ECED Final Exam 1

The cognitive developmental perspective regards children as A) passive learners of moral standards. B) active thinkers about social rules. C) blank slates with regard to morality. D) prewired with moral compasses.

B. Active thinkers about social rules

If you asked 3 year old Aidan to tell you about himself, which of the following is he most likely to say? A) "I have a new cat." B) "I am funny." C) "I am a good boy." D) "I am shy."

A. "I have a new cat"

By age ___, children use words to evaluate their own and others' actions. A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5

A. 2

Which of the following is supported by research on peer sociability during the preschool years? A) All types of play coexist during early childhood. B) Nonsocial activity increases with age. C) By kindergarten age, children rarely engage in nonsocial activity. D) From ages 3 to 6 years, the frequency of solitary play decreases.

A. All types of play coexist during early childhood

Rhoda's parents encourage her to express her thoughts, feelings, and desires. They make reasonable demands for her maturity and consistently enforce and explain them. A) authoritative B) authoritarian C) permissive D) uninvolved

A. Authoritative

Which of the following is true about gender-role learning in gender-segregated peer groups? A) Boys are especially intolerant of cross-gender play in other boys. B) Preschoolers are rarely criticized for engaging in cross-gender activities. C) Preschoolers play in mixed-gender groups more than they play in same-sex groups. D) To get their way, girls often rely on commands, threats, and physical force.

A. Boys are especially intolerant of cross-gender play in other boys

During a conservation-of-liquid task, when asked why he thinks there is more water in the taller glass, 5-year-old Gus points out that the water level is higher in the taller glass than in the shorter glass but neglects to mention that this change in height is compensated by changes in width. This example demonstrates a limitation of preoperational thought known as A) centration. B) seriation. C) transductive reasoning. D) irreversibility.

A. Centration

Three-year-olds Artie and Kurt had identical boxes of raisins at snack time. When Kurt poured his raisins out onto the table, Artie was sure that Kurt had more raisins. This demonstrates that Artie lacks A) conservation. B) animistic thinking. C) hierarchical classification. D) dual representation.

A. Conservation

When her two sons fight over rights and possessions, Laura allows the boys to negotiate and work our their first ideas about justice and fairness. She then talks to them warmly and discusses moral issues with them. As a result, Laura's son will probably A) have advanced moral thinking. B) rarely fight with each other. C) tend toward physical, rather than verbal, aggression in fights. D) experience feelings of frustration and be delayed in moral reasoning.

A. Have advanced moral thinking.

Emily is chosen as Student of the Day. Gretel is angry she was not selected, and she calls Emily a "do-do head." This is an example of _____________ aggression. A) hostile B) instrumental C) passive D) relational

A. Hostile

Research using the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) indicates that A) preschoolers who develop well intellectually have homes rich in educational toys and books. B) preschoolers who develop well intellectually have parents who resolve conflicts with punishment. C) HOME scores predict academic achievement better than IQ scores. D) the organization of the physical environment predicts IQ gains only among high-SES children.

A. Preschoolers who develop well intellectually have home rich in educational toys and books

In Denyse's preschool classroom, girls spent more time in the housekeeping, art, and reading corners, while boys gathered more often in the areas devoted to blocks, woodworking, and active play. This conformity to these cultural stereotypes is known as gender A) typing. B) identity. C) segregation. D) schema.

A. Typing

When parents are ________, their children are likely to react in a concerned way to the distress of others. A) warm and sensitive B) permissive C) authoritarian D) attentive, but discourage emotional expressiveness

A. Warm and sensitive

Tripp pretends to drink from a toy cup. Tripp's sister, Anna, takes the same cup and tells Tripp, "This is a hat." Tripp refuses to place the cup on his head to pretend that it is a hat. Tripp is probably A) younger than 2 years of age. B) at least 4 years old. C) less than 1 year of age. D) at least 6 years old.

A. Younger than 2 years of age

which of the following is more likely to be seen in a Vygotskian, than a Pigetian, classroom? A) activities to foster peer collaboration B) acceptance of individual differences C) opportunities for active participation D) experiences to promote independent exploration

A. activates to foster peer collaboration

Research on gender typing reveals that A) beginning at birth, parents have different expectation of sons than of daughters. B) parents tend to describe achievement and warmth as important for sons and competition and closely supervised activities as important for daughters. C) parents actively reinforce closeness and independence in boys and dependency in girls. D) fathers are more insistent that girls rather than boys conform to gender roles.

