Ecology Midterm 1

The following chart lists four groups of factors relating to an ecosystem. Which group contains only abiotic factors (Ch 2)? a. group A b. group B c. group C d. group D

b. group B

As bulk density increases, what happens to pore space? a. pore spaces increases b. pore spaces decreases c. pore spaces remains constant d. cannot tell

b. pore spaces decreases

The CEC is the ability of a soil to absorb and store (Ch 8): a. negatively charged ions like nitrate (NO3-) and chloride (Cl-). b. positively charged ions like ammonium (NH4+) and magnesium (Mg+2). c. both negatively charges ions and positively charged ions. d. all mineral elements.

b. positively charged ions like ammonium (NH4+) and magnesium (Mg+2).

Describing a soil that is platy, prismatic, columnar or block refers to the soil's _____________(Ch 8). a. cation exchange capacity b. structure c. texture d. color e. proportion of sand, silt, and clay

b. structure

The pesticide treadmill can be defined as: a. an exercise regime for pests. b. the increasing use of one type of pesticide. c. the use of a variety of of pest control methods.

b. the increasing use of one type of pesticide.

A psychrometer is a tool to measure ( Atmospheric and Soil Conditions Lab) a. light b. wind speed c. wet and dry bulb air temperatures d. temperature

c. wet and dry bulb air temperatures

Question 7 Easily (and mostly) available water is held in the soil at a tension of: (Ch 9) a. 0-31 bar b. 0-0.3 bar c. 15-31 bar d. 0.3-15 bar e. 0.3-31 bar.

d. 0.3-15 bar

Soil water tension at which sunflower wilts and does not recover is approximately (i.e. the permanent wilting point): (Ch 9) a. 1 bar b. 5 bar c. 10 bar d. 15 bar e. 25 bar

d. 15 bar

A study concerning the opening of stomata produced results that are shown in the graph. From this graph, which of the following can correctly be concluded? k&stomata.gif a. Potassium absorption, rather than osmotic regulation by glucose, is responsible for stomatal opening b. Potassium is actively transported into guard cells during the day and then leaks out to reach equilibrium at night. c. Potassium intake into the guard cell is directly proportional to the amount of time that a plant is exposed to light. d. An increase in potassium uptake by guard cells is accompanied by stomatal opening. e. An increase in potassium absorption to more than 30 umoles would lead to rupture of the membrane and closing of the stomata.

d. An increase in potassium uptake by guard cells is accompanied by stomatal opening.

Mycorrhizae are a (basic soil properties) a. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria b. Actinomycete c. Protozoa d. Plant-fungi symbiosis

d. Plant-fungi symbiosis

In comparing operations, which has the least amount of residue lost?(Plant Water Relation) a. Over winter weathering b. Tandem disk 3" deep c. Chisel plow with twisted points d. Rod weeder

d. Rod weeder

Ridge-till is best described as: a. Primary tillage is a moldboard plow followed by several secondary tillage operations. b. Primary tillage is something other than a moldboard plow followed by only one or two secondary tillage operations. c. There is no tillage between harvest and planting. d. Seeds are planted on ridges. e. Seeds are planted narrow tilled bands.

d. Seeds are planted on ridges.

Effects of saturated soils on crops include(Plant Water Relation) a. Lower mass flow of nutrients from high soil water content b. Immediate wilting of new leaves c. Increased O2 and other gases, triggering rapid metabolism d. Slowing of root development due to cooler soil temperatures and low oxygen levels.

d. Slowing of root development due to cooler soil temperatures and low oxygen levels.

