EAPS 104 Final
Captain James Cook's second voyage took place during which years?
1772-1775
What is the rate of deposit for an abyssal clay, pelagic deposit?
1 millimeter (0.04 inch)
What is the pH of lemon and lime juice?
2
Which of the following statements regarding continental and oceanic crust is TRUE?
Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust
Which of the following is an example of a passive continental margin?
East Coast of the United States
Who is credited with being the first person to accurately determine Earth's circumference?
Eratosthenes
Which state has large phosphorite deposits and supplies about one-quarter of the world's phosphates?
Florida
Which satellite was used during the 1980s to produce sea floor maps based on the shape of the surface?
Geosat
Which ship was involved with the initial Deep Sea Drilling Project?
Glomar Challenger
The Indus River carries larger amounts of sediment from the ________ Mountains to the coast.
Himalayan
Which explorer was not known in the Age of the Discovery in Europe?
Leif Eriksson
Which of the following is an example of an oceanic transform plate boundary?
Mendocino Fault
Which part of the ocean is considered to be the most climatically sensitive regions on Earth?
North Atlantic
Which wind belt curves to the right due to the Coriolis effect and blow from northeast to southwest?
Northeast trade winds
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Oceanic trench (seafloor spreading, rifting, divergent plate boundary, rift valley)
Where are the majority of ocean trenches found?
Pacific Ocean
The method of determining latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by measuring the angle between an observer's line of site to the North Star and line of site to the northern horizon was developed by
Pytheas
Which of the following best describes the Distillation Method for desalination?
Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater.
Which of the following statements comparing covalent and hydrogen bonding is correct?
Stronger covalent bonds occur within water molecules and weaker hydrogen bonds form between adjacent water molecules.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Microscopic biogenous ooze is common on the deep-ocean floor BECAUSE there is so little lithogenous sediment deposited at great distances from the continents that could dilute the biogenous material.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Diatoms need strong sunlight and are found only within the upper, sunlit surface waters of the ocean BECAUSE they provide most of the silica in biogenous ooze.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.
Which of the following is an application of the principle of constant proportions?
The concentration of a single major constituent can be measured to determine the total salinity of a water sample.
Submarine canyons which are narrow but deep submarine valleys that are ________-shaped in profile view.
V
Who sailed from Europe around the tip of Africa to India and established a new trade route?
Vasco da Gama
Most of the explorations by northern and western Europeans during the Middle (Dark) Ages were undertaken by ________.
Vikings of Scandinavia
The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius is the definition of ________.
calorie
According to the Wentworth scale, what is the particle name for a sediment that is 64 to 256 millimeters in size?
cobble
The ________ is a transition zone between the continental slope and the deep-ocean floor comprised of a huge submerged pile of debris.
continental rise
The salinity curve for high latitudes shows ________ salinity at the surface and ________ salinity at depth. Whereas, the salinity curve for low latitudes shows ________ salinity at the surface and ________ salinity at depth.
decreased; increased; increased; decreased
The dissolution of the thick tests of foraminifers below the CCD is an example of the ________ of biogenous sediment.
destruction
________ is when two plates are moving apart, such as the mid-ocean ridge.
divergent
Which of the following is not present in metal sulfide deposits that are associated with hydrothermal vents?
gold
The intensity of solar radiation received at lower latitudes (near the equator) compared to higher latitudes (near the poles) is ________.
greater
What is the expected calcium carbonate content in modern surface sediments at a latitude of 20 degrees south and a longitude of 20 degrees west?
greater than 80% by weight
Abyssal clay is an example of which of the following sediment types?
lithogenous sediment
Which air mass is responsible for generating hurricanes?
mT
Which of the following Wilson cycle stages would the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans be considered?
mature
Oceanography is considered to be an interdisciplinary science with a chemistry component. Which of the following is not a part of chemistry?
microbiology
The mechanism by which populations evolve and new species develop is called
natural selection
Which of the following gases in the atmosphere is the most abundant percentage by volume?
nitrogen
Which of the following was not abundant in the early atmosphere?
