eaa midterm

present day city where excavation was taken place to uncover "The Ruins of Yin" (1350 - 1046) Royal Cemetery 13 Tombs cut into the soil Leading to one imperial chamber A wooden hut would be above the tomb (for ceremonial rituals) These tombs ended up being looters Lady Hao (d. 1200 BCE) wife of King Wuding Her tomb was untouched Carved square hole with ledges (in which human sacrifices were placed) Tons of jades were found, that marked the presence of her body Led wars, important figure of the court Contents of the tomb 468 Bronze objects, 775 jade objects, 63 stone objects, 5 ivories, 11 pottery vessels, iron, cowry shells Provided a glimpse of aristocratic life The jades found were from about a century before her death Lady Fu Hao was collecting these jades

Anyang

Capital of Hunan Province

Changsha

Chu (modern day Hunan / Hubei) Vessels (not penetrated by the Zhou culture) lacquer allows for more tight and detailed patterns

Chu

Coiling - pottery technique from rolling up snakes of clay Design would be painted on with an ink and brush

Coiling

Benevolence/Humanity [ren]: an idea of looking at the world with virtue, compassion, that you understand your position in life and your relationship with the people around you. Meta virtue that we all share? Filial Piety [xiao]: the feeling of respect and love toward the elder members of our families. Relates the respect we have to the eldest male to the respect you have toward the emperor. Loyalty: political loyalty and responsibility to the ruler. The first emperor's goal was to destroy the thinking and texts of the Confucian scholars (213-210 BCE). Legalism was the best tool to use to gain political power.

Confucian Virtues

(551-479 BCE) During the dissolution of the Eastern Zhou period, different life philosophies began to emerge Kong was familiar with the texts and writings from the Western Zhou period Not so much a philosophy, but more of a political theory Legalism is the belief that a governed set of rules is key in making society 'good' and making citizens 'behave.' Confucius argues the opposite. "Virtue is never solitary; it has neighbors."

Confucius [Kong fuzi] Master Kong

Cong Placed alongside the body during Liangzhu funerals Portable size Made from Jade Hard material Could be polished Reflective material, interaction with light Would be made by grinding the stone surface with sand Used a diamond to create the relief Cylindrical with square corners Hole for the middle of the structure Carved Patterned vertical sections They would be placed along the legs or arms of the skeletons in tombs Exact function of the cong is unclear

Cong

Debate on Salt and Iron ca. 81 BCE The materialism of funerary rituals is called into question Public discussion sponsored by the court in 81 BCE Nationalization of Iron and Salt (to pay for expensive border security) Opposition to nobility and officials Asking to return to a more simple and modest way of life

Debate on Salt and Iron

Tripod Food Container Ding Used to cook on the spot

Ding

Dogu - soil-figurine Anthropomorphic figures with defined faces and bodies that were found in tombs Elaborate decoration on the surface of the figure Deliberately broke, which marked the transfer from our life to the afterlife Eyes always closed

Dogu

Bell (dotaku) Bronze object Bells useds for funerary rituals, played by striking Evidence that the Yayoi had bronze technology

Dotaku

soft clay, modeled, and then let dry first appeared during the Neolithic period with Yangshao culture Coiling - pottery technique from rolling up snakes of clay Design would be painted on with an ink and brush Some of these jars had marks like a signature, but more like a workshop's stamp of quality Required a sophisticated line of production One of the earliest evidence of the ink and brush in East Asian culture

Earthenware

Eastern Zhou (711-221 BCE)

Eastern Zhou

Wine Vessel Gu poured into the vase to serve the wine

Gu

Ritual Food Vessel Gui

Gui

Han Dynasty (206 BCE - 220 AD) aware of the Roman empire, which was happening at the same time Indirect contact with the West Unification never happened on the level of religious + spiritual practices, more for the sense of political control Han Unification Highly centralized structure Creation of a class of professional bureaucrats, selected by recommendation and trained in Imperial academies Continued standardization policies of the Qin dynasty Confucianism as state ideology

Han Dynasty

Legalist philosopher Warring States period (mid-3rd century BCE) Why are figures of power not visible? Philosophy that power lies in invisibility The power of doing nothing "When names and realities match, the ruler need do nothing more, and the true spect of all things will be revealed."

