to which they can detect drug use (in the right column)
-Urine testing: It can detect most kinds of drugs for up to three days, but it can also detect frequently used drugs for a couple of weeks after the last dose -Hair testing: It can detect drug use for up to 90 days and is more capable of detecting occasional drug use than other methods -Saliva testing: It can only be detected fairly recent drug use, up to one day, in most cases
In the experiments conducted in the 1960's, monkeys and rats were connected to an apparatus so that pressing a lever would inject morphine into their body through:
intravenous tubes
Arrange the usual changes undergoes upon increasing his or her alcohol consumption in the correct order of occurrence
1. Increased talkativeness 2. Slurred speech and difficulty walking 3. Unconsciousness
Identify an example of a withdrawal syndrome
A heroin user who experiences diarrhea when he or she stops using
The period between 1890 and 1920 has been called the "nadir" (lowest point) of _____ in the United States
Race relations
Identify an accurate statement about the biological basis for substance dependence
There are genetic influences on drug use, effects, and dependence
According to the data collected by the Monitoring the Future Study by University of Michigan on marijuana use by 12th-graders, what is the observed trend on the sue rates of the drug?
There have been small changes in the rates of marijuana use since 1997
Studies of risk and protective factors or substance use conclude that adolescents who are likely to smoke cigarettes, drink heavily, and smoke marijuana are likely to
engage in other deviant behavior
According to research, effects of psychoactive drugs on a user are influenced by
his or her expectations of the effects they will produce
According to the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, a company had to submit a(n) _______ ______ _______ (NDA) to the FDA that included "full reports of investigations which have been made to show whether or not a drug is safe for use," which had to be approved before the drug could be marketed.
new drug application (NDA)
Examination of the lives of alcohol-dependent individuals reveals that alcohol dependence " "
often exists within a dysfunctional family
One of the consequences of the 1938 Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act was that the federal law of the United States now recognized a difference between____drugs
over-the-counter and prescription-only
a procedure in which behavioral event is followed by a consequent event such that the behavior is then more likely to be repeated is known as ______
reinforcement
Prior to being recognized and treated directly, psychiatrists assumed that alcohol dependence was " "
secondary to another disorder
Deviant drug use by an individual causes members of the individual's group to
take corrective action when it occurs
The commission of crimes to obtain money for expensive illict drugs is primarily due to _______
the artificially high cost of the drugs
the 1960's experiments on drug use by monkeys concluded that
the drugs themselves positively reinforce the drug taking behavior
Since every psychoactive drug acts at multiple sites, both in the brain and on other organs
the effect of a drug sought by an user is accompanied by other bodily reactions
when drug use, drug dependence, and deviant drug use are talked about, it is ______ that is being referred to
the way the drug is being used
Although the basic categorization of illicit drugs in scheduled is similar top most American states, _____
there are large differences in the penalties
According to the early medical models of substance dependence, when was the dependence said to be cured?
when a user no longer had withdrawal symptoms
People's understanding of the term addiction ranges from those who apply the term broadly to anyone who is especially interested in an activity to those who apply the term only to people ____
whose lives have been completely taken over by substance abuse
Factors that influence drug use
•Identification with a deviant subculture •Rebellious behavior •Reinforcing properties of drugs •Desire to experience an altered state •Own experiences with drug
Gateway
•One of the first drugs used by a typical drug user •Alcohol and tobacco are sometimes considered gateway drugs
In the context of use of drugs, math the types of toxicity with their examples:
-Acute toxicity--->when a drug user overdoses on heroin, causing his or her breathing to stop -Chronic toxicity--->when an alcoholic suffers from severe damage to his liver
What were the provisions added by the 1962 Kefauver-Harris amendments to federal law?
-Advertisements for prescription drugs need to summarize adverse reactions to the drug -Companies need to seek approval before conducting clinical trials on humans
In the context of alcohol use, math the types of toxicity with their examples
-Behavioral toxicity--->a person being unable to drive a car properly under he influence of alcohol -Physiological toxicity--->a person experiencing severe confusion and sudden lapses in and out of consciousness and/or seizures
Match the popular drugs with their beneficial applications -Heroin -Cocaine -Methamphetamine
-Heroin-->painkillers -Cocaine-->local anesthetic -Meth-->treatment of ADHD and obesity
In the context of the prevalent medical notion on substance dependence in the 1960s, match the types of substance dependence (in the left column) with the substances to which they are attributed (in the right column)
-Psychological dependence: Marijuana, amphetamines and cocaine -Physical dependence: heroin
Match the impacts of passing laws that criminalize drug use with their de
-Symbolic impacts--->these cause people who promote such laws to gain immediate social status by being identified with political power and as supporting goodness, morality, and decency -Instrumental impacts--->these refer to the consequences to those affected by the implementation of such laws, including those whose livelihood depend upon the implementation of these laws
Match the departments in the United States government (in the left column) with the kinds of laws they administered by 1914 (in the right column)
-The Department of Agriculture--->1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act -The Treasury Department--->Harrison Act of 1914
Identify the cost involved in drug-control enforcement by federal agencies
-The incalculable price of placing federal agents in danger of losing their lives to combat the drug trade -The cost of housing drug-law violations in state prisons and local jails -The cost of crimes committed to purchase drugs at black-market prices
Rank the following regulations in the US in the order in which they were implemented, beginning with the first to be implemented
-The regulation of pharm manufacturing and sales -the regulation of opioids and cocaine -the prohibition of alcohol
What are the two main reasons for which private corporations adopt drug test
-They believe that a company will be protected against suits for drug-related negligence -They believe that drug-free workers will have better productivity
In the context of the data gathered by the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) system, rank the top four classes of drugs involved in emergency room visits in decreasing order of number of cases (from highest to lowest)
-alcohol-in-combination -cocaine -prescription opioids -marijuana
What changes were introduced by the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970?