oxygen
The oldest fossilized remains of organisms are primitive ________ bacteria recovered from rocks formed on the sea floor about 3.5 billion years ago.
photosynthetic
An echosounder sends a sound signal called a(n) ________.
ping
Fossils of ancient polar plants are currently found near the equator because the ________.
plants lived near the poles, but landmasses have drifted to current locations
A person experiences a popping feeling in their ears during the takeoff or landing of an airplane or while driving on steep mountain roads due to changes in the ________ of the atmosphere.
pressure
The low pH layer in the ocean is due to which of the following processes?
respiration
Large volcanoes on the seafloor that are cone-shaped on top because they never reached sea level are called ________.
seamounts
Deep ocean trenches are associated with ________.
subduction zone
Which of the following climatic regions exists at the following location: Latitude: 60°S Longitude: 170°W?
subpolar
Which of the following is the predominant process that forms the thick blanket of sediment on abyssal plains the deep-ocean floor?
suspension settling
Which of the following best defines temperature?
the direct measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance's molecules
Which tectonic process happens as a result of transform plate boundaries?
transform faulting
Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and debris are ________.
turbidity currents
Which of the following is characteristic of continental-continental convergent plate boundaries?
uplifted mountain ranges
With a graded bedding sequence, the grade goes ________ in size.
upward
The energy source for hurricanes is ________.
warm seawater
Approximately, how deep is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge?
2 miles
What is the expected calcium carbonate content in modern surface sediments at a latitude of 20 degrees north and a longitude of 20 degrees west?
50%-80% by weight
Archeological evidence suggests that boat technology was developed about ________ years ago.
50,000
What percent of volcanic activity takes place on the sea floor?
85
If the elevation of the Sun above the horizon is at 90 degrees, what is the percentage of absorbed radiation?
98
The Alps are an example of ________ plate boundary.
a continental-continental convergent
Many of the unique properties of water are attributed to the fact that water ________.
is a polar molecule
The surface tension of water ________.
is relatively high
Which of the following Wilson cycle stages would the Red Sea be considered?
juvenile
Climate distribution on Earth is primarily controlled by ________.
latitude
Uranium 235 decays into the daughter product
lead 207
Which of the following best defines condensation point?
the highest temperature at which a gas changes to a liquid
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Hawaiian Islands (Japan, Aleutian Islands, Mariana Trench, Andes Mountains)
Rock salt (halite) is an example of which of the following sediment types?
Hydrogenous Sediment
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Hydrothermal vents (mountains, volcanoes, oceanic trench, island arc)
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Indian
Match the term with the appropriate phrase: (a) cumulative plot of the frequency of depth or elevation (b) uses high frequency sound waves to measure ocean depth (c) a method of mapping the topography of the ocean floor along a strip up to 60 km wide (d) used to determine ocean structure beneath the seafloor
a = seismic reflection profile b = precision depth recorder c = multibeam sonar d = seismic reflection profile
The Himalaya Mountains are an example of ________ plate boundary.
a continental-continental convergent
Alfred Wegener's continental drift hypothesis received much hostile criticism and ridicule from the scientific community because of which of the following?
the mechanism he proposed for the movement of the continents
The Principle of Constant Proportions states that ________.
the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change
Covalent bonds are formed by which of the following?
the sharing of electrons between atoms
A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth occurs in the ________.
thermocline
Which of the following is a layer of rapidly changing temperature?
thermocline
Match the examples of sediments below with the term that best describes their classification. Each example will match to one term.
abyssal clay = lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment coccolithophores = biogenous sediment halite (salt) = hydrogenous sediment tektites = cosmogenous sediment
Volcanic features on the ocean floor that are less than 1,000 meters (0.6 miles) tall are called ________.
abyssal hills
The Eltanin Fault is an example of ________ plate boundary.
an oceanic transform
The Mendocino Fault is an example of ________ plate boundary.
an oceanic transform
The East Pacific Rise is an example of ________ plate boundary.
an oceanic-oceanic divergent
Which of the following is the smallest reservoir of the Earth's hydrologic cycle?