As the air temperature increases, the air's capacity for water vapor ___________(Ch 6). increases decreases remains the same is unrelated to air temperature and can either increase or decrease

increases

Animals rely on photosynthesis for oxygen and CO2 ATP and glucose oxygen and carbohydrates water and sugars O2 and CO2

oxygen and CO2 WRONG

Which could be used to monitor the rate of photosynthesis in a plant? carbon dioxide production water production oxygen production hydrogen production

oxygen production

Most crops (especially beans) are very intolerant of saline soil-water conditions (that is why we don't irrigate with sea water). As the salinity of water increases, its conductivity _________(Ch 8). a. increases b. decreases.

a. increases

Refer to the cross section of a leaf shown below; arrows labeled (A) through (E) indicate the movement of substances when the leaf is in the light. Movement of gaseous carbon dioxide

B (from the bottom)

In the surface horizon of a well drained midwest cornfield the actual soil water content at field capacity after a heavy rain is typically _______ bars. 0 1/3 between 1/3 and 2 between 2 and 5 between 12 and 15.

1/3

n plants, the fixation of CO2 is called a. photosynthesis b. gross primary production c. net primary production.

a. photosynthesis

What is humus (Ch 8)? A soil type A piece of soil Broken down organic matter A messy pile of soil

Broken down organic matter

The temperature to which air must be cooled in order to become saturated is the ________(Ch 6). Relative Humidity Mixing Ratio Dew Point Temperature

Dew Point Temperature

Consumers of biomass are heterotrophs and producers of biomass can be both autotrophs and heterotrophs. True False

False

T/F A population is a group of different kinds of organisms occurring together.

False

T/F Anions (so called because they move towards the anode of a battery) are elements or combinations of elements that carry a small negative electrical charge (because they have gained one or more electrons). Hydrogen, calcium, and aluminum are three examples of anions common in the soil water solution (Ch 8).

False

T/F C3 and C4 type plants are equally efficient at photosynthesis at high light intensities but not at low light intensities.

False

T/F Cations (so called because they move towards the cathode of a battery) are elements or combinations of elements that carry a small positive electrical charge (because they have lost one or more electrons). Cations are naturally repelled by the surface areas of crystalline clays (Ch 8).

False

T/F Many of the usual practices of conventional agriculture such as monoculture and the widespread use of pesticides have reduced the susceptibility of crops to pests and diseases.

False

T/F The widespread adoption of pure line and hybrid crops has greatly increased crop diversity. An additional advantage is that farmers can save the seed from these crops for the next growing cycle.

False

Which of the following is not necessary for photosynthesis to occur?

Oxygen

You sample a stream and find the following: +12 Caddisflies (moble case) +10 mayfly nymphs +4 water beetles +9 water pennies +6 cranefly larvae What can you determine about the health of the stream? The stream is extremely healthy and has little to no pollution. They stream has some pollution. The stream is extremely unhealthy and heavily polluted. There is no way to determine how healthy this stream is based on this information.

I literally tried every ****ing answer

Match the scientific paper component with the content required in that component

Introduction: The central experimental question and important background information are presented Materials and Methods: All experimental procedures and reagents are described in detail sufficient for another researcher to reproduce the findings Results: The data are presented in this section Discussion: authors may present a model or idea they feel best fits their data Abstract: describes the experimental question, the general methods and the major findings and implications of the experiments

According to Table 2.1, herbivores are (Ch 2): a. producers b. first-level consumers c. second-level consumers d. autotrophic

b. first-level consumers

As you move from the poles to the equator, plant and animal adaptation to variation in day length increases True False

True

T/F Tables and figures are used in a scientific paper to present and explain research results.

True

T/F The loss of genetic diversity in crop plants and their wild ancestors because of monocultural practices is a serious concern to plant breeders (Ch 1).

True

Which geological layer contains marine fossils (Ecosystem Characteristics of Different Land Types) a. Modesto Formation b. Lovejoy Formation c. Red Bluff Formation d. Tuscan Formation e. Chico Formation

Tuscan Formation WRONG

Plant Physiological Adaptations to heat include all the following, EXCEPT ___________ (Ch 5). Produce white or gray leaves that reflect light (heat) Growth of hairs on leaves -> insulate leaf tissues Hormones: signal changes in plant functions New leaves are typically larger to reflect more of the heat away from the plant Vertical orientation of leaves ? heat gain Thick, corky bark that insulates the vascular cambium increased root growth, less shoot growth