A. beginning at birth, parents have different expectations of sons than of daughters

During a _________ task, 4 years old Marissa is asked whether there are more orange or fruits in a group of two apples, one banana, and three oranges. She will most likely say _________. A) class inclusion; there are more fruits B) class inclusion; there are more oranges C) conservation-of-number; there are more fruits D) conservation-of-number; there are more oranges

B. class inclusion, there are more oranges

Warmth and responsiveness, competence and power, and consistency between assertions and behavior are all A) characteristics of a model that increase a child's willingness to imitate the model's behavior. B) characteristics of emotional development that are necessary for moral behavior to occur. C) important characteristics of inductive discipline. D) characteristics of a prosocial child who has learned empathy-based guilt.

A. characteristics of a model that increases a child's willingness to imitate the model's behavior

Five year old Sean realizes that his brother Shane remains a boy even when he dresses up like a girl as a joke. This demonstrates that Sean has acquired gender A) constancy. B) identity. C) preference. D) orientation.

A. constancy

By age 3, children with a history of parental criticism A) give up easily when faced with a challenge. B) are usually nonemotional after failing. C) are nonetheless enthusiastic and highly motivated. D) seek approval and anticipate it.

A. give up easily when faced with a challenge

Children's creation of _________________ was once viewed as a sign of maladjustment, but current research challenges this assumption. A) imaginary companions B) dual representations C) animalistic symbols D) pretend themes

A. imaginary companions

Sustained attention typically begins to improve in toddlerhood because children's ability to ________ improves. A) inhibit impulses B) plan out a sequence of acts C) use memory strategies D) think about thought

A. inhibit impulses

Sending a child to her room for a few minutes A) is useful when a child is out of control. B) often generates much resentment in children. C) is less effective than punishment in producing the desired behavior. D) is the most effective form of discipline.

A. is useful when a child is out of control

Even preschoolers with good language skills recall poorly because they are not skilled at using A) memory strategies. B) episodic memory. C) autobiographical memory. D) scripts.

A. memory strategies

Children who freely use private speech during a challenging activity are ______________ than their less talkative agemates A) more attentive B) less involved C) less likely to perform the task well D) less attentive

A. more attentive

Research on the consequences on punishment revels that in African-American families, A) most children view spanking as a practice carried out with their best interests in mind. B) physical punishment is positively associated with adolescent aggression and antisocial behavior. C) children view spanking as an act of personal aggression. D) physical punishment is generally considered wrong.

A. most children view spanking as a practice carried out with their best interest in mind.

Twins Jillian and Wesley, 11 months old, play near each other with similar materials. However they do not try to direct each other's activities. They are engaged in ____________ play. A) parallel B) cooperative C) associative D) nonsocial

A. parallel

Follow up research indicates that by the second 1/2 of the first year, children have formed a variety of global categories, such as animal and vehicles. These findings challenge Piaget's assumption that A) preschoolers' thinking is wholly governed by appearances. B) the emergence of language brings about representational ability. C) preschoolers have difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality. D) transitive inference emerges during the concrete operational stage.

A. preschoolers' thinking is wholly governed by appearances. stage.

One of the best ways for Johann's mom to promote peer interaction skills is for her to A) provide opportunities for Johann to play with peers. B) avoid arranging frequent play dates that may overwhelm Johann. C) avoid providing specific suggestions to Johann on how to interact with other children. D) prevent Johann from interacting with children who have conflicts with Johann.

A. provide opportunities for Johann to play with peers

Children who get along well with agemates tend to A) request an explanation when they do not understand a peer's behavior. B) attend selectively to social cues. C) hover around peers' activities. D) barge into play groups without asking.

A. request an explanation when they do not understand a peer's behavior.

By age 3, A) self-conscious emotions are clearly linked to self-evaluation. B) children no longer depend on adults to know when to feel self-conscious emotions. C) children are not yet sensitive to praise and blame. D) children have not yet developed the capacity to feel guilty or ashamed.

A. self-conscious emotions are clearly linked to self evaluation

For Erikson, the negative outcome of early childhood is an overly A) strict superego. B) lenient id. C) strict ego. D) lenient ego.