atmospheric water vapor
According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest-known life-forms were primitive
bacteria
Oceanic crust is predominantly composed of the igneous rock called ________.
basalt
What is the main rock type of oceanic crust?
basalt
Which of the following was used during early exploration of the oceans to collect sediment samples?
dredge
A boundary or belt characterized by light, variable winds, abundant cloudiness and much precipitation occurs of the following regions?
equatorial (0 to 5 degrees)
Which of the following marine resources is used to make wallboard or sheet rock?
evaporative salts
Which of the following is the standard unit of ocean depth?
fathom
What type of seafloor feature does a transform plate boundary make?
fault
Oceanography is divided into four different academic disciplines or subfields of study. Which one is not mentioned in the textbook?
historical oceanography
Which of the following has pH of 11?
household ammonia
In coastal regions, sea breezes happen ________ and land breezes happen ________.
in the afternoon; at night
The direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is ________.
in the same direction as the plates are spreading
Which of the following is Earth's solid iron-nickel layer?
inner core
Atoms that have lost or gained one or more electrons are called ________.
ions
What is the average cost of sand that is used for beach replenishment?
$5-$10 per cubic yard
Waves from separate sea areas move away as swell and produce an interference pattern when they come together. If Sea A has wave heights of 2.5 meters and Sea B has wave heights of 3.5 meters, what would be the height of waves resulting from destructive interference?
1 meter
The total number of cataloged species on Earth in both marine and terrestrial environments is currently ________.
1.8 million
On average how many supertankers or containerships are reported missing each year without a trace?
10
The tidal bulges move across Earth's oceans at ________ to keep up with the tidal force of the Moon.
1000 miles per hour
Dumping of sewage sludge at which of the following sites was terminated in 1993 due to reports of adverse effects on fisheries and concerns that sewage could be transported great distances in eddies of the Gulf Stream?
106-mile sludge site
When nutrients are not limiting productivity, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen to phosphorus in the tissues of algae is in the proportion of ________ (C:N:P).
106:16:01
A Full Moon is how many days old?
15
Based on the graph, what is the approximate period of a deep-water wave with a speed of 25 meters per second?
16 seconds
Maximum tides occur once every ________ years when Earth is closest to the Sun, the Moon is closest to the Earth and the Earth-Moon-Sun system is aligned.
1600
What percentage of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth's surface is reflected by clouds back into space?
17
After the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil-drilling platform in 2010, Scientists estimate that about ________ of the oil hasn't been fully accounted for.
25%
The Moon cycles between perigee, apogee, and back to perigee every ________.
27.5 days
What percentage of all incoming solar radiation to Earth is reflected back into space?
30
What percentage of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth is reflected back into space by backscatter, clouds, and the Earth's surface?
30
A boundary or belt characterized by light, variable winds, dry, clear, fair weather with little precipitation occurs in which of the following regions?
30 degrees
Storms are most common in which of the following regions?
30 to 60 degrees
According to the Beaufort wind scale, what is the Beaufort number for a moderate breeze?
4
Most fish need a minimum of ________ parts per million of dissolved oxygen in seawater to survive for long periods.
4
What percentage of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth's surface is absorbed by clouds?
4
Nearly how many Argo floats are operating worldwide?
4,000
The Antarctic Peninsula's Larsen Ice Shelf has decreased by more than ________ over the past decade.
40%
Approximately how many species of sharks exist in the world?
400
What percentage of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth's surface is absorbed by ocean and land?
47
How many subtropical gyres are there?
5
Sea otters eat more than ________ kinds of marine life, including sea urchins, crabs, lobsters, sea stars, abalone, clams, mussels, octopuses and fish.
50
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Agulhas Current (Benguela Current, California Current, West Australian Current, Canary Current)
Due to concerns about mercury or other contaminants you should limit your consumption of all of the following except ________.
Alaska Wild Salmon
Which of the following is designed to prevent or retard shoreline erosion?
All of these are used to try to prevent or retard shoreline erosion.
The main current in Antarctic waters is the ________ Current.