Hanfeizi

Haniwa "Clay Circles" Hollow clay figures from Japan that were placed outside of tombs Arranged in groups in circles around burial sites

Haniwa

A piece of rice paper placed on top of the carvings, then stamped with ink. The result is a image of the relief carving.

Ink rubbings

Had a connection to the afterlife, burials Jadeite Green, blue-green, pink, lavender Nephrite Yellow, white, brown black - Liangzhu culture cong - collection of Lady Hao Fu (Shang Dynasty grave) - jade shroud found in Tombs of Prince Liu Sheng and Princess Dou Wan (Han dynasty)

Jade

Jar Burials Large cocoons of clay Perhaps there was a social or ethnic distinction for the different kinds of burials? Different burials might also mark ethnic boundaries

Jar Burials

(Yangshao Settlement during the Neolithic period) Settlement of straw huts surrounded by a moat Structures are clustered in groups Main square with a larger hut (with a different roof) Across the river, people were buried in cemetery clusters These clusters were associated clans, families Children were instead buried in clay caskets and placed in the living quarters Implications: People understood the difference between life and afterlife The dead needed a special different kind of care Special layout distinguishes boundaries between clans and families All groups seemed to be equally important People are responsible for harvesting, others responsible for storing and processing, etc. Which leads to the structure of the society

Jiangzhai Village

Jōmon (12,000 - 300 BCE) Civilization in Northern Japan Ancestors of the indigenous population of Japan: Ainu (whose related populations show up in Taiwan, Philippines, and Micronesia) First culture in Japan to produce ceramic wares (made even from pre-sedentary civilizations) Cord pattern on clay vessels Alternating diagonals around the outside of the vessels Made by running a cord (even fingernails, seashells, or bamboo sticks) on the outside

Jomon

Drinking Vessel Jue a decanter for adding spices and flavor to the wine

Jue

Lady Hao's husband

King Wuding

Kofun 古墳 [lit. Old Tomb] Burial Site of Emperor Nintoku, late 4th century CE, Osaka megalithic tombs or tumuli in Japan, constructed between the early 3rd century and the early 7th century AD shaped like a keyhole

Kofun

Lacquer - thick dense paint that was made from sap from trees Lacquerware became more prominent in the Eastern Zhou period (Chu tombs) lacquer allows for more tight and detailed patterns more accurate depiction of animals (guardian animals found in Chu tombs) time consuming process because each layer took a long time to dry

Lacquer

Tomb of Lady Dai early 2nd century Tomb was perfectly preserved, conserved in layers in a tomb Wrapped up in silk and sealed in a coffin Yong - Figurines of servants, responsible for taking care of her in the afterlife Left section is a wardrobe full of different clothes, makeup Upper section is covered with fabric, a couch, and food presented in front of the sitting area In the other chambers is a formal space filled with lacquer objects even more compartments than Marquis Yi of Zeng! The tomb suggests a continuity from the tombs from the Eastern Zhou period (like the tomb of Marquis Yi) - each room has a specific function for helping the dead in the afterlife Lacquer was massively expensive Regionalism - tombs in this region still display lacquer objects in tombs Differences from the past: Giant silk funerary banner was placed in the center section of the tomb Laid on top of the body Two pendants on the side The banner would have been paraded around the funeral space The banner was used to capture the soul of the deceased on the way up to the sky The soul was eventually abandon the body and then placed inside the banner, then placed inside the tomb and sealed Funerary banner Woman entwined with snake Sun and moon, soul ascending to heaven Two dragons intertwined with a jade pendant A scene where a woman is crouched over (the soul would recognize this image and lock itself into it) Not sure if this depiction was widespread or specific to the family Sense that the soul is taking a journey up The three inner coffins are perfectly preserved The innermost coffin is black and has simple geometric designs (replicates the design on the silk) The second coffin is painted in bright red pigments with golden and black abstract patterns The third coffin has a dark background with gold and cream swirls all over it - with a frame that runs all around the coffin). Textural quality - as if the painting was expanding and moving. May represent the journey she will take into the afterlife.