A. strict superego

Within the moral domain, the preschool and young school age children A) tend to reason rigidly. B) rarely make judgments based on consequences. C) cannot distinguish social conventions from moral imperatives. D) tend to reason flexibly.

A. tend to reason rigidly

The case of David Reimer, the boy who was raised as a girl after a circumcision accident, demonstrates A) the impact of genetic sex and prenatal hormones on a person's sense of self as male or female. B) that gender stereotyping can have devastating effects on self-esteem. C) the stronger role of the environment over heredity in determining one's gender identity. D) that gender reassignment surgery changes a person's sexual identity.

A. the impact of genetic sex and prenatal hormones on a person's sense of self as male or female

Studies of literacy development show that A) the more informal literacy experiences young children have, the better their later reading skills. B) even young preschoolers are able to distinguish drawing from writing. C) the best method to teach children to read is the phonics approach. D) interactive reading hinders preschoolers' developing understanding of sound-word correspondences.

A. the most informal literacy experiences young children have, the better their later reading skills

Jade and Christiana are playing house. Jade is pretending to be the mom and Christiana is pretending to be the dad. Two dolls are used as their children. There are engaged in __________ play. A) parallel B) cooperative C) associative D) nonsocial

B. cooperative

The fact that children ____________ provide evidence that Freud's account of conscience development is inaccurate. A) whose parents frequently use threats or physical force tend to feel little guilt following transgressions B) whose parents frequently use threats or physical force tend to feel overwhelming guilt when they violate standards C) who feel little guilt frequently have loving and nurturing parents D) who grow up in abusive households tend to violate standards infrequently

A. whose parents frequently use threats or physical force tend to feel little guilt following transgressions

When guilt occurs in appropriate circumstances and is not accompanied by shame, it is related to A) ineffective parenting. B) good adjustment. C) poor emotional self-regulatory skills. D) an insecure attachment.

B. good adjustment

Physical abuse accounts for _____ present of reported cause of child maltreatment. A) 10 B) 20 C) 30 D) 40

B. 20

Which of the following is true about harsh punishment? A) Although corporal punishment spans the SES spectrum, its frequency and harshness are elevated among the educated and economically advantaged parents. B) A punitive adult is likely to punish with greater frequency over time because harsh punishment gives adults immediate relief. C) Adults whose parents used corporal punishment are less accepting of such discipline because they've seen the consequences firsthand.

B. A punitive adult is likely to punish with gender frequency over time because harsh punishment gives adults immediate relief.

Which of the following is true about aggression? A) Proactive aggression rises over early and middle childhood and then declines steadily from adolescence to early adulthood. B) Although girls have a reputation for being both verbally and relationally more aggressive than boys, the sex difference is small. C) As soon as preschoolers are aware of gender stereotypes, physical aggression drops off more sharply for boys than for girls. D) Parents respond far more negatively to physical fighting in boys than they do in girls.

B. Although girls have a reputation for being both verbally and relationally more aggressive than boys, the sex difference is small

According to the psychoanalytic perspective, _________ leads to the formation of consciences and moral behavior. A) the emergence of the reality principle B) avoidance of guilt C) identification with the other-sex parent D) repression of sexual longings for the mother or father

B. Avoidance of guilt

Parents of impulsive children can foster conscience development by A) using requests, suggestions, and explanations. B) combining firm correction of misbehavior with induction. C) using gentle discipline that incorporates frequent rule reminders. D) asserting their power.

B. Combining firm correction of misbehavior with induction

_______________ is vital for successful peer relationships and overall emotional health A) Individualism B) Emotional competence C) Collectivism D) Mental representation

B. Emotional competence

To sit next to her mother at a restaurant, Dianna pushes her little brother Mark out of the way. This is an example of _____________ aggression. A) hostile B) instrumental C) passive D) relational

B. Instrumental

Piaget acknowledged that ___________ is our most flexible means of mental representation. A) imagery B) language C) intentional behavior D) deferred imitation

B. Language

Five year old Delaney watches a lot of violent television programming and also spends hours playing violent video games. Delaney probably A) underestimates the violence and danger in society. B) overestimates the violence and danger in society. C) is less willing to tolerate violence in others. D) has few hostile thoughts and behaviors.