Vertical orientation of leaves ? heat gain WRONG

How many kilograms of plant biomass are required to produce one kilogram of meat (Ch 1)? a. 43 kgs b. 47 kgs c. 51 kgs d. 53 kgs

a. 43 kgs

You determined the bulk density of three soils as follows: Chico loam = 0.9; Vina loam = 1.2; and Almendra loam = 1.4. Which soils is the least compacted? a. Chico loam b. Vina loam c. Almendra loam

a. Chico loam

Which of the following statements are true concerning soil Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)? a. High CEC soils can adsorb more exchangeable cations, and therefore can store more plant nutrients than soils with a low CEC. b. High CEC soils can removal more exchangeable cations from the soil solution, and therefore less is available for plant growth than soils with a low CEC. c. High CEC soils do not retain nutrients, and therefore significant leaching occurs in these soils. d. Higher CECs are found in sandy soils than clay soils. e. Higher CECs are found in soil low in organic matter than soils high in organic matter.

a. High CEC soils can adsorb more exchangeable cations, and therefore can store more plant nutrients than soils with a low CEC.

One benefit to increasing crop rotation and reducing the length of summer fallow is(Plant Water Relation) a. Making use of soil water and spring/summer precipitation b. Increasing PSE during the summer months c. Lower WUE due to the additional yield from the summer fallow crop d. Lower soil organic matter with the additional crop residues

a. Making use of soil water and spring/summer precipitation

Where is a rain shadow effect most likely to occur (Ch 7)? a. On the backside of a mountain, because the air is sinking and warming while absorbing moisture. b. On the windward side of a mountain, because it is cooling and rising. c. On the backside of a mountain, because it is sheltered from the sun. d. On the windward side of a mountain, because it's more windy and drys out faster.

a. On the backside of a mountain, because the air is sinking and warming while absorbing moisture.

Under what condition would you find the soil if the water potential was at or just below -1500 kPa?(Plant Water Relation) a. Permanent Wilting Point b. Oven dried soil c. Field Capacity d. Plant Available Water

a. Permanent Wilting Point

Granular structure is largely the result of (basic soil properties) a. Soil biological processes b. Compaction c. Water infi ltration d. Sand dominated soils

a. Soil biological processes

Which of the following factors has the least influence on day length and light intensity? a. altitude b. longitude c. latitude

a. altitude WRONG b. longitude

Effects of climate change on temperature include all the following, EXCEPT ___________ (Ch 5). a. areas closer to the poles are likely to see larger temperature increases than areas near the equator b. in many areas, the number of frost-tree days will increase c. weather and climate variability are likely to increase in most areas d. cold hardiness zones developed by the USDA will likely not change in most areas of the United States e. the annual minimum and maximum temperatures will likely increase in most areas

a. areas closer to the poles are likely to see larger temperature increases than areas near the equator d. cold hardiness zones developed by the USDA will likely not change in most areas of the United States

bulk density is (Atmospheric and Soil Conditions Lab) a. dry soil weight/ soil volume b. wet soil weight/ dry soil weight c. dry soil weight/ wet soil weight d. dry soil volume/ wet soil volume e. wet soil volume/ dry soil volume

a. dry soil weight/ soil volume

A soil with little organic matter is ________(Ch 8). a. poorly structured and very difficult to grow plants in. b. poorly structured and easy to grow plants in. c. well structured and very difficult to grow plants in. d. well structured and easy to grow plants in.

a. poorly structured and very difficult to grow plants in.