Lady Dai

Lady Hao (d. 1200 BCE) wife of King Wuding Her tomb was untouched Carved square hole with ledges (in which human sacrifices were placed) Tons of jades were found, that marked the presence of her body Led wars, important figure of the court

Lady Hao

Where Marquis Yi of Zeng's tomb was found

Leigudun

Li - Ritual/etiquette Repeated practices, conventions that keep society together Understood as reciprocal (mutual responsibility)

Li

culture during the Neolithic Period Would use jades with funerary rituals Had a connection to the afterlife, burials Jadeite: Green, blue-green, pink, lavender Nephrite: Yellow, white, brown black Lady Fu Hao would collect jades from this period (although her lifetime was during the Shang Dynasty)

Liangzhu

Rediscovery of the site at Lishan (1974) People knew of the legendary site, but it hadn't been discovered yet Placed in 3 pits, another one is empty 8,000 life-size terracotta soldiers & horses 64583 square feet Given specific attributes according to their military ranking Painted with lacquer And given weapons, also according to their ranking Why are the soldiers looking @ the tomb, not outwards?

Lishan

Tombs of Prince Liu Sheng and Princess Dou Wan Ca. 113 BCE (husband & wife) Hebei Province (modern day area - not far from modern day Beijing) Excavated in 1968, undisturbed Distant relatives of the Han dynasty rulers Landscape: rocky mountains and valleys Carved in a side of a mountain Floor carved from the stone, displaying thousands of vessels in front of a silk balcony/sitting area. The whole space is covered up by a roof made of tiles Tombs enclosed with rock and cement Because the tomb was in enclosed in a cliff, they were preserved MOST NOTABLY Sets of jade body armour Jade Shroud sewn with gold wire, ca. 113 BCE, tomb of Liu Sheng, Mancheng Jade was placed in all the orifices of the body, the body was wrapped in silk, and then placed in the sewn body armour Connection with Jade and death or Jade and the afterlife (continued from earlier periods) Speculative: jade was used to preserve the body, prevented the body from decaying The head was closed at the top with a circle with a hole, allowing the soul to move in and out of the jade structure We see a transition from "tomb" to "underground palace" — where the structure of the tomb mirrors the structure of where the living people used to inhabit In the tomb of Liu Sheng and Dou Wan, there are hallways and different rooms, where as the tomb of Marquis Yi has just wooden compartments So far, we have only seen the tombs of the rich, powerful, and aristocratic There is an opulent and materialistic method in which death is celebrated

Liu Sheng & Dou Wan

Luoyang - Eastern Zhou capital relocated to the area of this modern day city

Luoyang

District of the Hebei Province

Mancheng

Mandate of Heaven [Tianming] Innovation of the Zhou Heaven (Tian) bestows the right to rule on a particular leader The right to rule is based on the ruler's virtuous behavior and just control The ruler can lose the Mandate of Heaven As there is only one Heaven, there is only one rule

Mandate of Heaven [Tianming]

(443 BCE, Leigudun, Hubei Province / Excavated 1977) Was a sort of duke, close to the kingdom of Chu Compartmentalized sections of the tomb: servants' quarters, entertainment chamber, tomb chamber, armory (like a house) Found a large collection of intricate vessels, a full set of bells, lacquer animals, jade pendants Inner coffin is also painted in lacquer and exhibits guardians that appear to be strange composite animals

Marquis Yi of Zeng

Mawangdui Neighborhood in the city of Changsha (South China in Hunan province)

Mawangdui

Megalith / Dolmen (1300-300) (Found on an island called Ganghwado, off the west coast of South Korea) South Korea has the largest concentration of these Above ground burial chambers

Megalith/Dolmen

Mingqi Produced exclusively to be placed in the tomb, not used in daily life All the objects placed in the tomb belonged to Mingqi Lacquer objects replicated the image of bronze vessels, yet not practical Replicas, retains the form but not the function

Minqi

Officials or Imperial Bureaucrats (shi) were an emerging class in the Han Group of men who were trained to serve in the palace Not part of the aristocracy Selection by recommendation (being virtuous or good citizen) Specialized training at Imperial Academy (Confucian Classics) Government officials (advisers and administrators)

