Dudek Chapter 9: Consumer Issues

The nurse is seeing a client who states he is going to incorporate a specific nutrient in to his diet because he watched a news brief on the benefits of the dietary supplement. The client states he does not know how much of the supplement he should be taking because this was not discussed on the news. Which of the following is the nurse's best response?

"How do you believe this supplement is going to change your health" Features or articles that fail to identify how much or little of a food should be eaten, how often it should be eaten, or to whom the advice applies do not give consumers enough information to appropriately judge what the study means to them personally. The nurse should attempt to determine the client's aim for taking the supplement and then provide more educational information accordingly.

What proportion of Americans use the internet as a source of information about food and food safety?

24% 24% of Americans obtain food and food safety information from health, food and nutrition bloggers in the internet.

If a food package lists 15% DV for calcium, it can add which nutrient claim regarding calcium?

good source To be high, rich in, or excellent source, the product must have at least 20% of the daily value of a nutrient.

Which pathogen causes a small percentage of all foodborne illness but a higher percentage of foodborne illness resulting in hospitalization and death? <Image: Figure 9.5>

Salmonella, nontyphoidal Salmonella , nontyphoidal causes 11% of foodborne illness, 35% of foodborne illness resulting in hospitalization, and 28% of foodborne illness resulting in death.

A client is taking a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor for treatment of depression. The nurse should remind the client to avoid which of the following herbal supplements?

St. Johns Wort St. John's wort should not be used with antidepressant medications.

Which parasite is shown to cause a about one quarter of foodborne illness resulting in death?

Toxoplasma gondii Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that can lead to swollen glands, fever, muscle aches CNS disorders, such as intellectual disability and visual impairments, in children. It is especially dangerous to pregnant women; may cause stillbirth, miscarriage; can pass to fetus. This parasite results in approx. 24% foodborne illness resulting in death each year.

The client reads a package lists a product as low in saturated fat. The nurse correctly states that this is an example of which of the following?

a nutrient claim Terms such as "low," "free," and "high" describe the level of a nutrient or substance in a food. The terms are legally defined and therefore are reliable and valid.

When a client tells the nurse he is eating a food for which the package claims the food helps to maintain normal cholesterol levels, the nurse recognizes this is an example of which of the following?

a structure/function claim Structure/function claims offer the possibility that a food may improve or support body function, which is a fine distinction from the approved health claims that relate a food or nutrient to a disease. "Helps to maintain cholesterol levels" is a structure/function claim that does not need approval.

The nurse is seeing a client who wants to reduced the pesticide residue on her food. Which of the following foods should the nurse recommend that the client eliminate?

apples Apples are listed number 1 on the 'dirty dozen' list for food with the most pesticide residue.

The majority of foodborne illnesses resulting in death are caused by:

bacteria The majority of foodborne illnesses resulting in death are caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Toxoplasma gondii, and Listeria monocytogenes, which are all bacteria.

The nurse is educating a client who wants to prevent pregnancy-induced hypertension. The nurse can correctly inform the client that a supplement with a qualified health claim that may be beneficial for her condition is which of the following?

calcium An example of a supplement that can make a qualified health claim about the benefits associated with decreased risk of hypertension is calcium

Which of the following is a primary crop grown in the Unites States using food biotechnology?

corn The United States is the leading producer of biotech crops with more than 180 million acres. The primary crops grown in the United States are corn, cotton, soybeans, sugar beets, canola, squash, papaya, and alfalfa. Ninety-three percent of all the corn and 94% of all soybeans in the United States are grown using biotechnology. The alternate options are all produce grown in other parts of the world.

A client is prone to a variety of gastrointestinal symptoms and heartburn but wants to take herbal supplements. On the basis of potential side effects, which of the following would you recommend?

cranberry Saw palmetto, ginkgo biloba, and Echinacea all list GI upset or distress as potential side effects.

The nurse shares with a nutrition group that which of the following about a Nutrition Facts label is CORRECT?

daily caloric intake on which % of nutrients are based On the refreshed nutrient label design, an updated footnote more clearly explains the meaning of the %DV. It will read "The % Daily Value tells you how much a nutrient in a serving of food contributes to a daily diet. 2000 calories a day is used for general advice."