You measured bulk density at various depths and obtained the results below. What likely caused the results? bulkdensity1.jpg a. subsurface irrigation b. gopher tunnels found in the soil column c. a plow pan is present in the soil d. bulk density improves with depth.

a. subsurface irrigation WRONG

Because the soil primarily is an _____ environment; the elements, such as carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and iron, will tend to be in the _____ state in the soil. aerobic; oxidized aerobic; reduced anaerobic; oxidized anaerobic; reduced

aerobic; oxidized

The time of day when the relative humidity reaches a maximum value is usually _______(Ch 6). at the time when the air temperature is highest in the middle of the afternoon at the time when the air temperature is lowest just after sunset

at the time when the air temperature is lowest

Which pH is considered neutral? (Atmospheric and Soil Conditions Lab) a. 5.6 -6.0 b. 6.6- 7.3 c. 6.1 -6.5 d. 7.4-7.8 e. 7.9- 8.4

b. 6.6- 7.3

If a tensiometer reads -8 bars, what does that equate to in psi?(Plant Water Relation) a. - 8 psi b. -120 psi c. - 80 psi d. -15 psi

b. -120 psi

About how much energy is converted into biomass from one tropic level to the next (Ch 2)? a. 5 % b. 10 % c. 15 % d. 20 % e. 25 %

b. 10 %

A typical agricultural soil is usually (basic soil properties) a. 10% air and 90% solids b. 50% solids and 50% pores c. 25% air and 75% solids d. 10% air, 40% water and 50% solids

b. 50% solids and 50% pores

Evapotranspiration is(Plant Water Relation) a. Not affected by photosynthesis b. A measure of total water loss c. Describes evaporation from plant leaves and transpiration only d. Greater on calm days with high humidity

b. A measure of total water loss

All of the following are effects of effects of dead zones EXCEPT: a. Alters the food web b. Beneficial to the fishing industry c. Kills marine life d. Decreases biodiversity e. Hurts the economy

b. Beneficial to the fishing industry

Why is adequate NPK nutrition needed for water conservation in plants?(Plant Water Relation) a. It is needed for photosynthesis b. K is a chemical signal to open the stomata c. They optimize abscisic acid formation by providing nutrients for metabolism. d. These nutrients slow water conductance up the xylem

b. K is a chemical signal to open the stomata

Given the information in Figure 1, which of the following conclusions concerning ecological succession in an abandoned cornfield is most correct? (Ch. 2) sucession1.gif a. Succession in an abandoned cornfield begins on bare rock. b. Succession is characterized by the replacement of one plant community by another until a climax community has been achieved. c. The height of the plants in the communities decreases as succession progresses to the climax stage. d. The plant species change continuously during succession, but the change is more rapid in the later stages than in the earlier stages.

b. Succession is characterized by the replacement of one plant community by another until a climax community has been achieved.

Water potential is (Plant Water Relation) a. The rate at which water moves through the soil profile b. The cycle of water from the soil through plants to the atmosphere c. A measure of the capacity of soil water to do work d. The movement of water from lower potential energy to higher potential energy

b. The cycle of water from the soil through plants to the atmosphere WRONG

Many detergents and laundry powders contain phosphates - why are environmentalists trying to get these phased out? a. They may create antibiotic resistance b. They can over-stimulate plant growth c. They can cause the salinisation of farm land d. They are poisonous to bird and plant life

b. They can over-stimulate plant growth

If a soil has a low Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and as a result becomes (or is) very infertile, then the best way of increasing the CEC is to (Ch 8): a. add clay b. add organic matter c. add fertilizer. d. add silt e. add sand

b. add organic matter

When ions accept (and join with) hydrogen ions they become(Ch 8): a. acids, b. bases, c. salts.

b. bases,

Under non-saturated conditions after field capacity has been reached, soil water moves mostly: (Ch 9) a. by gravity b. by capillary action c. as water vapor d. it does not move, it is stationary.

b. by capillary action

sometimes too many nutrients can lead to huge amounts of productivity (which seems like a good thing for the ocean) but this high productivity can eventually cause a 'dead zone' like the one we discussed in the Gulf of Mexico. What causes these 'dead zones' develop? a. caused by the process of eutrophication. b. caused by the process of decomposition c. caused by the process of pesticide contamination d. caused by the process of desalination e. caused by the process of nitrification

b. caused by the process of decomposition WRONG e. caused by the process of nitrification WRONG