B. Overestimates the violence and danger in society

Which of the following is true about parents' answer to their children's questions? A) When parents do not respond informatively, most preschoolers abandon their questions. B) Parents adjust the complexity of their answers to fit their children's maturity. C) Parents rarely include additional relevant knowledge when answering their children's questions. D) Older children frequently get "prior cause" explanations, while younger children typically get "mechanism" explanations.

B. Parents adjust the complexity relevant knowledge when answering their children's questions

Kevin's parents make few or no demands. They permit Kevin to make decision before he is ready. Kevin's parents have a _____________ style of child rearing. A) authoritarian B) permissive C) authoritative D) uninvolved

B. Permissive

Which of the following is true about the consequences of child maltreatment? A) While maltreated children show serious learning problems, they typically have few peer difficulties. B) Repeated abuse is associated with central nervous system damage, including abnormal EEG brain-wave activity. C) Maltreated children typically exhibit low anxiety and abnormally high self-esteem. D) Most parents who were maltreated as children grow up to be child abusers.

B. Repeated abuse is associated with central nervous system damage, including abnormal EEG brain-wave activity

Training in ____________ is an effective treatment for aggressive children. A) associative play B) social problem solving C) instrumental aggression D) inductive discipline

B. Social problem solving

According to Freud, children obey the _______________ to avoid guilt. A) id B) superego C) ego D) other-sex parent

B. Superego

Erikson described early childhood as a period of A) doubt-filled industry. B) vigorous unfolding. C) trusting simplicity. D) autonomous initiative.

B. Vigorous unfolding

Which of the following is true about cognitive development and emotional understanding? A) Preschoolers cannot yet predict what a playmate expressing a certain emotion might do next. B) Young children focus on the most obvious aspect of a complex emotional situation to the neglect of other relevant information. C) Preschoolers believe that thinking and feeling are not connected. D) Preschoolers can usually make sense of situations with conflicting cues about how a person is feeling.

B. Young children focus on the most obvious aspect of a complex emotional situation to the neglect of other relevant information

Which of the following disciplinary statements is the most likely to promote prosocial behavior? A) "Pushing your sister is not okay." B) "Your sister is crying because you pushed her and she fell down." C) "You should be ashamed of yourself. Good girls do not push." D) "Only bad girls push their sisters."

B. Your sister is crying because you pushed her and she fell down

_________________ seems to foster a more positive, coherent early self-concept. A) Early birth order B) A warm, sensitive parent-child relationship C) Permissive parenting D) Authoritarian parenting

B. a warm, sensitive parent-child relationship

Research on biological influences on gender typing reveals that A) sex differences in play and personality traits only appear in Western cultures. B) aggression preference for same-sex playmates is widespread among mammalian species. C) preschool girls prefer to play in larger-group play with other girls, while boys prefer to play in pairs. D) prenatally administered androgens decrease active play.

B. aggression preference for same-sex playmates is widespread among mammalian species.

If Opal is a gender-schematic child, she A) seldom views the world in gender-linked terms. B) applies a gender-salience filter to her experiences. C) will play with gender-inappropriate toys. D) will play with a toy she likes, whether or not girls typically play with it.

B. applies a gender-salience filter to her experiences

Children with autism A) only use words to exchange ideas. B) have narrow and overly intense interests. C) engage in more make-believe play than typically developing children. D) show extremely rapid synaptic pruning.

B. have narrow words to exchange ideas

According to the research, preschoolers' poor performance on appearance versus reality tasks occurs because they A) have an immature cerebral cortex. B) have trouble with the language of these tasks. C) are involved frequently in fantasy and pretend play. D) have a general difficulty in distinguishing appearance from reality.

B. have trouble with the language of these tasks

Five year old Susannah makes the following observations: "Boys cannot read as well as girls," "Girls are faster than boys" and "Girls are smarter than boys." Susannah is demonstrating A) gender typing. B) in-group favoritism. C) gender identity. D) androgyny.

B. in-group favoritism

Vygotsky regarded make-believe play as an important source of cognitive development because it A) enhances animistic thinking. B) is rich in private speech. C) fosters independent discovery learning. D) provides opportunities to practice representational schemes.

B. is rich in private speech

Most preschoolers believe that A) women can be police officers. B) men do not wear nail polish. C) women can play roughly. D) men can take care of babies.