A nurse is counseling a patient with breast cancer who would like to reduce the risk of recurrence by increasing his intake of natural functional foods. Which of the following should the nurse recommend?

dark green vegetables Dark green vegetables are know to neutralize free radicals, which may damage cells; may inhibit cancer growth; may improve immune response

The nurse is explaining supplements to a client. The nurse correctly explains which of the following is a plant or part of a plant used to decrease health problems?

herb Herbs are plants or parts of plants that may be used to alleviate health problems or promote wellness.

The nurse is discussing dietary supplements with a client. The nurse should tell the client that the supplement label should include which of the following if it complies with the Council for Responsible Nutrition?

disclosure of allergens Labelling for dietary supplements must include a disclosure of any allergens such as as milk, nuts eggs etc. A list of contaminants, impurities or toxins and notice of improper handling are not expected to be included on the label.

Which of the following is a food characteristic introduced with the use of food biotechnology?

disease resistance Some plants are genetically modified to increase their resistance to plant viruses and other diseases so that they can be raised with fewer pesticides to reduce production costs and environmental residues. Plants can be made to ripen more slowly or to contain more vitamins, minerals, and protein or less fat.

A client is scheduled for surgery for breast cancer and is interested in taking herbal supplements. Which of the following supplements can the nurse recommend is not contraindicated preoperatively?

echinachia An animal study showed that black cohosh promoted cancer metastasis. Soy isoflavones should be avoided with a history of breast cancer. Ginkgo biloba should be avoided at least 36 hours prior to surgery.

A client has decreased hormone production due to autoimmune dysfunction which involves the thyroid gland. Which two herbal supplements should this client avoid?

echinachia and soy isoflavones Soy isoflavones should not be used in people with altered thyroid function, and Echinacea should not be used in people with autoimmune diseases.

Qualified health claims require all of the following EXCEPT that:

evidence must be backed by scientific agreement The FDA allows certain qualified health claims when the relationship between food, a food component, and a supplement is not strong enough to meet significant scientific agreement or published authoritative standards.

The nurse is preparing to teach a nutrition class. In order to explain the benefits of food irradiation, which of the following points should the nurse include?

food irradiation causes food borne illness Irradiation can prevent many foodborne illnesses by reducing or eliminating pathogens, controlling insects, or killing parasites.

A client has coronary artery disease. Which of the following herbal supplements is most likely to be helpful with his condition?

garlic Garlic can be used to lower cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels and may be useful in the treatment of hypertension.

The nurse explains to a client that a food label includes all of the following with the exception of what information?

genetically modified organisms The information provided on a label includes Nutrition Facts and an ingredient list; nutrient claims, health claims, and structure/function claims may also be found.

The nurse is providing information to a client who is interested in knowing more about the effects of genetic engineering on food. The nurse explains correctly which of the following is possible with genetically engineered food?

higher vitamin content Crops that are genetically engineered can be done so to have higher nutritional value. Plants can be genetically modified to contain more vitamins, minerals, or protein, or less fat. For instance Golden Rice has been genetically engineered to be rich in beta-carotene, the precursor of vitamin A. The alternate options have not been found to be true of GMO source foods.

Which of the following is a treatment that destroys bacteria and parasites that cause foodborne illnesses?

irradiation Irradiation is a treatment of food with approved levels of ionizing radiation for a prescribed period of time and a controlled dose to destroy bacteria and parasites that would otherwise cause foodborne illness.

Which of the following is true about the %DV for sodium on the the revised Nutrition Facts label?

is based on newer scientific evidence Updates the DVs for sodium, dietary fiber, and vitamin D based on newer scientific evidence

The nurse is seeing a client who wants to take dietary supplements. The nurse explains which of the following information MUST be on the supplement label?

labels to list any potential allergens Mandatory labeling is not required unless the supplement contains new allergens, has a modified nutritional profile, or represents a new plant. Biotechnology has not been used long enough to know whether long-term complications may develop. People who do not want to consume genetically engineered supplements can avoid these products by using organically produced ones.