You measured the soil volume components (see below) and the dry weight of the soil was 13g. What is the bulk density ? bulkdensity2.jpg a. 1.1 grams per cubic centimeter b. 1.5 grams per cubic centimeter c. 1.3 grams per cubic centimeter d. 1.6 grams per cubic centimeter e. 1.4 grams per cubic

c. 1.3 grams per cubic centimeter

According to Figure 1.5, soil losses in strawberry fields can exceed (Ch 1) a. 100 tons/acre b. 150 tons/acre c. 200 tons/acre d. 250 tons/acre e. 300 tons/acre

c. 200 tons/acre WRONG

As the soil dries out, what physiological process in plants would be the first to slow down to conserve water?(Plant Water Relation) a. Greater uptake of solutes b. Photosynthesis c. Cell expansion d. Protein synthesis

c. Cell expansion

Of the following soil types, which would most likely hold the most water at field capacity? (basic soil properties) a. Silt b. Sandy loam c. Clay loam d. Loam

c. Clay loam

The process by which increased nutrients in a system causes increased algae growth is: a. Decomposition b. Photosynthesis c. Eutrophication d. Hypoxia

c. Eutrophication

Which of the following statements is FALSE about the practice of conventional monoculture as compared to sustainable polyculture: a. It reduces labor costs b. It requires more protection by herbicides, pesticides, and fungicides c. It is more difficult to manage d. It increases susceptibility to pest and disease damage.

c. It is more difficult to manage

In a conservation tillage system, spring soil temperatures are usually ___ compared to other tillage systems due to ____. a. Higher; global warming b. Higher; the insulating effect of residue cover. c. Lower; the insulating effect of residue cover.

c. Lower; the insulating effect of residue cover.

You are the manager of a small nature preserve which includes the native habitat of an endangered rodent. The area that each mating pair of rodents needs is 1 square mile, but your habitat is actually 100 square miles. You decide to isolate the rodent pairs in 1-mile square habitats scattered throughout your available area. Does your plan maximize the potential for survival of these rodents (Ch 1)? a. Yes, because they will not compete for resources if kept separated. b. Yes, this will adequately protect them from predation. c. No, you have greatly fragmented their habitat, and this will stress the population. d. No, they will be more susceptible to disease this way.

c. No, you have greatly fragmented their habitat, and this will stress the population.

Why is ET high at the mid-season growth stage?(Plant Water Relation) a. The crop has little foliage, leaving a large amount of soil surface exposed to evaporation b. Crops have reached grain fill stage and the canopy shades the ground c. Plants are reaching maximum growth and have high rates of photosynthesis d. Days are relatively cool, increasing transpiration

c. Plants are reaching maximum growth and have high rates of photosynthesis

Sodic soils are dominated by ________________ ions on exchange sites. (basic soil properties) a. Calcium b. Potassium c. Sodium d. Aluminum

c. Sodium

A major problem with zero tillage systems is __________(Ch 8). a. increased amounts of nitrogen fertilizers are needed to maintain yields b. increased amounts of phosphorous fertilizers are needed to maintain yields c. a greater dependence on herbicides to control weeds d. a greater quantity of water is needed to maintain yields

c. a greater dependence on herbicides to control weeds

A soil water solution with an overabundance of hydrogen ions and a scarcity of hydroxyl ions is called (Ch 8): a. alkaline b. basic c. acidic.

c. acidic.

Management practices which can reduce soil evaporation include all the following EXCEPT______. (Ch 9) a. organic mulches b. artificial mulches c. crop residues d. deep tillage

c. crop residues WRONG d. deep tillage

The three most important components of sustainability include all of the following, EXCEPT (Ch 1): a. ecological soundness b. economic viability c. ethical conduct d. social equity

c. ethical conduct

In natural ecosystems, most of the energy is lost via (Ch 2) a. first-level consumers eating producers b. second-level consumers eating first level consumers c. heat generated by respiration and decomposition of biomass d. natural death of the organisms

c. heat generated by respiration and decomposition of biomass

The dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico is a direct result of (Ch 1) a. pesticide run-off into the Mississippi River b. industrial toxins released by cities and towns adjacent to the Mississippi River c. nitrogen and phosphorus leaching out of agricultural lands around the Mississippi River d. soil erosion deposited into the Mississippi River

c. nitrogen and phosphorus leaching out of agricultural lands around the Mississippi River

The clayey red soils of the foothills (Forest Ranch, Paradise) and the clayey gray soils of the valley basins (Butte and Colusa basins) tell you that these soils differ in _____ (Ch 8). a. parent materials b. organic matter c. oxidation regime. d. I have no clue

c. oxidation regime.