Officials or Imperial Bureaucrats (shi)

Oracle Bones Turtle shells would be thrown into pits by a shaman King would ask specific questions, cracks would form on the shell, and then the king or diviner would interpret the cracks Topics such as birth, war, sickness, etc. Oracle Bones Script (jiaguwen) Pictogram language Ex. the idea of 'good' is represented with a depiction of a mother and child Lady Hao's official name is carved onto the objects in the tomb — these objects were made just for her Full sentences were written on these oracle bones

Oracle Bones

Oyu Stone Circle (2000 - 1500 BCE) ate Jōmon period archaeological site in the city of Kazuno, Akita Prefecture, in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan (shows similarities between rituals from Japan & Korea?)

Oyu Stone Circle

Secondary burial - being placed in a different tomb after decomposition

Primary burial/Secondary burial

(247-221 BCE) The First Emperor ruled over this short time

Qin

"The First August and Divine Emperor" Qinshi huangdi 秦始皇帝

Qinshi Huangdi

Sanxingdui — Western Sichuan Province (Excavations took place in 1986) Mountainous area Pits of hundreds of bronze and stone objects in particular arrangment Not sure if they were thrown in over time or at one time Not sure if it was for a ritual or for the protection of the objects No writing found from the Sanxingdui culture (A Bronze Age society with no writing) Bronze Standing Figure (c 1300-1100 BCE) Found in Sanxingdui pit Anthropomorphic form holding a cylindrical object Very tall Ornately detailed garments We also see gold cast masks on the outside of bronze objects. Eyes can be a portal Adding a characteristic that corresponds to your own (trying to conceptualize the world in reference to yourself) Eyes give these objects a sense of agency and power

Sanxingdui

Seal Script [zhuan shu] More abstract form of the language that originated in the Shang Dynasty The Li gui Vessel, 11th c. BCE [early Western Zhou], bronze Has an inscription of the conquest of the Shang Dynasty King Wu was the 1st rule of the Shang Symbol of the loyalty to the royal family Vessels start to comment on the political state King is no longer perceived as a Shaman, but more as a military figure

Seal Script

Shamanism (broad term) A set of beliefs and practices concerned with communication with the spirits Centered around the role of the shaman as an intermediary between humans and spirits Dance, ritual, invocation Shamans reach a trance-like state to communicate with the spirits The 1st basis of religions Shang Kingship was grounded in religion Played a priestly role

Shamanism

Shang Dynasty (1600 - 1046 BCE) Origins unknown (from the Yangshao region?) Occupied in the center of China, in the Yellow River Valley Late Shang capital in Anyang (the bigger the capital, the bigger the empire) More like a confederation of fortified cities that were all loyal to the center How did they keep the power? War and Religion. At this point, we enter the bronze age (marked by bronze & writing) Bronze, a man made material and metal alloy (copper, tin, and lead)

Shang

Shangdi - Supreme Diety

Shangdi

The province where the Sanxingdui excavations took place

Sichuan Province

Sima Qian, "The Basic Annals of the First Emperor of China" historian that recorded the accounts of the first emperor

Sima Qian

Zhou society was well documented These three Zhou texts became the 3 out of 5 sacred foundational texts of Confucianism Rites of Zhou Book of Rites Rites and Etiquettes

Sources on Zhou History and society

Spring and Autumn Period - Confucian chronicle 771-476 BCE

Spring and Autumn Period

Taotie The animal, mask-like motif on the bronze vessels No mention of it in the writing sources from the Shang period Similar design between taotie and the faces in the jade objects (perhaps they are connected?) The 3-D relief gives a sense that the taotie is jutting outwards The character would come alive in the ritual — when the vessels are placed on the fire to cook the food Could have represented ideas of the divine, the deceased, spirits Possibly the taotie was a taboo subject Not a legible or definite representation of a particular animal

Taotie

The Analects [lun yu] The texts of Confucius' words, his dialogues between him and his followers Not written by Confucius himself Very fragmentary, not based on a solid thesis For Confucius, the li (these etiquettes and rules) are inside of us all. Learning how to be virtuous and lead a virtuous life was something that you had to find within yourself. Return to your inner virtuous nature.