B. men do not wear nail polish

When young children converse with adults, they ask A) mostly non-information-seeking questions. B) more than one question per minute, on average. C) comparatively few information-seeking questions. D) relatively few purposeful questions.

B. more than one question per minute, on average

4 years old Martha uses shorter, simpler expressions when interacting with her 2 year old brother. This example suggests that Piaget may have A) overestimated preschoolers' animistic thinking. B) overestimated preschoolers' egocentrism. C) underestimated preschoolers' animistic thinking. D) underestimated preschoolers' egocentrism.

B. overestimated preschoolers' egocentrism

Children from 4 to 7 years old regard friendship as A) an understanding of thoughts and feelings. B) pleasurable play and sharing of toys. C) based on mutual trust. D) long-term and enduring.

B. pleasurable play and sharing of toys

One strategy that has been quite effective in preventing child abuse is to A) teach child development in the regular high school curriculum. B) provide home visitation with a cognitive problem-solving component. C) arrest child abusers and make sure they serve long sentences. D) remove children from abusive home.

B. provide home visitation with a cognitive problem-solving component

Research on pragmatics shows that by age 2, most children A) adjust their speech to fit the age, sex, and social status of their listeners. B) take turns in face-to-face interactions. C) are able to maintain a topic over long periods of time. D) adapt their language to social expectations.

B. take turns in face to face interactions

Preschoolers' ability to reason about transformation is evident on A) conservation tasks. B) tasks that require reasoning by analogy. C) class inclusion problems. D) hierarchical classification tasks.

B. tasks that require reasoning by analogy

Condi's parents are emotionally detached. Her father is depressed and her mother has little time or energy for Condi and her brother. There neglect their children and are indifferent to issues of autonomy. Condi's parent have an ______________ style of rearing. A) permissive B) uninvolved C) authoritarian D) authoritative

B. uninvolved

Three year old Connor is asked to choose the child who is the "most wrong" Which child is Connor the most likely to choose? A) a child eating ice cream with her fingers B) a child who does not say "please" when she asks her friend to pass the water C) a child who hits her sister for no reason D) a boy who wears his long hair in a ponytail

C. A child who hits her sister for no reason

Eight year old Ayanna is asked to rate herself on personality traits. Ayanna rates herself as ambitious, competitive, cheerful, and soft-spoken. Ayanna has a _________ gender identity. A) traditionally feminine B) traditionally masculine C) androgynous D) stereotypical

C. Androgynous

Research on punishment shows that spanking is A) associated with a rise in behavior problems regardless of the parents' child-rearing style. B) viewed by most Caucasian-American children as a practice carried out with their best interests in mind. C) associated with a rise in behavior problems if parents are cold and rejecting but not if they are warm and supportive. D) a more effective form of discipline than time out and withdrawal of privileges.

C. Associated with a rise in behavior problems if parents are cold and rejecting but not if they are warm and supportive

Which of the following children is the most likely to make gains in academic achievement during kindergarten? A) Allie, an impulsive girl B) Bert, an aggressive boy C) Calinda, a girl who makes friends easily D) Dow, a shy boy

C. Calinda, a girl who makes friends easily

Which of the following is true about social experience and moral understanding? A) Social experiences are not vital to the development of morality. B) Children rarely benefit from adult-child discussions of moral issues. C) Children learn to care about the welfare of others from warm, sensitive parental communication. D) Children who verbally and physically assault others tend to have parents who tell stories with moral implications.

C. Children learn to care about welfare of others from warm, sensitive parental communication

When Erin takes her brother's book away and make him cry, Erin's father says "Your father is crying because you took his book away. You behavior disappointed me" Erin's father is using __________ as a means of influencing Erin. A) coercion B) empathy-based guilt C) fear of loss of parental love D) shame

C. Fear of loss of parental love

A sharp reprimand or physical force to restrain or move a child is justified only when A) reasoning is ineffective. B) the child misbehaves repeatedly. C) immediate obedience is necessary. D) the parent wishes to foster long-term goals.

C. Immediate obedience is necessary

Which of the following is true about the psychoanalytic prospective and the development of morality? A) Freud believed that young children form a superego by internalize the other-sex parent's moral standards. B) Most researchers today agree with Freud's view of conscience development. C) In Freud's theory, fear of punishment and loss of parental love motivate moral behavior. D) Freud believed that moral development is largely complete by 10 to 12 years of age.