Antarctic Cicumpolar
The opening of Drake Passage about 41 million years ago caused a fundamental reorganization of ocean currents leading to the isolation of ________, which caused it to become much cooler.
Antarctica
How many known marine species have been catalogued by taxonomists at the World Register of Marine Species?
Between 200,000 and 250,000
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: An increase in solar output explains all of the recent global warming BECAUSE sunspot activity shows a strong correlation between solar activity and average Earth temperate since 1880.
Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: River runoff does mixes well with seawater along the coast BECAUSE freshwater is more dense than seawater.
Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The correlation between coral bleaching and water temperature doesn't concern marine scientists BECAUSE sea surface temperatures are becoming cooler as a result of global cooling.
Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Which of the following currents contributes to the South Western United States being arid?
California Current
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
California Current (North Equatorial Current, Gulf Stream, North Atlantic Current, Canary Current)
The graph shown is an example of which of the following tidal patterns?
Diurnal Tidal Pattern
Which of the following statements concerning tides is correct?
Diurnal tides are a tidal pattern in which there is one high tide and one low tide in a lunar day.
Which of the following methods are used to measure ocean surface currents indirectly?
Doppler flow meters
The introduction of which of the following non-native species altered the ecology of fresh-water lakes and blocked the water-carrying pipes of power plants?
European zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha
Which of the following caused the tsunami that killed 159 people in 1946?
Fault movement
Which of the following vertical zones of a large coral reef has light intensity of about 60% of the surface intensity?
From a few centimeters to a few meters
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Gulf of Alaska (South Pacific, South Atlantic, North Atlantic, Indian)
Wave height is designated by which symbol?
H
Which of the following currents is responsible for Peru becoming the largest producer of fish, from the sea, in the world?
Humboldt Current
Which of the following must endure more tsunami than any other place?
Japan
Identify the mismatched pair from the choices below.
Labrador Current, Humboldt Current
Which river system has the largest known delta?
Mississippi River
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Nadir (Perigee, Apogee, Perihelion, Aphelion)
Tidal ranges will be greatest when the Earth and the Sun are at ________.
Perihelion
Which ship plowed through a 95-foot wave generated by Hurricane Luis?
Queen Elizabeth II
What is the correct ordering of the color wavelengths on the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum?
ROYGBV
Marketing of which of the following non-native marine species by the aquarium industry is causing problems worldwide?
Seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia
The observation of a hill of water within all subtropical gyres is an example of which of the following?
Subtropical convergence
Which of the following statements about the Mediterranean Sea is correct?
The Mediterranean Sea is several connected small seas.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: All marine algae must live near the ocean surface BECAUSE they need sunlight to survive.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Beaches that were left alone after the Exxon Valdez disaster recovered more quickly and more completely than the cleaned beaches BECAUSE hot water removed the oil but also killed most shoreline organisms.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Coral are not usually found close to areas where major rivers drain into the sea BECAUSE they require low turbidity and salt water.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Invasive species can wreak ecological havoc by outcompeting and dominating native populations BECAUSE they lack predators or other natural controls in their new habitats.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Jetties can cause more pronounced upcoast deposition and downcoast erosion than groins BECAUSE they are usually built in closely spaced pairs and can be quite long.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Microscopic zooplankton are primary consumers BECAUSE they are herbivores.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The Bay of Fundy is a prime target for tidal power BECAUSE it has the largest tidal range in the world.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The variable flow of tidal currents in two directions is an obstacle to efficient electricity generation by a tidal power plant BECAUSE electrical turbines run best when they run at a constant velocity.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Microscopic zooplankton are primary consumers BECAUSE they are incredibly abundant in the ocean.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Most marine organisms are unaffected by the high pressure at depth BECAUSE many marine organisms are transparent, camouflaged, countershaded, or disruptively colored.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Schooling may help fish swim greater distances than individuals BECAUSE the school may appear as a single large and dangerous opponent to a potential predator.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Chemical dispersant were used as part of the clean up of the BP Deepwater Horizon oil disaster BECAUSE the dispersants are considered less toxic to marine life than the oil.
