Early effects of radiation
cytogenetics damages is an early response to radiation
...
radiation exposure causes a decrease in blood cells
...
what is mean survival time for CNS syndrome
0 to 3 days, dose dependent
what can 2 single hits do
1 rad can affect 1000 cells
what is lifetime of thrombocytes
1 week
what dose affects ovaries
10 rads supress menstruation, 200 rads temporary sterility, 500 rads permanent sterility
what is mean survival time for hematologic syndrome
10 to 60 days, dose dependent
what is LD 10/60 and LD 50/30
10% lethality in 60 days, 50% lethality in 30 days
what is the dose for prodromal period
100 rads or 1 gray
dose for GI death
1000 to 5000 rads or 10 to 50 gray
what is dose for GI syndrome
1000 to 5000 rads, 10 to 50 gray
what is LD 50/60 for cockroaches
10000 rad or 100 gray
what is prodromal period
1st set of symptoms
what dose for erythema
200 rad or 2 gray
what is the minimum lethal dose
200 rads or 2 gray, hematologic death
what is the dose for hematologic syndrome
200 to 1000 rads or 2 to 10 gray
dose for hematologic death
200 to 1000 rads or 2 to 16 gray
how many chromosomes does each cell have
23 pair
what is LD 50/60 for pigs
250 rads or 2.5 gray
what is latent period for GI syndrome
3 to 5 days
what dose for epilation
300 rad or 3 gray
what is LD 50/60 for humans without medical intervention
350 rads or 3.5 gray
what is mean survival time for GI syndrome
4 days, independent of dose
what is lifetime of erythrocytes
4 months
dose for CNS death
5000 rads or 50 gray
highest survival dose for humans with intervention
600 rads or 6 gray
what dose for permanent hair loss
700 rad or 7 gray
what are single hit chromosome aberrations
chromatid deletion which is breakage of chromatid, and isochromatid which is the fragmented piece of chromatic
what is lifetime of granulocytes
days
what is gametogenesis
development of stem cells
when are ovaries most radiosensitive
during fetal life and early childhood
what are signs of CNS syndrome
elevated fluid content of brain
what is karotype
enlarged photo of each chromosome cut pasted and aligned from largest to smallest
what specific effects does high dose radiation have on skin
erythema, desquamation, epilation, permanent hair loss
under what dose is it difficult to see aberrations
less than 5 rads or 5 centigray
what is single hit dose response relationship
linear non-threshold
what are the most radiosensitive of hemopoietic system
lymphocytes
what is most radiosensitive of blood cells
lymphocytes
what do pluripotential stem cells develop into
lymphocytes, granulocytes, thromboilcytes, erythrocytes
when do the early effects of radiation appear
minutes, hours, days, weeks, up to months
what are the symptoms of the prodromal period
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, leukopenia
what is 2nd latent period
no effects evident
what is multi hit dose response relationship
non-linear threshold
what type of dose response relationship is acute radiation lethality
non-linear threshold
what dose response relationship do skin effects follow
non-linear, threshold
what is the manifest illness
stage of acute radiation syndrome during which signs and symptoms are apparent
what is cytogenetics
study of cell genetics and cell chromsosomes
what is acute radiation lethality
the sequence of events following high dose radiation exposure leading to a death within days or weeks
define acute radiation syndrome
the sequence of events following high level radiation exposure leading to death within days or weeks
what is LD 50/60
the whole body dose of radiation that causes 50% of people to die within 60 days
what is mean survival time
time between exposure and death. dose dependent
partial body exposure causes what kind of damage
tissue damage
what did early radiation workers use as radiation protection
tolerance dose, erythema, threshold
what is lifetime of lymphocytes
vary
what is prodromal period for GI syndrome
within hours and may last 1 day
what is prodromal period for CNS syndrome
within minutes
what are the stem cells of the testes
spermatogonia
what are the most/least radiosensitive
spermatogoonia most sensitive, epermatocyte and spermatatid least sensitive
stages of sperm gametogenesis
spermatogoonia, spermatocyte, spermatid, sperm
what acute radiation syndromes have 0 recovery even with medical intervention
GI and CNS
what is recovery or death
No recovery. Death within 4 to 10 days
what is recovery or death of CNS syndrome
No recovery. death within 0 to 3 days
what was the tolerance dose for early radiation protection
SED 50, 500 rads or 5 gray
what does LD 50/60 measure
acute radiation lethality
what is manifest illness
acute radiation syndrome
when does 2nd latent period occur
after prodromal period
what layers of the skin respond to radiation exposure
all layers, the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous fat
what is duration of 2nd latent period
an hour to several weeks
highest survival dose for humans without intervention
at 850 rads or 8.5 gray no humans survive
high dose radiation to localized area can result in
atrophy of tissues and organs in that area
what are stem cells of skin
basal cells
how did x-ray techs in 20s monitor exposure
blood test, 25% decrease in leukocytes resulted in time off
where do thrombocytes develop
bone marrow in 5 days
where do erythrocytes develop
bone marrow in 8 to 10 days
where do granulocytes develope and how long
bone marrow in 8 to 10 days
what makes up hemopoietic system
bone marrow, circulating blood, lymphoid tissues
where do lymphocytes develop
bone marrow, spleen, thymus in varying times
how long is latent period for hematologic syndrome
can last 4 weeks
what is latent period for CNS syndrome
can last for 12 hours
what is dose for CNS syndrome
greater than 5000 rads or 50 gray
what are the manifest illnesses
hematologic syndrome, GI syndrome, CNS syndrome
what is the 1st latent period
immediately following exposure
what are symptoms of CNS syndrome
increased intracranial pressure, inflammatory changes in blood vessels of brain, meningitis
what are the symptoms of hematologic syndrome
infection - WBC, electrolyte imbalance - platelets, dehydration
what are the four periods of acute radiation lethality
latent #1, prodromal, latent #2, manifest illness, recovery or death
what are the symptoms of 2nd latent period
none, can be mistaken for recovery
when does prodromal period occur for hematologic syndrome
occurs within hours and may last several days
what is the duration of the prodromal period
occurs within hours following exposure and may last for days
what acute radiation syndromes can you recover from with medical intervention
only hematologic
what is recovery/death for hematologic syndrome
only syndrome where recovery is possible. death is dose dependent and occurs within 10 to 60 days
what is the mature follicle
oocyte
which stage of oogenesis is most radiosensitive
oocyte
what are the stem cells of the ovaries
oogonia
stages of oogenia
oogonia, oocyte, primordial follicle, mature follicle, ovum
what type of body exposure are diagnostic x-rays
partial body exposure
diagnostic x-ray beams always result in
partial body expsoure
what do thrombocytes do
plates
tissue damage depends on
radiosensitivity, cell proliferation, cell maturity per bergonie and tribondeau
what are signs of hematologic syndrome
reduction of WBC, RBC, platelets
what are multi hit chromsome aberrations
ring chromosomes where chromatids stick together, dicentric chromsomes where chromosomes are hit more than once and recombine, and reciprocal translocation where 1 or more daughter cells is missing genetic material after mitosis
what do granulocytes do
scavenger
what are signs of GI syndrome
severe damage to stem cells in intestinal lining
what are symptoms of GI syndrome
severe diarrhea, and electrolyte imbalance
what is SED 50
skin erythema dose, dose causing erythema in 50% of people at 500 rads or 5 gray