C. In Freud's theory, fear of punishment and lost of parental love motivate moral behavior

Which of the following is true about the judicial system and child maltreatment? A) Fewer cases of child maltreatment reach the courts than in decades past. B) Child maltreatment is a crime that is relatively easy to prove. C) In the United States, government intervention into family life is viewed as a last resort. D) Maltreated children and their parents are not usually attached to one another.

C. In the US, government intervention into family life is viewed as a last resort

The most effective forms of discipline encourage good conduct by A) only punishing children for severe misconduct. B) warning children that they will be punished if they act immaturely. C) letting children know ahead of time how to act. D) combining firm intervention with a temporary withdrawal of affection.

C. Letting children know ahead of time how to act

Preschooler' same-sex peer groups A) increase children's tolerance for gender-inappropriate activities. B) serve to reduce the gender stereotypes coming from parents. C) make the peer context an especially potent source of gender-role learning. D) increase children's opportunities for cross-gender play.

C. Make the peer context an especially potent source of gender-role learning

According to social learning theorists A) morality has a unique course of development. B) reinforcement for good behavior is enough for children to acquire moral responses. C) moral behavior is acquired just like any other set of responses: through reinforcement and modeling. D) positive reinforcement for a child's character decreases a behavior's frequency.

C. Moral behavior is acquired just moral responses

18 month old Jazmin is offered sets of animal crackers. Each set contains 1, 2, 4 crackers, Jazmin consistently picks the set with the most, displaying a beginning grasp of A) cardinality. B) estimation. C) ordinality. D) functionality.

C. Ordinality

__________ commit the vast majority of child abuse incidents. A) Non-parental family members B) Child-care workers C) Parents D) Stepparents and foster parents

C. Parents

Vygotsky's theory stress the ___________ of cognitive development. A) physiology B) neuroplasticity C) social context D) egocentricity

C. Social context

According to Vygotsky, which of the following is within a child's zone of proximal development? A) a task that a child cannot accomplish alone or with the help of an adult. B) a task that a child has recently mastered independently following the assistance of an adult C) a task that a child cannot yet handle on her own, but can do with the help of an adult D) a task that a child figures out how to accomplish through her own independent activity

C. a task that a child cannot yet handle on her own, but can do with the help of an adult

By middle childhood, children who hold flexible beliefs about what boys and girls can do are A) more likely to engage in antisocial behavior. B) less likely to pursue nontraditional interests and activities. C) are more likely to notice instances of gender discrimination. D) less likely to live in nontraditional homes.

C. are more likely to notice instances of gender discrimination

Studies on computer use in early childhood demonstrate that A) computer storybooks and other literacy programs interfere with emergent literacy skills. B) children spend most of their time using computers for learning language and math skills. C) combining everyday and computer experiences with math manipulatives is especially effective in promoting math concepts and skills. D) video gaming consoles are among the bedroom furnishings of 30 percent of children age 5 and younger.

C. combining every day and computer experiences with math maipulatives is especially effective in promoting math concepts and skills

Three year old Sasha makes a structure out of toy blocks. Sasha is engaging in __________ play. A) make-believe B) parallel C) constructive D) functional

C. constructive

Research on gender typing demonstrates that teachers A) tend to negotiate with boys who misbehave, coming up with a joint plan to improve behavior. B) use more disapproval and controlling discipline with girls than with boys. C) give girls more encouragement than boys to participate in adult-structured activities. D) seem to expect girls to misbehave more often than boys.

C. gives girls more encouragement than boys to participate in adult-structure activities.

Becca is making cookies all by herself after making them with the help of her mother many times in the past. Becca has learned this new skill though A) cooperative learning. B) intersubjectivity. C) guided participation. D) transitive inference.

C. guided participation

Inductive discipline A) promotes only momentary compliance, not lasting changes in behavior. B) teaches children to expect rewards for good behavior. C) helps children see how their actions affect others. D) often leads to high levels of self-blame among children.

C. helps children see how their actions affect others

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the preschool years is A) trust versus mistrust. B) industry versus inferiority. C) initiative versus guilt. D) autonomy versus shame.

