EAB 4798

Dimensional measurement involves which of the following?

D) Attaching a number to a specific dimensions that represents how much of that dimension was observed

A football scout measures how long it takes a player to run 40 yards. The scout is recording what dimension of behavior?

D) Duration

Which statement is true, according to Baer, Wolf and Risley (1968)?

B. Non-applied research is likely to look at any behavior, and at any variable which may conceivable relate to it

Which is an example of being analytic?

B. Showing that a behavior increases with treatment and returns to baseline levels when treatment is removed.

Which of the following must be considered when selecting a response class that meets the general needs of the experiment?

C) how sensitive the response class is to extraneous factors

Which is a dimension of applied behavior analysis, according to Baer, Wolf & Risley (1968)?

D. technological

The phrase ______ refers to how researchers arrange comparisons between control and experimental conditions so as to permit inferences about any effects independent variables may have on responding.

Experimental design

Talking about scientific behavior in the same way that we approach any other

behavior of interest is useful because it can help us:

Variation in features of responding within a single response class as well as variations in the summary measures of that class is referred to as:

behavioral variability

Identify the antecedent events and consequences that have influenced researcher's

behaviors

An experiment that compares two different groups of subjects, one of which experiences the independent variable and the other of which does not experience the independent variable is a ______ design.

between-groups

What was revolutionary about how Skinner approached the study of behavior?

Skinner called for the study of behavior for its own sake, rather than for what it might imply about inner processes.

What did Kern et. al. (1998) concluded about research on choice as an intervention?

There is an increasing trend in the number of studies, but several questions remain unanswered.

Kasia has trouble sitting still in class, so her teacher implements a program in which she praises Kasia for staying in her seat, Kasia's sitting behavior increases, and the teacher concludes that her praise was responsible for the change. The teacher does not realize that Kasia has started taking medication that causes fatigue. In this example, the medication is serving as:

an extraneous variable

In a single-subject design, the _______________ variable is used to encourage (or maintain) change in behavior.

dependent

Social scientific approaches to studying and explaining behavior tend to be based on:

hypothesized inner processes

The only source of variability whose impact is intentional is that of the:

independent variable's

What is the problem for the study of behavior with using data from groups of subjects who are exposed to either the control or experimental condition alone?

it leads to data that mixes behavioral variability with intersubject variability

What does it mean to say that behavior is part of the interface between the organism and the environment?

that behavior is not something an organism possesses, but rather an interaction between the organism and the environment

All of the following are ways of adding a temporal requirement to a response class definition, except which?

A) Add a requirement for the number of times that a behavior must occur within a specified time period

All of the following are functions of measurement, except which?

A) Control

When a researcher engages in the process of repeating the observed predictions and verification within the same study, he/she is practicing what?

A) Replication

______ involves varying the conditions from an earlier study, but still obtaining similar results.

A) Systematic replication

One of the most common constraints on the sensitivity of a behavior comes from ______.

C) Extraneous Variables

_____ is important to establishing the believability of a functional relationship which, therefore, establishes results that are obtained.

C) Internal validity

Then notion that if there is no effect attributable to the independent variable, then the dependent variable data.....unchanged is called____.

C) Prediction

An individual being observed and altering his or her behavior as a response to being observed is known as _____.

C) Reactivity

Two or more observers record the target behavior independently and simultaneously, then later compare the results to determine if the target behavior was measured with reliability. What is this called?

Interobserver reliability

Which meets the standard of being behavioral?

Observing an individual and recording behavior defined as anxiety.

Practitioners and researchers both share the same interest in:

Using the best method of studying behavior

Which is one of the ways to assess reliability?

A. compares observed values to true values

A teacher conducts an interview with the parents of one of her students and asks them how they think their child has responded to the change in the classroom rules. In this example, the teacher is using what kind of measurement?

A. indirect

Interobserver agreement does not provide information about either ______ or ______:

A. reliability; accuracy

Which statement is true, with respect to being technological?

A and B A. When describing procedures, one must state precisely what to do B. When describing procedures, one should state what not to do.

Which would be an appropriate topic of study for applied research?

A comparison of two techniques for improving work productivity

What refers to a believable demonstration that events controlled by the researcher account for the presence or absence of the behavior in question?

Analytic

The three-term contingency consists of:

Antecedent stimuli, Responses, and consequent stimuli

What are three kinds of biological influences on variability in behavior?

Cyclic physiological processes, developmental processes, and environmental effects on body fuctions

In a single-subject design, the ________________ variable is used to determine the changes in the target behavior.

INDEPENDENT

The essence of science lies in the behavior of ______:

Individual Researchers

What is the difference between the primary focus of researchers and practitioners?

Researchers try to identify empirical generalizations about the relationship between behavior and the environment. Practitioners focus on changing individual's behavior to solve problems that they experiencing.

What are notations used for in a single-subject design?