-drug control was based on both a health and law enforcement perspective -mandatory minimum penalties were discontinued
Identify the personality traits that are frequently and increasingly being associated with the tendency to develop substance dependence
-impulsivity and sensation seeking
Identify the events that led to an enormous change in the development and marketing of legal pharmaceuticals over the past 100 Years
-introduction of vaccines -development of antibiotics
What did the Jones-Miller Act passed by Congress in 1922 do?
-it officially made the user of illegally obtained opioids and cocaine a criminal -It more than doubled the maximum penalties for dealing in illegally imported drugs
match the reason for the federal government creating restrictive regulations for the sale of some psychoactive drugs in the 21st century
-toxicity--->some drug sellers were considered to be endangering the public health and victimizing individuals by selling dangerous chemicals, often without putting appropriate labels or warnings on them -dependence--->some drug sellers were seen as victimizing individuals by selling dangerous chemicals, often without putting appropriate labels or warnings on them -crime--->drug users came to be seen as a threat to public safety- resulting in widespread attitude that drug-crazed individuals would often break the law in violent, horrible ways
According to a study from the 1970s that point out a typical sequence of involvement with drugs, arrange the stages of drug involvement in the order in which they occur, beginning with the first stage: -Use of hard liquor and/or cigarettes -Marijuana Use -Use of beer or wine
1. Use of beer or wine 2. Use of hard liquor and/or cigarettes 3. Marijuana use
Arrange the substances that are responsible for causing US deaths annually. Place substance that causes most deaths on top. -alcohol -cigarettes -psychoactive drugs
1. cigarettes 2. alcohol 3. psychoactive drugs
The single most important legislation that has shape the federal governments approach to controlled substances was the
18th amendment prohibiting alcohol
Identify an accurate statement about attributing cause of dependence to a substance
A substance itself cannot be seen as the entire cause of a dependence problem
Identify the diseases that are at an increased risk of transmission due to needle-sharing actvities of intravenous drug users
Hepatitis and aids
Under the Comprehensive Drug Prevention and Control Act of 1970, Schedule I drugs have ______ in the US
No currently acceptable medical use in treatment
In the early 1800s in the United States physicians prescribe various forms of _______ liberally and with only limited concerned about Patience developing dependence
Opium
Match the phases of clinical investigation(in the left column) with the type of studies they involve (in the right column)
Phase one: This phase encompasses studies relatively low doses of a drug on a limited number of healthy people Phase two: This phase involved a few hundred pattens w have the condition a drug is designed to treat Phase three: This phase administers a drug to 1,000 to 5,000 individuals with the disease or symptoms for which the drug is intended
In the context of a drug misuse, match the types of chemicals (in the left column) with the corresponding definitions of misuse (in the right column)
Prescription drugs: Use of drugs in greater amounts than, or for purpose other than, those prescribed by a physician or dentist Nonprescription drugs or chemicals: Any use other than the us intended by the manufacturers of those chemicals
Until the 1920s following the passage of the Harrison act most users of opioids continue to receive them legally through
Private physicians or public clinics
_________ dependence on drugs is increasingly accepted as the real riving force behind repeated rug use.
Psychological
In the early 1900s Dr. Hamilton Wright the father of American narcotics laws decided the United States could gain favored trading status with China by leading international efforts to
Reduce opium importation
Match the impacts of passing laws that criminalize drug use (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column)
Symbolic impacts: These cause people who promote such laws to gain immediate social status by being identified with political power and as supporting goodness, morality, and decency Instrumental impacts: These refer to the consequences to those affected by the implementation of such laws, including those who are arrested and their families, and those who livelihood depend upon the implementation of those laws
True or false: the largely unsubstantiated fear that cocaine use was responsible for an increase in violent crimes was important in building support for federal drug control laws among the southern senators and congressmen in the United States despite their opposition to increasing federalism
True
The Navy followed by the other armed forces were the first to ______ on a large scale in the United States
Use random urine screening
According to the findings of the National Survey Use and Health, identify an accurate statement about the correlation between gender and rate of substance use
males are more likely to indulge in substance use than females
___ is a narcotic and the primary active chemical in opium from which heroin is derived
morphine