Early effects of radiation

cytogenetics damages is an early response to radiation

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radiation exposure causes a decrease in blood cells

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what is mean survival time for CNS syndrome

0 to 3 days, dose dependent

what can 2 single hits do

1 rad can affect 1000 cells

what is lifetime of thrombocytes

1 week

what dose affects ovaries

10 rads supress menstruation, 200 rads temporary sterility, 500 rads permanent sterility

what is mean survival time for hematologic syndrome

10 to 60 days, dose dependent

what is LD 10/60 and LD 50/30

10% lethality in 60 days, 50% lethality in 30 days

what is the dose for prodromal period

100 rads or 1 gray

dose for GI death

1000 to 5000 rads or 10 to 50 gray

what is dose for GI syndrome

1000 to 5000 rads, 10 to 50 gray

what is LD 50/60 for cockroaches

10000 rad or 100 gray

what is prodromal period

1st set of symptoms

what dose for erythema

200 rad or 2 gray

what is the minimum lethal dose

200 rads or 2 gray, hematologic death

what is the dose for hematologic syndrome

200 to 1000 rads or 2 to 10 gray

dose for hematologic death

200 to 1000 rads or 2 to 16 gray

how many chromosomes does each cell have

23 pair

what is LD 50/60 for pigs

250 rads or 2.5 gray

what is latent period for GI syndrome

3 to 5 days

what dose for epilation

300 rad or 3 gray

what is LD 50/60 for humans without medical intervention

350 rads or 3.5 gray

what is mean survival time for GI syndrome

4 days, independent of dose

what is lifetime of erythrocytes

4 months

dose for CNS death

5000 rads or 50 gray

highest survival dose for humans with intervention

600 rads or 6 gray

what dose for permanent hair loss

700 rad or 7 gray

what are single hit chromosome aberrations

chromatid deletion which is breakage of chromatid, and isochromatid which is the fragmented piece of chromatic

what is lifetime of granulocytes

days

what is gametogenesis

development of stem cells

when are ovaries most radiosensitive

during fetal life and early childhood

what are signs of CNS syndrome

elevated fluid content of brain

what is karotype

enlarged photo of each chromosome cut pasted and aligned from largest to smallest

what specific effects does high dose radiation have on skin

erythema, desquamation, epilation, permanent hair loss

under what dose is it difficult to see aberrations

less than 5 rads or 5 centigray

what is single hit dose response relationship

linear non-threshold

what are the most radiosensitive of hemopoietic system

lymphocytes

what is most radiosensitive of blood cells

lymphocytes

what do pluripotential stem cells develop into

lymphocytes, granulocytes, thromboilcytes, erythrocytes

when do the early effects of radiation appear

minutes, hours, days, weeks, up to months

what are the symptoms of the prodromal period

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, leukopenia

what is 2nd latent period

no effects evident

what is multi hit dose response relationship

non-linear threshold

what type of dose response relationship is acute radiation lethality

non-linear threshold

what dose response relationship do skin effects follow

non-linear, threshold

what is the manifest illness

stage of acute radiation syndrome during which signs and symptoms are apparent

what is cytogenetics

study of cell genetics and cell chromsosomes

what is acute radiation lethality

the sequence of events following high dose radiation exposure leading to a death within days or weeks

define acute radiation syndrome

the sequence of events following high level radiation exposure leading to death within days or weeks

what is LD 50/60

the whole body dose of radiation that causes 50% of people to die within 60 days

what is mean survival time

time between exposure and death. dose dependent

partial body exposure causes what kind of damage

tissue damage

what did early radiation workers use as radiation protection

tolerance dose, erythema, threshold

what is lifetime of lymphocytes

vary

what is prodromal period for GI syndrome

within hours and may last 1 day

what is prodromal period for CNS syndrome

within minutes

what are the stem cells of the testes

spermatogonia

what are the most/least radiosensitive

spermatogoonia most sensitive, epermatocyte and spermatatid least sensitive

stages of sperm gametogenesis

spermatogoonia, spermatocyte, spermatid, sperm

what acute radiation syndromes have 0 recovery even with medical intervention

GI and CNS

what is recovery or death

No recovery. Death within 4 to 10 days

what is recovery or death of CNS syndrome

No recovery. death within 0 to 3 days

what was the tolerance dose for early radiation protection

SED 50, 500 rads or 5 gray

what does LD 50/60 measure

acute radiation lethality

what is manifest illness

acute radiation syndrome

when does 2nd latent period occur

after prodromal period

what layers of the skin respond to radiation exposure

all layers, the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous fat

what is duration of 2nd latent period

an hour to several weeks

highest survival dose for humans without intervention

at 850 rads or 8.5 gray no humans survive

high dose radiation to localized area can result in

atrophy of tissues and organs in that area

what are stem cells of skin

basal cells

how did x-ray techs in 20s monitor exposure

blood test, 25% decrease in leukocytes resulted in time off

where do thrombocytes develop

bone marrow in 5 days

where do erythrocytes develop

bone marrow in 8 to 10 days

where do granulocytes develope and how long

bone marrow in 8 to 10 days

what makes up hemopoietic system

bone marrow, circulating blood, lymphoid tissues

where do lymphocytes develop

bone marrow, spleen, thymus in varying times

how long is latent period for hematologic syndrome

can last 4 weeks

what is latent period for CNS syndrome

can last for 12 hours

what is dose for CNS syndrome

greater than 5000 rads or 50 gray

what are the manifest illnesses

hematologic syndrome, GI syndrome, CNS syndrome

what is the 1st latent period

immediately following exposure

what are symptoms of CNS syndrome

increased intracranial pressure, inflammatory changes in blood vessels of brain, meningitis

what are the symptoms of hematologic syndrome

infection - WBC, electrolyte imbalance - platelets, dehydration

what are the four periods of acute radiation lethality

latent #1, prodromal, latent #2, manifest illness, recovery or death

what are the symptoms of 2nd latent period

none, can be mistaken for recovery

when does prodromal period occur for hematologic syndrome

occurs within hours and may last several days

what is the duration of the prodromal period

occurs within hours following exposure and may last for days

what acute radiation syndromes can you recover from with medical intervention

only hematologic

what is recovery/death for hematologic syndrome

only syndrome where recovery is possible. death is dose dependent and occurs within 10 to 60 days

what is the mature follicle

oocyte

which stage of oogenesis is most radiosensitive

oocyte

what are the stem cells of the ovaries

oogonia

stages of oogenia

oogonia, oocyte, primordial follicle, mature follicle, ovum

what type of body exposure are diagnostic x-rays

partial body exposure

diagnostic x-ray beams always result in

partial body expsoure

what do thrombocytes do

plates

tissue damage depends on

radiosensitivity, cell proliferation, cell maturity per bergonie and tribondeau

what are signs of hematologic syndrome

reduction of WBC, RBC, platelets

what are multi hit chromsome aberrations

ring chromosomes where chromatids stick together, dicentric chromsomes where chromosomes are hit more than once and recombine, and reciprocal translocation where 1 or more daughter cells is missing genetic material after mitosis

what do granulocytes do

scavenger

what are signs of GI syndrome

severe damage to stem cells in intestinal lining

what are symptoms of GI syndrome

severe diarrhea, and electrolyte imbalance

what is SED 50

skin erythema dose, dose causing erythema in 50% of people at 500 rads or 5 gray