Used to label certain phases or aspects of a design

The Kern et. al. (1998) article provides a review of the literature on which aspect of choice?

choice as an intervention

The most common inner causes are what Skinner calls:

conceptual inner causes

What is the term used to describe the correctness of how a behavior is performed or how it looks?

topography

The ______ of a definition is often a better criterion for evaluating it than its ______:

usefulness; correctness

When is choice is more effective as a reinforcer?

when the reinforcer is selected by the individual whose behavior is targeted for change

The passage of time as well as both unforeseen and foreseen events that arise is known as ____.

D) History

____refers to anything that may affect the demonstration of the functional relationship between the independent and dependent variables

B) Extraneous Variable

Treatment interference might occur when more than one ____ is used.

B) Independent variable

This is the term used when a subject becomes unavailable during the course of a study _____.

D) Attrition

Single subject studies _____.

D) Both A and C

What are the methodological consequences of assuming that behavioral variability is extrinsic?

It requires the experimenter to focus throughout the study on specific features of the relations between behavior of the individual and the environment.

What do broken vertical lines depict in a graph?

a change in the independent variable

What is a tactic for managing variability?

producing variability in responding by manipulating independent variables.

A(n) ________ is an effect of a participant's behavior resulting from exposure to a prior condition:

sequence effect

What is the name of the phase in a study that measures the target behavior before implementation of an intervention?

Baseline phase

When an experiment's question, procedures, and write up suggest that the investigator's primary goal was to generate support for a predetermined conclusion, it can be called ______ research.

A) Advocacy

Extra-experimental contingencies such as ______, ______, and ______ can lead to questions that serve personal interests more than the needs of the field:.

A) Grants, consulting contracts, reputation

In what way can a ratio be limiting?

A) It hides the component values being divided

The property of temporal locus is reflected by the dimensional quantity of ______.

A) Latency

A track coach records how long (in seconds) it takes a sprinter to run 100 meters. In this example, what is the unit of measurement?

A) The number of seconds it takes to run 100 meters

How does the experimental question help the researcher design measurement procedures?

A) it helps the researcher decides how long and how often observational sessions may occur

What is a risk of using only the research literature as a basis for experimental questions?

A) questions that emerge from published studies tend to ursue the general difectin already established in the literature

The part of the phenomenon serving as a basis for experimental study is called ______.

A) the unit of analysis

Below are the results of a partial-interval recording procedure. What is the interobserver agreement score?

A. 70%

One of the drawbacks to using partial interval or whole interval recording is that it does not provide the investigator with any information about:

A. Count, duration, or frequency

Researchers and practitioners agree that the ideal observation and measurement procedures should be:

A. Direct, complete, and continuous

All of the following should be considered when implementing assessment procedures, except:

A. Is this research basic or applied in nature?

What advantage does automatic observation have over human observation?

A. Machines are much better at doing the same task repeatedly without being influenced by anything outside of their programmed parameters.

In general, the less often the target behavior occurs, the ______ should be in order to provide a good sample of responding:

A. More frequent or longer observation periods

______ is a change in the accuracy of an observer's performance, often gradual and for unknown reasons:

A. Observer drift

Clayton's watch beeped every 5 minutes, and he recorded whether he had sworn at any time during the 5 minutes since the previous beep. This is an example of:

A. Partial interval recording

Which is NOT an example of generality?

A. Ray received on-the-job training and was able to perform the skills he was taught In the job setting.

What are the two requirements for evaluating the accuracy of a set of observations?

A. The data must represent physical events, and it must be possible to measure these events directly.

The overarching goal of behavioral measurement is:

A. To produce data that will guide correct and meaningful interpretations

The use of whole interval recording is most likely to cause the investigator to:

A. Underestimate the occurrence of the target behavior

When researchers choose to limit observer's access to information about the study as a way of minimizing the chance that it might influence their judgments, we refer to observers as being ______:

A. blind

The only way to assess accuracy is:

A. by comparing observed values with true values

When accuracy and reliability are found to be unacceptable, the investigator can either abandon the project or use ______ to evaluate the data and adjust the procedure so that its output meets desired standards:

A. calibration

The product of measurement is considered a(n) ______ of what happened because researchers find it useful to admit the possibility that data include some error:

A. estimate

A local politician asks his volunteers to record on a data sheet the number of yard signs that they pass out to supporters during election time. In an effort to evaluate the data being reported back to him, he and his wife periodically visited the neighborhoods that the volunteers were assigned to and compared the number of signs in individual's yards to the number recorded by his volunteers. The politician and his wife are recording:

A. true values

When it is not clear that the data represent what they are supposed to represent, the issue of ______ arises:

A. validity

Choice has been found to be an effective intervention in which type of setting?

All of the above

What is a limitation on what duration describes about behavior?

B) It does not include countability

Billy and his older brother, Alex, get into an argument over who is going to get to play the video game next. Alex becomes angry at Billy and starts yelling and punching him, leaving bruises on Billy's arm. In this example, what is the response product?