C. initiative versus guilt

When Francine sees a dump truck in the sandbox, she wonders, "DO I like this toy?" She then decides to play with the truck. Francine A) is a gender-schematic child. B) is using her gender-salience filter. C) is a gender-aschematic child. D) has well-developed gender schemas.

C. is a gender-aschematic child

The V-chip (or violence chip) A) violates the First Amendment right to free speech. B) remains optional for new television sets. C) is mandated in Canada. D) serves to make offensive television programs less appealing to children.

C. is mandated in Canada

Research on child maltreatment shows that A) premature babies and children are rarely targets of abuse. B) abuse depends more strongly on child factors than on parents' characteristics. C) maltreating parents suffer from biased thinking about their child. D) abusive parents respond to stressful situations with low emotional arousal.

C. maltreating parents suffer from biased thinking about their child

Piaget believed that through __________, young children practice and strengthen newly acquired representational schemes. A) logical reasoning B) language acquisition C) pretending D) physical activity

C. pretending

Five-year-old Matthew and 6-year-old Jessica like to pretend that they live or work in a zoo. Often, Matthew will pretend to be an animal, such as an elephant and Jessica will pretend to be the zookeeper. This is an example of __________ play. A) parallel B) associative C) sociodramatic D) functional

C. sociodramatic

Three year old Madison is shown two pictures: one depicting a child stealing another child's toy and other showing a child eating spaghetti with her fingers. Madison is most likely to view A) both actions as equally wrong. B) both actions as okay as long as they were not witnessed by an adult. C) the stealing as worse than the bad table manners. D) the bad table manners as worse than the stealing.

C. the stealing as worse than the bad table manners

Studies of self esteem demonstrates that preschoolers A) tend to overestimate the difficulty of tasks. B) usually have an accurate understanding of their abilities. C) usually rate their own abilities as extremely high. D) give up easily when faced with a challenging task.

C. usually rate their own abilities as extremely high

Most research indicates that young children use private speech A) because they have difficulty with perspective taking. B) when they are engaged in cooperative dialogues. C) when tasks are appropriately challenging. D) when they cannot find a conversational partner.

C. when tasks are appropriately challenging

Surveys of U.S parents indicate that _____________ percent of preschoolers experience no limits on TV or computer use at home. A) 2 to 5 B) 5 to 10 C) 10 to 15 D) 20 to 30

D. 20 to 30

Malek is a fearless preschooler. What tactics would you recommend to his parents to prompt guilt reactions and conscience development? A) mild patient tactics such as requests, suggestions, and explanations B) coercive techniques that force guilt feelings onto the child C) discussions with Malek in which he determines the consequence for his misbehavior D) a combination of firm correction of misbehavior and induction

D. A combination of firm correction of misbehavior and induction

Mild, patient tactic are sufficient to prompt conscience development in _______ children A) all B) fearless C) impulsive D) anxious

D. Anxious

The most successful approach to child rearing is a A) permissive B) authoritarian C) uninvolved D) authoritative

D. Authoritative

After a family camping trip, Rollie's mother asks him to tell his grandmother about the trip. Rollie's response represents A) metacognitive knowledge. B) a script. C) recognition memory. D) autobiographical memory.

D. Autobiographical memory

Which of the following statements is supported by research in aggression? A) Girls display overall rates of aggression that are much higher than boys. B) Highly aggressive children tend to be neglected by peers. C) Children who are high in proactive aggression often see hostile intent where it does not exist. D) Boys are more likely than girls to be targets of harsh, inconsistent discipline.

D. Boys are more likely than girls to be targets of harsh, inconsistent discipline.

Conscience formation is promoted by ____________ discipline. A) child-directed B) authoritarian C) permissive D) inductive

D. Inductive

Which of the following is a common criticism of Vygotsky's theory? A) It underemphasizes the role of verbal communication. B) It overemphasizes the development of basic cognitive processes. C) It places too much emphasis on how elementary capacities spark changes in children's social experiences. D) It says too little about how basic cognitive skills contribute to socially transmitted higher cognitive processes.

D. It says too little about how basic cognitive skills contribute to socially transmitted higher cognitive processes

Which of the following is supported by research on child abuse? A) A single abusive personality type is a common thread among abusers B) Most parents who were abused as children become child abusers. C) Fathers engage in neglect more often than mothers. D) Maternal and paternal rates of physical abuse are fairly similar.