The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Alternatives to hard stabilization have been sought BECAUSE hard stabilization has not been proven to have negative environmental consequences.
The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: U.S. companies no longer produce DDT BECAUSE, the EPA has banned the use of DDT in the United States since 1972.
The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The movement of Earth's tectonic plates is responsible for the recent observable climate changes BECAUSE during the geologic past, plate movements have accounted for many dramatic climate changes.
The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
Which of the following powers tropical cyclones?
The vast amounts of latent heat as water evaporates and condenses.
Which of the following properties makes plastic an increasingly abundant component of oceanic flotsam and very damaging to the marine environment?
They are durable causing them to last almost indefinitely.
The Brazil Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?
Western Boundary Current
The East Australian Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?
Western Boundary Current
The observation that one subtropical boundary current is faster, narrower, and deeper than its counterparts is an example of which of the following?
Western intensification
________ are ecosystems in which the water table is close to the surface, so they are typically saturated most of the time.
Wetlands
Which of the following would you expect to find on a summertime beach?
a wide, sandy berm
The ________ zone includes more than 80% of the benthic environment.
abyssal
Which of the following methods are used to measure ocean surface currents directly?
accidental spills from container ships
Peru's residents are familiar with ENSO as it brings a warm current that reduces populations of which animal?
anchovies
Which of the following kingdoms also includes humans?
animalia
Which of the following is NOT considered a basic category of organisms in an ecosystem?
autotrophs
Which of the following fins is featured in the image?
caudal fin
Which of the following is the most specific taxonomic grouping shared by humans and killer whales?
class
Which of the following are armed with nematocysts containing a painful neurotoxin?
cnidarians
The area of the ocean that produces the largest standing stock of commercial fish is in the ________.
coastal areas
Although primary productivity in tropical areas is generally low, which of the following tropical locations have unusually high primary productivity rates?
coastal upwelling zones
Release of large numbers of eggs into the water column is an adaptation to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?
difficulty finding mates
Currently, a little less than ________ of the carbon dioxide humankind releases into the atmosphere stays there.
half
Organisms which feed directly on plants or algae are called ________.
herbivores
Which of the following are organisms that feed directly on plants or algae?
herbivores
Which of the following types of caudal fins is asymmetrical, with most of their mass and surface area in the upper lobe?
heterocercal caudal fin
In which area are you likely to find ghost shrimp?
high tide zone
________ protect a harbor or bay entrance and usually occurs in pairs.
jetties
The maximum sustainable yield (MSY) is best defined as ________.
largest catch that can be taken without overfishing
________ waves also known as push-pull waves.
longitudinal
Petroleum in the ocean is not considered a pollutant when ________.
natural seepage is responsible
There is destructive interference between the lunar and solar tidal bulges during ________ tides.
neap
In the clearest ocean water, solar energy may be detected to depths of ________.
one kilometer
Currently, about ________ of the carbon dioxide humankind releases into the atmosphere enters the oceans.
one-third
Why do many health organizations call for local exceptions to the ban on DDT?
outbreaks of malaria have dramatically increased
The ________ extends from the inner sublittoral zone out to a depth of 200 meters or the shelf break.
outer sublittoral zone
What is the fate of the largest proportion of plastic pollution that enters the oceans each year?
remains floating at sea
Which group of organisms are likely to live in the spray zone?
rock louse, periwinkle, limpet
Which of the following types of caudal fins is flexible and useful in accelerating and maneuvering at slow speeds?
rounded caudal fin
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
sea stack (delta, tombolo, bay-mouth bar, spit)
Which of the following is not an alternative to hard stabilization?
seawall
Worldwide how many tidal power plants exist?
seven
Up until 1993 New York City dumped which of the following into the coastal ocean?
sewage sludge
Spring tide occurs about ________.
twice per month
The speed of a shallow-water wave is proportional to ________.
water depth
Waves in the surf zone begin to behave like shallow-water waves when ________.
water depth = wavelength/20
The slight forward movement caused by the circular orbit of waves is called ________.
wave drift
The greatest diversity of reef-building corals is found on the ________ side of ocean basins.
western
Which of the following is the world's largest shark?
whale shark
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
yellowfin tuna
Based on the graph, what is the approximate speed, in meters per second, of a deep-water wave with a wavelength of 200 meters?