B) The bruises on Billys arm

Your high school baseball coach is working with you on becoming a better hitter. He decides to keep track of how many "good swings" you make during a game. He defines a "good swing" as a swing that results in you getting on base. In this example, the coach is using what kind of definition?

B) functional

How does a follow-up phase strengthen a study?

Both A and C A. demonstrate the effectiveness of an intervention over time C. Provide social and ecological

In the study of behavior, measures of frequency generally take the form of a ratio of ______.

C) Cycles of a behavior occurring over some period of time

Which of the following is one of the three objectives data analysis should meet?

C) Modifying the initial decreases about how the experiemtn will be conducted as the study proceeds

What are the three general types of response classes?

C) Respondent, operant and discriminated operant

Which of the following is an example of an absolute unit?

C) The amount of time- measured in seconds- it takes to answer this question

What is the first step in defining a response class?

C) considering the characteristics of the behavior

The ______ is the centerpiece of experimental procedures, and the experimental question's most important role is guiding its selection.

C) independent variable

In order to create meaningful comparisons between responding under control versus treatment conditions, at least two key requirements must be met. First, each participant must be exposed to both control and treatment conditions. What is the second requirement?

C) the data for each participant must be measures and analyzed separately

Perhaps the most important role for any behavior that will serve as the dependent variable is ______.

C) to be sensitive to the independent variable

Which is an example consistent with Baer, Wolf and Risley's description of being effective?

C. Janive is learning self-care skills. After sex months of training, she is able to shower, Dress, brush her teeth and brush her hair independently.

Which statement below best meets the standard of conceptually systematic?

C. When the child writes his name correctly, deliver the reinforcer.

In many applied settings one of the environmental impacts of a behavior is the effect it produces on the behavior of a trained observer. In order to use this as an acceptable form of measurement, what two conditions must be met?

Changes in the measuring instrument must not be the only evidence of the behavior occurring, and the behavior must be described in terms of organism-environment interactions.

You are working with a 4th grader who is having difficulty reading. They are able to pronounce words, but they often take a long time to do so. One of the measures that you decide to use to see if your intervention is working, is recording the amount of time that passes from when they read one word in a sentence, to when they read the next word. This is a measure of ______.

D) Interresponse time

How is celeration related to frequency?

D) celeration describes a change in frequency over time

How does the experimental question guide the selection of participants?

D) the question should guide in selecting participants with specific characteristics that will help reveal how their behavior is affected by the independent variable

The first step in developing a functional definition is ______.

D) to consider the everyday context of the behavior of interest

Jesslyn is a 5-year-old little girl who is just learning how to read. She is working with her teacher on letter-sound correspondences, blending sounds, sounding out words, and saying them at a normal pace. In this example, what is the response class?

D)Jesslyn's reading behavior

A behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of a(n) ______ than in its absence:

Discriminative stimulus

______ refers to the full set of physical circumstances in which the organism exists:

Environment

Which phase is intended to measure the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable over time and following the achievement of the criterion for the dependent variable?

Follow-up phase

Dr. Polick conducts an experiment in which she varies the number of people working on a project, and measures the amount of effort that each person makes. The number of people is the ______ variable; the amount of effort is the ______ variable:

Independent; dependent

What does IDEA stand for?

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

Which is NOT a dimension of applied behavior analysis, according to Baer, Wolf & Risley (1968)?

Inductive

According to Johnston and Pennypacker's definition of behavior, why is "waiting for someone" not a behavior?

It does not involve an interactive condition between the organism and the environment.

Which of the following is NOT true about trials to criterion?

It requires the same number of opportunities be available during each session.

The studies reviewed by Kern et. al. (1998) show that which of the following about the use of choice as an intervention?

Offering choices can effectively improve desired behaviors and decrease undesired behaviors.

______ may be described as a set of loose rules and traditions that have evolved over many years of experimental practice:

Scientific Method

A researcher has two groups of participants, one that has been taught a problem-solving technique and one that has not. Both groups are given a set of 50 problems to solve in 30 minutes. What is the dependent variable in this study?

The number of correct answers given by the participants

How is it that the researcher both controls and is controlled by the subject matter?

The researcher must control the factors whose effects are under study and other outside factors, while the data from the study serve as a prompt for any needed changes.

In which system does the observer divide the observation period into an equal number of intervals and then record an occurrence if and only if the target behavior is emitted for the entire interval?

Whole Interval Recording

What type of graph is more typically used to depict the quantitative data collected in single-subject research?

X-Y line graph

In time-based methods of recording and reporting behavior, duration recording involves ______.

measuring the length of time from when a behavior begins to its termination

The preference for a simple and well-established explanation before turning to a more complex and less understood explanation describes the scientific attitude of:

parsimony

Which of the following would be considered a behavior?

reading a book