D. Maternal and paternal rate of physical abuse are fairly similar

Which of the following uses of punishment is most effective? A) Mr. Allen tells his son that he is using punishment as a last resort. B) Mrs. Vello allows her children to act inappropriately from time to time but scolds them at other times. C) Mr. Reilly uses punishment in public because his daughter is very embarrassed by being scolded around others. D) Mrs. Seldon, a warm parent, uses mild punishment consistently and provides reasons for the punishment.

D. Mrs. Seldon, a warm parent, uses mild punishment consistently and provides reasons for the punishment

Jamison is impulsive and rebellious. He is also overly demanding and dependent on adults. Jamison shows minimal persistence on tasks and is not doing well in school. Jamison's parents probably have a ____________ style of child rearing. A) authoritarian B) authoritative C) uninvolved D) permissive

D. Permissive

Rachel tells her friends "Don't play with Jaynie. She dresses funny." This is an example of_______________ aggression. A) hostile B) instrumental C) passive D) relational

D. Relational

Which s the following is true about cultural values, laws, and customs and their effect on child maltreatment? A) Canada prohibits corporal punishment in schools. B) No industrialized nations have yet outlawed physical punishment in the home. C) The U.S. Supreme Court rejects the right of school officials to use corporal punishment. D) Societies that view violence as an appropriate way to solve problems set the stage of child abuse.

D. Societies that view violence as an appropriate way to solve problems set the stage of child abuse.

Which of the following demonstrates how children's gender schemas are likely to affect memory? A) When shown a picture of a female wearing a dress, children may later remember her as a male. B) When shown a picture of a male firefighter, children may later remember him as a female. C) When shown a picture of a female cooking, children may later remember her as a male. D) When shown a picture of a male nurse, children may later remember him as a doctor.

D. When shown a picture of a male nurse, children may later remember him as a doctor

Research on friendship shows that A) preschoolers interact in essentially the same ways with both friends and nonfriends. B) preschoolers give the same amount of reinforcement to nonfriends as to friends. C) most friendships during the preschool years are based on mutual trust. D) children who begin kindergarten with friends in their class adjust to school more favorably.

D. children who begin kindergarten with friends in their class adjust to school more favorably.

At a parade, 3 year old Kyle puts his finger in his ear when he hears fire trucks coming down the street. Kyle is displaying A) scaffolding. B) situational empathy. C) social problem-solving. D) emotional self-regulation.

D. emotional self-regulation

A child who believes that all firefighters are boys A) is a gender-aschematic child. B) has not yet attained gender constancy. C) has an incomplete gender identity. D) has well-formed gender schemas.

D. has well-formed gender schemas

Androgynous children and adults A) are less adaptable than those with traditional gender identities. B) score low on both masculine and feminine personality characteristics. C) are less able to show feminine sensitivity than masculine individuals. D) have higher self-esteem than feminine individuals.

D. have higher self-esteem than feminine individuals

According to Erikson, play A) allows young children to escape from the demands of their lives into a fantasy world. B) symbolically represents preschoolers' unconscious wishes and desires. C) is secondary to academic learning for preschoolers. D) permits preschoolers to try out new skills with little risk of criticism or failure.

D. permits preschoolers to try out new skills with little risk of criticism or failure

According to Piaget, the most obvious change during the preoperational stage is the increase in A) language ability. B) problem-solving skills. C) logical thought. D) representational activity.

D. representational activity

With age, preschoolers' conflicts center less on _____________ and more on ___________. A) ideas; toys B) attitudes; resources C) differences of opinion; toys D) resources; differences of opinion

D. resources; difference of opinion

Model are most influential in A) adulthood. B) adolescence. C) middle childhood. D) the early years.

D. the early years

Formal academic training during early childhood A) produces children who have more confidence in their academic abilities. B) produces children who display fewer stress behaviors, such as wiggling and rocking. C) enhances children's study habits throughout the school years. D) undermines young children's motivation and emotional well-being.

D. undermines young children's motivation and emotional well-being

In early pretending, toddlers A) direct pretend objects toward others. B) are detached participants. C) combine schemes without those of their peers. D) use only realistic objects.

D. use only realistic objects

What is the capacity to think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction, returning to the starting point?

Reversibility