18 meters per second
Sea level began to rise about ________ years ago as the glaciers melted and water returned to the oceans.
18,000
In ________, the International Whaling Commission (IWC) was established in an effort to manage the subsistence and commercial hunting of large whales.
1946
In which year were the Nike shoes spilled in the Pacific Ocean?
1990
How much are global surface temperature expected to increase by the year 2100 if countries come together to use both technology and general environmental controls to decrease emissions?
1°C
As of 2019, the average yearly concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide is 411 parts per million and is increasing by about ________ parts per million each year.
2
Which year did Hurricane Sandy make landfall?
2012
In 2015, the White House formalized its goal to reduce U.S. greenhouse gas emissions by 26—28% below 2005 levels by ________.
2025
Some models, for example, suggest that the Arctic could experience the complete disappearance of summer sea ice as early as ________.
2030
What percentage of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth's surface is absorbed in the atmosphere?
23
Water pressure increases about 1 kilogram per square centimeter (1 atmosphere, or 14.7 pounds per square inch) with every ________ of water depth.
33 feet
What percentage of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth's surface is reflected back into space?
6
Corals only grow within the tropics where average annual water temperature is above ________.
64 degrees Fahrenheit
The percentage of biomass regularly decomposed within the euphotic zone is about ________.
90%
What percentage of an icebergs mass is below the waterline?
90%
Manatees are concentrated in coastal areas of the ________ Ocean.
Atlantic
Which of the following oceans has the least diversity of reef-building corals?
Atlantic Ocean
The most recent international project to assess the diversity, distribution, and abundance of marine life was called which of the following?
Census of Marine Life
Based on the map of worldwide tidal patterns, Iceland experiences which of the following?
Semidiurnal Tidal Pattern
Based on the map of worldwide tidal patterns, Massachusetts experiences which of the following?
Semidiurnal Tidal Pattern
Based on the map of worldwide tidal patterns, Tasmania experiences which of the following?
Semidiurnal Tidal Pattern
Which of the following rivers is the second largest tidal range in the world?
Severn River
Which of the following statements best describes the correlation between the 11 year average of Temperature and Total Solar Irradiance for the past several decades?
Temperature has increased as Total Solar Irradiance has decreased.
Which of the following best explains why there is a difference between a lunar day and a solar day?
The Moon must rotate an additional 50 minutes to catch up to Earth.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The beach face is a favorite place for runners BECAUSE the sand is wet and hard packed.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The berm is a favorite place of beachgoers BECAUSE it normally consists of dry sand.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The dramatic and rapid climate change that is occurring on our planet cannot be explained by variations in the obliquity of Earth's rotational axis BECAUSE this variation has a cycle of about 41,000 years.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The melting of Arctic sea ice by rising temperatures is an example of a positive-feedback loop BECAUSE the lack of ice cover will result in the Arctic Ocean reflecting more of the Sun's radiation.
The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Planktonic single-celled organisms that live in colder waters have more need for extensions to help them float near the surface BECAUSE the colder seawater has a higher viscosity than warm seawater.
The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Reef-building corals are not able to survive in nutrient-poor tropical waters BECAUSE they receive most of their nutrition from symbiotic zooxanthellae algae.
The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: River runoff does mixes well with seawater along the coast BECAUSE freshwater is less dense than seawater.
The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The greatest depth to which active shallow-water coral growth can occur is about 50 meters BECAUSE algae need sunlight for photosynthesis.
The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The tides at any particular coast are easy to predict in detail BECAUSE nearly 400 factors are involved in a detailed calculation.
The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: These lunar tidal bulges are much smaller than the solar tidal bulges BECAUSE the Sun is 27 million times more massive than the Moon.
The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The melting of Arctic sea ice by rising temperatures is an example of a negative-feedback loop BECAUSE the lack of ice cover will result in the Arctic Ocean absorbing more of the Sun's radiation.