When soils have more than 50 % sand they are called ____________(Ch 8). a. loamy b. clay loamy c. sandy d. silty

c. sandy

One of the main purposes for including a "Materials and Methods" section in a paper is: a. to advertise scientific products. b. to demonstrate that your methods are superior to other scientists' methods. c. to allow other scientists to reproduce your findings. d. for no reason; most journals do not require this section.

c. to allow other scientists to reproduce your findings.

Which colors of visible light have the highest chlorophyll absorption rate? a. red and orange b. green and yellow c. violet and blue.

c. violet and blue.

Which soil texture has the highest bulk density? ( Atmospheric and Soil Conditions Lab) a. Sandy loam b. Silt loam c. Clay d. Coarse sand e. Loam

d. Coarse sand

Differences between natural and agroecosystems include all the following, EXCEPT a. Net productivity is typically greater agroecosystems than natural ecosystems b. Genetic diversity is typically higher in natural ecosystems than agroecosystems. c. Habitat heterogeneity is typically more complex in natural vs agricultural ecosystems. d. Nutrient cycles are typically closed in agroecosystems and open in natural ecosystems.

d. Nutrient cycles are typically closed in agroecosystems and open in natural ecosystems.

The oldest geological layer is (Ecosystem Characteristics of Different Land Types) a. Modesto Formation b. Lovejoy Formation c. Red Bluff Formation d. Tuscan Formation e. Chico Formation

d. Tuscan Formation

Which of the following methods has NOT contributed to the "green revolution" in food production since the 1960s (Ch 1)? a. The use of pesticides and herbicides b. Increasing the use of surface irrigation c. Devoting more energy (e.g. oil use) to agriculture d. The use of sub-surface drip irrigation. e. Developing more productive varieties and genetic engineering

d. The use of sub-surface drip irrigation.

Which term is incorrectly matched with its definition (Ch 8)? a. colluvium - soil which has been transported by gravity b. alluvium - soil which has been transported by water movement c. glacial soil - soil which has been transported by glaciers d. eolian soil - soil which has been transported the movement of the Earth's Crust

d. eolian soil - soil which has been transported the movement of the Earth's Crust

Which of the following types of soil water is never available for plant growth? (Ch 9) a. hydrated water b. capillary water c. gravitational water d. hygroscopic water

d. hygroscopic water

Of the following elements, which one is not considered a micronutrient: a. iron b. copper c. zinc d. magnesium e. cobalt

d. magnesium

In most ecosystems, energy availability (as carbon compounds) and flow starts with a. decomposers b. carnivores c. herbivores d. plants.

d. plants.

Agroecosystems differ from natural ecosystems in all of the following, EXCEPT (Ch 2) a. nutrient recycling is minimal in agroecosystems compared to natural ecosystems. b. biological diversity is reduced in agroecosystems compared to natural ecosystems. c. agroecosystems are less stable than natural ecosystems d. trophic interactions are more complex in agroecosystems than natural ecosystems

d. trophic interactions are more complex in agroecosystems than natural ecosystems