A 100-gram standardized serving of ground beef contains 5 grams of fat, 3 grams of saturated fat, and 20 mg of cholesterol. This package can have which of the following nutrient claims?

lean Lean refers to meat or poultry products with less than 10 g fat, less than 4 g saturated fat, and less that 95 mg cholesterol per standardized serving and per 100 g.

What proportion of Americans are most likely to obtain information about food and food safety from family and friends?

less than half 34% of Americans obtain food and food safety advise from friends and family

Which of the following is NOT an example of something added to a functional food?

medicinal ingredients Plant sterols and omega-3 fatty acids are examples of lipids that may be added to manufactured functional foods. Phytochemicals, herbs, or nutrients such as vitamins and minerals are functional food ingredients.

The nurse explains to a nutrition class that organically grown livestock recieve which of the following?

mineral supplements Animals may be given vitamin and mineral supplements, but the use of growth hormones and antibiotics is prohibited, and animals treated with medication cannot be sold as organic.

The nurse explains which of the following information about functional foods is true?

natural or manufactured The term "functional food" has no legal meaning in the United States; it is a marketing term, not a regulatory term. Functional foods may be natural or manufactured. Once functional foods are marketed, adverse effects are brought to the light only if consumers alert the FDA to suspected problems.

Which pathogen causes a higher percentage of foodborne illness and lower percentages of foodborne illnesses resulting in hospitalization and death?<Image: Figure 9.5>

norovirus Norovirus causes 58% of foodborne illness, 26% of foodborne illness resulting in hospitalization, and 11% of foodborne illness resulting in death.

A client asks the nurse the difference between conventionally and organically grown produce. Which response from the nurse is accurate?

organic produce contains more phosphorus Organic food is usually more expensive. Eating organic produce in place of conventional produce may reduce pesticide exposure. Organic and conventional produce and livestock were at equal risk of being contaminated. The only nutrient that was higher in organic produce than conventional produce was phosphorus.

The nurse recognizes which of the following is voluntary information a Nutrition Facts label?

polyundsaturated fat The amount of polyunsaturated fat or monounsaturated fat on a Nutrition Facts label is voluntary. The refereshed nutrition facts label removes "calories from fat" based on evidence that the type of fat consumed is more important than total fat intake.

While teaching a class on nutrition, the nurse should encourage clients to try to consume more of which of the following nutrients listed on the nutrition facts label?

potassium Limit these nutrients: total fat, saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, and sodium. Get enough of these nutrients: potassium, dietary fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and iron.

A client developed fever, nausea and vomiting after eating a salad. The nurse suspects which of the following ingredients most likely caused her illness?

raw sprouts Foods most often associated with foodborne illness include: raw or undercooked foods of animal origin, raw fruits and vegetables, raw sprouts, unpasteurized fruit juice, and any uncooked food that was handled by someone who is ill.

A client's sister had a deep-vein thrombosis, and the client is concerned that she herself might be prong to clotting. Which of the following functional foods might be beneficial?

red wine Resveratrol in purple grape juice or red wine may decrease platelet aggregation which stimulates blood clotting.

Which of the following can reduce pesticide exposure?

removing outer leaves Rinsing all fruits and vegetables under running water and discarding the outer leaves are vital to reduce exposure to bacteria and chemical residues. Eating organic produce in place of conventional produce may reduce pesticide exposure by 30%. Irradiation destroys bacteria and parasites. Green beans and kale, as well as other greens, may contain pesticide residues of special concern.

Which of the following is typically true of breaking news reports?

results may be generalized to apply to a large population Breaking news can include incomplete coverage of preliminary results, the distinction between correlation and correlation may be blurred, inappropriate conclusions may be drawn from results, and a study may be generalized to a broader population than was studied, leading to overstating of the size of the effect.

A client asks a nurse, "How do I know I that the vitamin supplement I buy at the supermarket is good enough for my family?" The nurse explains that supplement manufacturers must provide the FDA with what type of information before marketing a new dietary ingredient?

safety Dietary supplement manufacturers that want to market a new dietary ingredient must submit information to the FDA that supports their conclusion that reasonable evidence exists that the product is safe for human consumption. However, the manufacturer does not need to prove safety; once a product is marketed, it can continue to be sold legally unless the FDA prooves that it is unsafe.