The assertion is incorrect. but the reason is correct.
Which of the following statements comparing a tidal power electricity-generating with a conventional thermal power plant is correct?
The initial cost of building a tidal power electricity-generating plant may are higher.
Which of the following statements comparing a tidal power electricity-generating with a conventional thermal power plant is correct?
The operating costs of a tidal power electricity-generating plant are lower.
Which of the following drives deep-water circulation?
The sinking of cold, high-salinity, surface waters at high latitudes
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
anthophyta (Pyrrophyta, Chrysophyta, Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta)
Zebra mussels and Atlantic comb jellies are both examples of biological pollutants (non-native species) that were introduced to new habitats by _______.
ballast water
The estuary in the image above is an example of which of the following?
bar-built estuary
According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest-known life-forms lived in sea floor rocks about 3.5 ________ years ago.
billion
Which of the following produces a tidal current?
both ebb tides and flood tides
Two dominant organisms of the rocky shore found high on the rocks of the intertidal zone are ________.
buckshot barnacles and limpets
Which of the following air masses does not belong in the list?
cT
Which gas has the highest relative contribution to increasing the greenhouse effect (%)?
carbon dioxide
In which Order are sea otters and polar bears classified?
carnivora
When a meander from the Gulf Stream pinches off and isolates a body of water within the North Atlantic gyre, the body of water is called a ________.
cold core ring
Which conditions in the ocean promote high productivity?
cold water, rich nutrients
The depth at which the cellular respiration rate equals the photosynthetic rate is referred to as the ________ for photosynthesis.
compensation depth
Which of the following kinds of ocean pollution is an example of point source pollution?
cooling water from a shoreline power plant
________ are microscopic shrimp-like animals.
copepods
The flow of nutrients through a biotic community is ________.
cyclic and multidirectional
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
decreased hurricane intensity (polar ice melting, sea level rise, changes in deep water circulation, increased ocean acidity)
Large deposits of sediment at the mouths of rivers are called ________.
deltas
Orchestoidea is an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding.
deposit
Which of the following microscopic algae are contained in a microscopic shell called a test?
diatoms
The process of molecules moving through water from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration due to the random motion of molecules is called ________.
diffusion
The crown-of-thorns sea star destroys coral reefs by ________.
eating the coral polyps
Coral bleaching often occurs in response to ________.
elevated temperatures
Earth's breeding ground for hurricanes occurs in which of the following regions?
equatorial (0 to 5 degrees)
Which of the following kingdoms includes the blue-green algae?
eubacteria
The majority of surface ocean waves are caused by earthquakes.
false
The superposition, or overlap, of two waves always results in destructive interference between the different waves.
false
The type of breaker that is best for surfing is called a pounding breaker.
false
Waves always travel in the same direction as the prevailing current, even far offshore.
false
Which of the following chemical pollutants can cause harmful algal blooms?
fertilizer
An estuary formed from a flooded glacial valley is called a ________.
fjord
The estuary in the image above is an example of which of the following?
fjord
A tropical cyclone with a wind speed of 220 km/hr. would be classified as Category ________ on the Saffir-Simpson Scale of hurricane intensity.
four
Which of the following vertical zones of a large coral reef has light intensity of about 4% of the surface intensity?
from 50 meters to 150 meters
Which of the following animals uses a swim bladder to achieve neutral buoyancy?
grouper
The ________ zone consists only of deep trenches along the margins of continents.
hadal
Which of the following best describes a behavior known as porpoising?
leaping out of the water while swimming
Warm air is ________ dense, so it ________. Cool air is ________ dense; so it ________.
less; rises; more; sinks
Which of the following best describes the coastal ocean environment that results in the temperature versus depth graph shown above?
low latitude
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
lower rates of photosynthesis (increased phosphorus concentration, increased nitrogen concentration, upwelling, high light levels)
The image is an example of which of the following photosynthetic marine organisms?
macrocystis
Which of the following plankton are the largest?
macroplankton
Which of the following is a feature of an emerging shoreline?