Conservation tillage retains more plant residue on the soil surface than intensive tillage. As a result, ______ should increase. a. wind erosion b. water erosion c. soil cooling rates d. water infiltration

d. water infiltration

Describing temperature variation include all the following, EXCEPT ___________ (Ch 5). lowest annula minimum and highest annnual maximum higest daily maximum and lowest daily minimum average daily maximum and minimum duration of extreme heat or cold duration of orographic, convectional, and frontal precipitation

duration of orographic, convectional, and frontal precipitation

Soil pH affects all of the following factors, EXCEPT ( Atmospheric and Soil Conditions Lab) a. availability of nutrients b. type and population of microorganisms c. pesticide effectiveness d. mobility of heavy metals e. the ease of which soils erode

e. the ease of which soils erode

Poor gas exchange between the soil and air is usually associated with: a. high rates of biological activity by the above ground part of the plant b. sandy texture c. well-aggregated structure d. high organic matter level e. a high proportion of micropores

e. a high proportion of micropores

The most important nutrients that cycle through ecosystems include all the following, EXCEPT (Ch 2): a. carbon b. nitrogen c. phosphorus d. oxygen e. copper

e. copper

The disadvantages of tillage include All of the following, EXCEPT: a. degrades soil structure b. reduces soil organic matter c. compacts the soil below the plow zone d. increases the rate of soil erosion by wind and water e. increases soil flora and fauna

e. increases soil flora and fauna

Dead zones are areas at the bottom of the ocean that have very low levels of _______. a. zinc b. copper c. potassium d. nitrogen e. oxygen

e. oxygen

The purpose of this lab is: (Atmospheric and Soil Conditions Lab) a. to determine the amount of clay, silt, and sand particles in a given soil. b. to see how acidic, basic, mixed and neutral conditions affect the growth of plants c. to investigate the heat absorption and transfer properties of various soils d. to determine the balance between nutrient inputs, outputs and potential leaching of the soil resource in Chico e. to evaluate atmospheric and soil conditions natural and human altered microclimates.

e. to evaluate atmospheric and soil conditions natural and human altered microclimates.

Which term is incorrectly matched with its definition (Ch 8)? colluvium - soil which has been transported by gravity alluvium - soil which has been transported by water movement glacial soil - soil which has been transported by glaciers eolian soil - soil which has been transported the movement of the Earth's Crust

eolian soil - soil which has been transported the movement of the Earth's Crust

Possible methods to modify the microclimate to planting earlier in the season include all the following, EXCEPT ___________ (Ch 5). low tunnels high tunnels plastic mulches shade cloth

plastic mulches WRONG

Water vapor exits and CO2 enters a leaf through the stomata grana porphyrin rings photons stroma

stomata

Water is _________. pumped into the plant under positive pressure sucked into the plant under tension

sucked into the plant under tension

The cation exchange capacity of the soil is a measure of (Ch 8): the number of negative charges on the clay surface. the water holding capacity of the soil. the fertility of the soil. soil acidity

the number of negative charges on the clay surface. WRONG

Hydraulic lifting is ______________. (Ch 9) the ability of soils to hold exchangeable cations during wet periods. the potential energy of water per unit volume relative to pure water in reference conditions. the ability of plant to transport water upward through root systems from moister subsurface to dry surface soil during periods of drought. the potential that is derived from the surface tension of water menisci between soil particles.

the potential that is derived from the surface tension of water menisci between soil particles. WRONG the ability of plant to transport water upward through root systems from moister subsurface to dry surface soil during periods of drought.

Humification is a process in which __________ (Ch 8). soil organic matter is transformed by soil microbes into relatively stable organic compounds. malic acids in the soil are converted in humic acids by soil microbes. fungi breakdown amino acids in the soil to ammonium and nitrate. under anerobic conditions, nitrate is further broken down by soil microbes into nitrous oxide and dinitrogen gas.

under anerobic conditions, nitrate is further broken down by soil microbes into nitrous oxide and dinitrogen gas. WRONG

Increasing soil organic matter include all the following, EXCEPT _______(Ch 8). incorporation of crop residues use of cover crops add animal manures to the soil apply silicate clay minerals apply compost to the soil apply humates apply kelp or fish meal apply mined guano.

use of cover crops WRONG

Some plant need to undergo a cold period before certain developmental prcesses (e.g. flowering, germination, etc) can occur, which is called __________(Ch 5). Thigmotropisms Turgor movements Photoropisms vernalization Gravitropisms Abscisions

vernalization