The Analects [lun yu]

Tomb of Liu Sheng & Princess Dou Wan (Early Han) Ca. 113 BCE, Excavated in 1968, Mancheng, Hebei Province

Tomb of Liu Sheng & Princess Dou Wan

Wang - King (chosen because of his ability to communicate with the divine)

Wang

[476-221 BCE] Led to more regionalism in the style of pottery/bronze-making

Warring States Period

Where Jiangzhai Village/Yangshao Culture originated

Wei River Valley

Wu - Priest or Shaman

Wu

(151-170) Wu Family Shrines (151-170) Wu Liang (d. 151) Small structures that would be placed in front of an artificial mountain, under which a tomb would be located One relative per mound Simple platter would be an area where they could place offerings The inside of the structure would be intricately carved in rows, featuring silhouettes that moved across the sides of the wall with no color On the relief: On the top, is a row of portraits of the greats who started civilization Then, there are 8 scenes of virtuous behavior by women (stories of famous women from Biographies of Exemplary Women by Liu Xiang) Next row: Filial Sons and Virtuous Men (16 scenes) Next row: Wise Ministers, Assassin retainers (11 stories) Next row: relatives of the Wu Liang family, gathered around together in a little shrine paying homage to ancestors The Wu Liang family is an ideal image of the virtuous lineage, the inheritors of the history of virtuous behavior The Relief is not trying to seduce you, it's straightforward. Stone, unembellished.

Wu Family Shrines

(d 151)

Wu Liang

Province in which Lishan excavations were held

Xi'an

(5000 -1500 BCE) Yangshao people placed the skeleton in a fetal position and then surrounded the body with pottery Yangshao Ceramics Large jars made of clay with handpainted designs Wide, round top with narrow foot allows the pot to be pushed into the sand Grains would be placed into the jars The more vessels, the more wealthy the person was? Objects distinguish the prestige of the person and family They had the belief that these people continue to need nourishment in the afterlife

Yangshao Culture

Yayoi Civilization of Japan (4th BCE - 3rd CE) Southern part of Japan Sedentary society Example: Yoshinogari Historical Site Watchtowers and high walls suggest they had enemies Houses had elongated roofs outside of the settlement There would be burial sites of these jars Jars made by combing or grating an object on the surface (Shows a cultural connection from Korea to Southern Japan)

Yayoi

Yinxu "The Ruins of Yin" (1350-1046) The largest settlement of its time Discovered in 1976

Yin

1st Emperor of China Prince Ying Zheng (260-210 BCE) State of Qin (lasted not even 20 years) Was king of Qin, conquested Chu, and ultimately unified China Ultimately elected as "The First August and Divine Emperor" Responsible for the "Burning of the Books" and "Burying of "Scholars" 213-210 BCE Unification and Standardization Established territory lines, measurement standards, roads and planning Created a sense of centralized authority Emperor died while the mausoleum was still in process of being built 206 BCE: mausoleum destroyed by peasant-rebels Large area— capital of death outside of the central city In the inner walls is an artificial mountain where the underground tomb is located Conjectured that there is mercury underneath Outside of the main tomb is two small pits where there are two bronze chariots Stable pits where there are animal bones, trays and buckets full of food, and clay replica of servants The acrobats pit (with other entertainers) In the north of the mausoleum is Pit 0007, where there is an elaborate clay landscape, servants, and bronze birds These images existed in private spaces but not public spaces No iconography of power His power was everywhere, beyonce visual representation

Ying Zheng

Tomb Figurines (yong) Smaller animal-like figures that were placed in tombs Dates back to Lady Hao Fu's time, where she was buried with jade objects depicting servants

Yong

Example: Yoshinogari Historical Site Watchtowers and high walls suggest they had enemies Houses had elongated roofs outside of the settlement There would be burial sites of these jars Jars made by combing or grating an object on the surface (Shows a cultural connection from Korea to Southern Japan)

Yoshinogari Historical Site

Wine Vessel Zun

Zun