marine terraces
Scientists typically do not use a specific environmental bioassay to draw general conclusions about a pollutant because they ________.
may result in data that isn't applicable to other species
Organisms that live in the spaces between sediment particles are called ________.
meiofauna
Which of the following best describes the coastal ocean environment that results in the temperature versus depth graph shown above?
middle latitude in summer
Which of the following best describes the coastal ocean environment that results in the temperature versus depth graph shown above?
middle latitude in winter
Which of the following marine habitats has the lowest species diversity?
mud flats
Which of the following sediment-covered shores represents the lowest-energy environment?
mud flats
A common inhabitant of the supratidal zone on the rocky shores of the Pacific Northwest is the ________.
periwinkle snail
The process by which energy is derived from solar radiation that is used by certain organisms to form organic matter is called ________.
photosynthesis
Which of the following is not considered a pollutant in the marine environment?
phytoplankton
All organisms that drift with ocean currents are classified as ________.
plankton
Research studies of trash on beaches has identified pieces of which of the following types of debris as the most numerous?
plastic nurdles
Plastics cause significant biological damage in oceans when ________.
plastic waste strangles seals and birds
Waves that are breaking along the shore and are forming a curling crest over an air pocket are called ________.
plunging breakers
Polar high pressure occurs in which of the following regions?
poles (90 degrees)
Refraction causes bays, near headlands, to be areas of ________ surfing and sites of ________.
poor; deposition
________ are waves that oscillate uniformly and progress or travel without breaking.
progressive waves
Which of the following kingdoms includes a diverse collection of single-celled and multicelled organisms that have a nucleus?
protista
Upwelling occurs in high-latitude regions, where there is no ________.
pycnocline
Which of the following is a zooplankton?
radiolarian
Constructive interference results in larger waves whereas destructive interference produces ________.
smaller waves
Which of the following is not an important seawater nutrient needed by phytoplankton?
sodium
Which of the following is not a member of the Order Carnivora?
sperm whales
________ is the area that is above the spring high tide and is covered by water only during storms.
spray zone
Which of the following climatic regions exists at the following location: Latitude: 40°S Longitude: 20°W?
subtropical
Which type of breaker forms when the waves build up and break right at the shoreline?
surging breaker
Most waves generated in the sea area by storm winds move across the ocean as ________.
swell
One such relationship is ________, which occurs when two or more organisms associate in a way that benefits at least one of them.
symbiosis
A common body shape that streamlines an organism in the marine environment is a flattened body that ________.
tapers at the back end
Other than the oil spilled intentionally by the Iraqi army during their invasion of Kuwait in 1991, the world's largest oil spill was from ________.
the Deepwater Horizon in the Gulf of Mexico (2010)
The recent abundance of the Maine Lobster in the North Atlantic Ocean is due to ________.
the overfishing of cod
A strong ________ may develop from surface water being warmed during the summer and cooled during the winter.
thermocline
Red muscle tissue in fish is ________ and contains much ________ concentrations of myoglobin than white muscle tissue.
thinner; higher
The vertical difference between consecutive high and low tides is called the ________.
tidal range
Energy travels at right angles to the direction of the vibrating particles in ________ waves.
transverse
Generally, ________ waves transmit energy only through solids.
transverse
In ________, energy travels at right angles to the direction of vibrating particles.
transverse waves
Mangrove swamps are restricted to ________.
tropical regions
Which of the following ecosystems accounts for 21.0% of the world marine fishery?
tropical shelves
Based on altitude, which is the lowest layer of the atmosphere?
troposphere
In which layer of the atmosphere is all weather generated?
troposphere
In shallow-water waves, wave speed increases with increased water depth; in deep-water waves, wave speed increases with increased wavelength.
true
Internal waves are usually found in areas where there is a strong, permanent pycnocline.
true
Swell describes waves that have traveled out of their area of origination.
true
Wave height is the vertical distance from crest to trough.
true
Which of the following animals does not use a rigid gas container or a swim bladder?
tuna
About what percent of the wind's energy is transferred to the ocean surface?
two