A nurse is most likely to have a male client report taking which of the following herbal supplements?

saw palmetto Saw palmetto is useful to prevent or relieve symptoms of enlarged prostate.

Which type of claim is allowed on dietary supplement packaging?

structure/function Dietary supplements can be labeled with statements explaining their purported effect on the structure or function of the human body or their role in promoting well-being.

The nurse should correctly explain to a client which of the following about supplement standardization is CORRECT?

supplements are not required to be standardized Dietary supplements are not required to be standardized in the United States.

The nurse recognizes which of the following statements about supplement regulation is CORRECT?

supplements are regulated as foods In their medicinal sense, herbs are technically unapproved drugs; approximately 30% of drugs used today originated from plants (e.g., paclitaxel, aspirin, digoxin). In the United States, dietary supplements are regulated by the FDA as foods, which means they do not have to meet the same standards as drugs and over-the-counter medications.

provider

the majority 70% of Americans surveyed said they discuss food and food safety with a personal health care provider

A student is wondering if it would be beneifical to take a supplement that claims to enhance memory and test taking scores. The student should question the reliability of these results from the study that reported the results of which of the following is true?

the promoter of the message stands to benefit economically The student should question where the study was conducted. It is important to know if the site a reputable research institution or an impressive-sounding but unknown facility. Internet addresses ending in .edu (educational institutions), .org (organizations), or .gov (government agencies) are more credible than those ending in .com (commercial), whose main objective may be to sell a product

Last night's news reported that a study done at a local university found that eating diet cookies helped participants lose 40 pounds in a month. You should question the reliability of these results for which of the following reasons?

the results sound too good to be true Healthy weight loss is 1 to 2 pounds a week; 40 pounds sounds too good to be true. What is the message? Generally, if it sounds too good to be true, it usually is.

A nurse is assisting a client in learning how to read food labels. Teaching has been effective when after reviewing an ingredients list including whole-wheat flour, sunflower oil, and salt, in that order the client tells the nurse which of the following?

there is more whole wheat flour than salt Ingredients are listed in descending order by weight. This gives an idea of how much of each ingredient is in a product but does not give the proportion.

of

they are supplements The term "dietary supplement" is a group name for products that contain one or more dietary ingredients, including herbs. Consumers assume that herbs must be harmless because they come from flowers, leaves, and seeds. However, herbs are not guaranteed to be safe or effective.

The nurse can confirm for a client which of the following about structure/function claims is CORRECT?

they claim to improve or support body function Structure/function claims offer the possibility that a food may improve or support body function.

You find a 1975 research study on a university website that was conducted in the university's laboratories. It concludes that taking a common over-the-counter medication can reduce needed sleep by 10 minutes. As a tired student, you find this appealing. You should question the reliability of these results because:

this study is outdated This study was conducted in 1975. Even seemingly legitimate information can quickly become outdated as further research supersedes it.

Which of the following nutrients does not have a daily value on a Nutrition Facts label?

trans fat Trans fat does not have a DV; eat as little as possible because it increases the risk of heart disease.

The nurse is caring for a patient in hospital who attended a large family gather where many family members developed foodborne illness. Which of the following most likely caused it?

using a cooler to bring food, then setting the food out for the day Adequate refrigeration inhibits the growth of bacteria. Figure 9.5 depicts the four simple steps to keep food safe, promoted by the Fight BAC! (as in bacteria) campaign of the Partnership for Food Safety Education. See the Partnership for Food Safety Education website for additional food safety tips

The nurse encourages a client to look for Facts Up Front when making choices at the grocery store. Which of the following BEST describes this intiative?

voluntary front-of-package labeling The Grocery Manufacturers Association and Food Marketing Institute have created Nutrition Keys, a voluntary front-of-package labeling initiative known as Facts Up Front. In a standardized format, four basic icons provide information from the "Nutrition Facts" panel on calories, saturated fat, sodium, and sugar.